ADD SCHOOL YEAR MANAGEMENT

.gitea/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+name: Tests
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - develop
+  pull_request:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  phpunit:
+    name: PHPUnit
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    services:
+      mysql:
+        image: mariadb:10.11
+        env:
+          MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root
+          MYSQL_DATABASE: alrahma_test
+          MYSQL_USER: alrahma
+          MYSQL_PASSWORD: alrahma
+        ports:
+          - 3306:3306
+        options: >-
+          --health-cmd="mariadb-admin ping -h 127.0.0.1 -uroot -proot"
+          --health-interval=10s
+          --health-timeout=5s
+          --health-retries=10
+
+    env:
+      GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY: 'true'
+      CI_ENVIRONMENT: testing
+      database.tests.hostname: 127.0.0.1
+      database.tests.database: alrahma_test
+      database.tests.username: alrahma
+      database.tests.password: alrahma
+      database.tests.DBDriver: MySQLi
+      database.tests.DBPrefix: ''
+      database.tests.port: 3306
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Setup PHP
+        uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
+        with:
+          php-version: '8.2'
+          extensions: dom, gd, intl, mbstring, mysqli, zip
+          coverage: none
+
+      - name: Validate Composer config
+        run: composer validate --no-check-publish --strict
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: composer install --no-interaction --prefer-dist --no-progress
+
+      - name: Run tests
+        run: composer test

app/Commands/RecalculateInvoices.php

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Commands;
+
+use App\Libraries\InvoiceLedgerService;
+use App\Models\InvoiceModel;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+
+class RecalculateInvoices extends BaseCommand
+{
+    protected $group = 'Financial';
+    protected $name = 'financial:recalculate-invoices';
+    protected $description = 'Audits invoice totals against the centralized ledger and optionally writes the corrected values.';
+    protected $usage = 'financial:recalculate-invoices [--commit] [--invoice-id=123] [--parent-id=456] [--school-year=2025-2026] [--semester=Fall]';
+    protected $options = [
+        '--commit' => 'Persist recalculated totals. Without this flag the command runs in dry-run mode.',
+        '--invoice-id' => 'Only process a single invoice ID.',
+        '--parent-id' => 'Only process invoices for one parent.',
+        '--school-year' => 'Only process invoices for the specified school year.',
+        '--semester' => 'Only process invoices for the specified semester.',
+    ];
+
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $options = $this->parseOptions($params);
+        $invoiceModel = new InvoiceModel();
+        $ledgerService = new InvoiceLedgerService();
+        $invoiceIds = $this->loadInvoiceIds($invoiceModel, $options);
+
+        if ($invoiceIds === []) {
+            CLI::write('No invoices matched the provided filters.', 'yellow');
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $commit = !empty($options['commit']);
+        CLI::write(($commit ? 'Applying' : 'Dry-run auditing') . ' ' . count($invoiceIds) . ' invoice(s)...', 'yellow');
+
+        $changed = 0;
+        $unchanged = 0;
+        $errors = 0;
+
+        foreach ($invoiceIds as $invoiceId) {
+            $invoice = $invoiceModel->find($invoiceId);
+            if (!$invoice) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                $calculation = $ledgerService->calculateInvoice($invoiceId);
+                $diffs = $this->diffInvoice($invoice, $calculation);
+
+                if ($diffs === []) {
+                    $unchanged++;
+                    CLI::write('Invoice #' . $invoiceId . ' unchanged.', 'green');
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $changed++;
+                CLI::write('Invoice #' . $invoiceId . ' requires recalculation:', 'light_yellow');
+                foreach ($diffs as $label => $values) {
+                    CLI::write(sprintf(
+                        '  %s: %s -> %s',
+                        $label,
+                        (string) $values['from'],
+                        (string) $values['to']
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                if ($commit) {
+                    $ledgerService->recalculateInvoice($invoiceId);
+                    CLI::write('  saved', 'blue');
+                }
+            } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+                $errors++;
+                CLI::error('Invoice #' . $invoiceId . ' failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+
+        CLI::newLine();
+        CLI::write('Processed: ' . count($invoiceIds), 'white');
+        CLI::write('Changed: ' . $changed, $changed > 0 ? 'yellow' : 'white');
+        CLI::write('Unchanged: ' . $unchanged, 'green');
+        CLI::write('Errors: ' . $errors, $errors > 0 ? 'red' : 'white');
+
+        if (!$commit) {
+            CLI::write('Dry-run complete. Re-run with --commit to persist corrections.', 'light_blue');
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function parseOptions(array $params): array
+    {
+        $options = [
+            'commit' => false,
+            'invoice-id' => null,
+            'parent-id' => null,
+            'school-year' => null,
+            'semester' => null,
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($params as $param) {
+            $value = trim((string) $param);
+            if ($value === '--commit') {
+                $options['commit'] = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!str_starts_with($value, '--') || !str_contains($value, '=')) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            [$key, $raw] = explode('=', substr($value, 2), 2);
+            if (array_key_exists($key, $options)) {
+                $options[$key] = $raw;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $options;
+    }
+
+    protected function loadInvoiceIds(InvoiceModel $invoiceModel, array $options): array
+    {
+        $builder = $invoiceModel->select('id')->orderBy('id', 'ASC');
+
+        if (!empty($options['invoice-id'])) {
+            $builder->where('id', (int) $options['invoice-id']);
+        }
+
+        if (!empty($options['parent-id'])) {
+            $builder->where('parent_id', (int) $options['parent-id']);
+        }
+
+        if (!empty($options['school-year'])) {
+            $builder->where('school_year', (string) $options['school-year']);
+        }
+
+        if (!empty($options['semester'])) {
+            $builder->where('semester', (string) $options['semester']);
+        }
+
+        return array_map(
+            static fn (array $row): int => (int) ($row['id'] ?? 0),
+            $builder->findAll()
+        );
+    }
+
+    protected function diffInvoice(array $invoice, array $calculation): array
+    {
+        $fields = [
+            'total_amount' => 'total_amount',
+            'paid_amount' => 'paid_amount',
+            'balance' => 'balance',
+            'status' => 'status',
+            'has_discount' => 'has_discount',
+        ];
+        $diffs = [];
+
+        foreach ($fields as $invoiceKey => $calcKey) {
+            $current = (string) ($invoice[$invoiceKey] ?? '');
+            $recalculated = (string) ($calculation[$calcKey] ?? '');
+            if ($current !== $recalculated) {
+                $diffs[$invoiceKey] = [
+                    'from' => $current,
+                    'to' => $recalculated,
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $diffs;
+    }
+}

app/Commands/SyncPaypalPayments.php

@@ -1,232 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-namespace App\Commands;
-
-use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
-use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
-use App\Models\PayPalPaymentModel;
-use App\Models\PaymentModel;
-use App\Models\UserModel;
-use App\Models\ConfigurationModel;
-use App\Models\InvoiceModel;
-use App\Models\StudentModel;
-use App\Models\EnrollmentModel;
-
-class SyncPaypalPayments extends BaseCommand
-{
-    protected $group       = 'Payments';
-    protected $name        = 'payments:sync-paypal';
-    protected $description = 'Sync PayPal payments to internal payments table from paypal_payments';
-    protected $configModel;
-    protected $semester;
-    protected $schoolYear;
-    protected $paypalModel;
-    protected $paymentModel;
-    protected $userModel;
-    protected $invoiceModel;
-    protected $studentModel;
-    protected $enrollmentModel;
-
-    public function __construct()
-    {
-        $this->configModel = new ConfigurationModel();
-        $this->paypalModel    = new PayPalPaymentModel();
-        $this->paymentModel   = new PaymentModel();
-        $this->userModel      = new UserModel();
-        $this->invoiceModel   = new InvoiceModel();
-        $this->studentModel = new StudentModel();
-        $this->enrollmentModel = new EnrollmentModel();
-
-        $this->semester = $this->configModel->getConfig('semester');
-        $this->schoolYear = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year');
-    }
-
-    public function run(array $params)
-    {
-        $dryRun     = CLI::getOption('dry-run');
-        $reportOnly = CLI::getOption('report-only');
-        $mode       = $reportOnly ? 'REPORT-ONLY' : ($dryRun ? 'DRY-RUN' : 'LIVE');
-
-        $paypalEntries = $this->paypalModel
-            ->where('status', 'COMPLETED')
-            ->where('synced', 0)
-            ->where('sync_attempts <', 3)
-            ->where('transaction_id IS NOT NULL')
-            ->findAll();
-
-        $syncedCount = 0;
-        $failed = [];
-
-        foreach ($paypalEntries as $entry) {
-            $parentId = null;
-            $invoiceId = 0;
-
-            $users = $this->userModel->getUsersBySchoolId($entry['parent_school_id']);
-            $user = $users[0] ?? null;
-
-            // Always increment sync_attempts unless report-only
-            if (!$reportOnly) {
-                $this->paypalModel->update($entry['id'], [
-                    'sync_attempts' => $entry['sync_attempts'] + 1
-                ]);
-            }
-
-            if ($user) {
-                $parentId = $user['id'];
-
-                $invoice = $this->invoiceModel->getInvoicesByParentId($parentId, $this->schoolYear);
-
-                if (!$reportOnly && !$dryRun) {
-                    if ($invoice) {
-                        $invoiceId = $invoice['id'];
-
-                        $success = $this->processPayment(
-                            $invoiceId,
-                            $entry['amount'],
-                            'PayPal',
-                            null,
-                            $entry['transaction_id'],
-                            date('Y-m-d', strtotime($entry['created_at'])),
-                            $this->schoolYear,
-                            $this->semester
-                        );
-
-                        if (!$success) {
-                            $failed[] = $entry['transaction_id'];
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        $this->paymentModel->insert([
-                            'parent_id'              => $parentId,
-                            'invoice_id'             => 0,
-                            'total_amount'           => $entry['amount'],
-                            'paid_amount'            => $entry['amount'],
-                            'balance'                => 0.00,
-                            'number_of_installments' => 1,
-                            'transaction_id'         => $entry['transaction_id'],
-                            'payment_method'         => 'PayPal',
-                            'payment_date'           => date('Y-m-d', strtotime($entry['created_at'])),
-                            'school_year'            => $this->schoolYear,
-                            'semester'               => $this->semester,
-                            'status'                 => 'Completed',
-                            'updated_by'             => null,
-                        ]);
-                    }
-
-                    // Mark as synced only in LIVE mode
-                    $this->paypalModel->update($entry['id'], ['synced' => 1]);
-                }
-
-                $syncedCount++;
-            } else {
-                log_message('error', "[PAYPAL SYNC FAILED] No user found for parent_school_id: {$entry['parent_school_id']}");
-                $failed[] = $entry['transaction_id'];
-            }
-        }
-
-        // === Logging ===
-        log_message('info', "[$mode] PAYPAL SYNC: $syncedCount processed.");
-        if (!empty($failed)) {
-            log_message('error', "[$mode] PAYPAL SYNC Failed: " . implode(', ', $failed));
-        }
-
-        // === CLI Output ===
-        CLI::write("[$mode] $syncedCount PayPal payments processed.", 'green');
-        if (!empty($failed)) {
-            CLI::error("[$mode] Failed transactions: " . implode(', ', $failed));
-        }
-
-        // === Email Report: Only if there's any update ===
-        if ($syncedCount > 0 || !empty($failed)) {
-            helper('email');
-            $email = \Config\Services::email();
-            $email->setTo('support@alrahmaisgl.org');
-            $email->setFrom('no-parentsreply@alrahmaisgl.org', 'PayPal Sync Report');
-            $email->setSubject("[$mode] PayPal Sync Report - " . date('Y-m-d H:i'));
-
-            $body = "PayPal Sync Mode: $mode\n\n";
-            $body .= "$syncedCount PayPal payments processed.\n\n";
-
-            if (!empty($failed)) {
-                $body .= count($failed) . " failed transactions:\n";
-                $body .= implode("\n", $failed);
-            } else {
-                $body .= "No failed transactions.\n";
-            }
-
-            $email->setMessage(nl2br($body));
-
-            if ($email->send()) {
-                CLI::write("[$mode] Email report sent successfully.", 'yellow');
-            } else {
-                CLI::error("[$mode] Failed to send email report.");
-                log_message('error', 'Email send error: ' . $email->printDebugger(['headers']));
-            }
-        } else {
-            log_message('info', "[$mode] No PayPal sync updates. Email not sent.");
-            CLI::write("[$mode] No changes to report. Email not sent.", 'blue');
-        }
-    }
-
-    private function processPayment($invoiceId, $amount, $paymentMethod, $checkFile = null, $transactionId = null, $paymentDate = null, $schoolYear = null, $semester = null)
-    {
-        $invoice = $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId);
-        if (!$invoice) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        $transactionId = $transactionId ?? 'INV-' . $invoiceId . '-' . time();
-        $paymentDate   = $paymentDate ?? date('Y-m-d');
-
-        $newPaid    = $invoice['paid_amount'] + $amount;
-        $newBalance = $invoice['balance'] - $amount;
-
-        $invoiceUpdateData = [
-            'paid_amount' => $newPaid,
-            'balance'     => $newBalance,
-            'status'      => ($newBalance <= 0) ? 'Paid' : $invoice['status'],
-        ];
-
-        if (!$this->invoiceModel->update($invoiceId, $invoiceUpdateData)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        $this->paymentModel->insert([
-            'parent_id'              => $invoice['parent_id'],
-            'invoice_id'             => $invoiceId,
-            'total_amount'           => $invoice['total_amount'],
-            'paid_amount'            => $amount,
-            'balance'                => $newBalance,
-            'number_of_installments' => 1,
-            'transaction_id'         => $transactionId,
-            'payment_method'         => $paymentMethod,
-            'payment_date'           => $paymentDate,
-            'status'                 => ($newBalance <= 0) ? 'Full' : 'Partial',
-            'check_file'             => $checkFile,
-            'updated_by'             => null, // Avoid using session()->get() in CLI
-            'school_year'            => $schoolYear,
-            'semester'               => $semester
-        ]);
-
-        $this->updateEnrollmentStatusIfPaid($invoiceId, $schoolYear);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private function updateEnrollmentStatusIfPaid($invoiceId, $schoolYear)
-    {
-        $invoice = $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId);
-        if (!$invoice || $invoice['balance'] > 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        $students = $this->studentModel->where('parent_id', $invoice['parent_id'])
-            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-            ->findAll();
-
-        foreach ($students as $student) {
-            $this->enrollmentModel->set(['enrollment_status' => 'enrolled'])
-                ->where('student_id', $student['id'])
-                ->update();
-        }
-    }
-}

app/Config/Commands.php

@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ class Commands extends BaseService
             \App\Commands\CleanupPasswordResets::class,
             \App\Commands\ConfigUpdate::class,
             \App\Commands\DeleteInactiveUsers::class,
+            \App\Commands\RecalculateInvoices::class,
             \App\Commands\SendAbsenteesSummary::class,
             \App\Commands\SendLatesSummary::class,
             \App\Commands\SendMonthlyPaymentNotifications::class,
             \App\Commands\SendTestPaymentNotification::class,
-            \App\Commands\SyncPaypalPayments::class,
             \App\Commands\RecalculateAttendance::class,
         ];
 

app/Config/Events.php

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use App\Listeners\SchoolEventListener;
 use App\Listeners\AttendanceConsequenceListener;
 use App\Listeners\WhatsappInviteListener;
 use App\Listeners\BelowSixtyEmailListener;
+use App\Listeners\DecisionEmailListener;
 
 // Create an instance so we can use $this->emailService like your other handlers
 $waListener = new WhatsappInviteListener(service('emailService'));
@@ -118,6 +119,7 @@ Events::on('attendance.follow_up',   [AttendanceConsequenceListener::class, 'fol
 Events::on('attendance.final_warning', [AttendanceConsequenceListener::class, 'finalWarning']);
 Events::on('attendance.dismissal',   [AttendanceConsequenceListener::class, 'dismissal']);
 Events::on('below60.email', [BelowSixtyEmailListener::class, 'handle']);
+Events::on('below60.decision_email', [DecisionEmailListener::class, 'handle']);
 
 //Whatsapp Event listener
 Events::on('whatsapp_invites.send', [$waListener, 'handle']);

app/Config/Filters.php

@@ -24,11 +24,14 @@ class Filters extends BaseConfig
         'honeypot'          => Honeypot::class,
         'invalidchars'      => InvalidChars::class,
         'secureheaders'     => SecureHeaders::class,
+        'sanitizeinput'     => \App\Filters\SanitizeInputFilter::class,
+        'apiratelimit'      => \App\Filters\ApiRateLimitFilter::class,
         'auth'              => \App\Filters\AuthFilter::class, // Define the alias for your auth filter
         'apiAuth'           => \App\Filters\ApiAuthFilter::class, // JWT-based API authentication
         'cleanupScheduler'  => \App\Filters\CleanupScheduler::class,
         'permission'        => \App\Filters\PermissionFilter::class, 
         'timezone'          => \App\Filters\TimezoneFilter::class,
+        'schoolYear'        => \App\Filters\RequireSchoolYearFilter::class,
     ];
 
 
@@ -42,11 +45,9 @@ class Filters extends BaseConfig
     public array $globals = [
     'before' => [
         'timezone',
+        'sanitizeinput',
+        'invalidchars',
         'csrf' => ['except' => [
-            // Webhooks / integrations
-            'api/paypal-webhook',
-            'index.php/api/paypal-webhook',
-
             // WhatsApp membership management (legacy allowances retained)
             'whatsapp/update-membership',
             'index.php/whatsapp/update-membership',
@@ -80,6 +81,7 @@ class Filters extends BaseConfig
         ]],
     ],
     'after' => [
+        'secureheaders',
         'toolbar',
         'cleanupScheduler' => ['except' => ['cleanup/*']],
     ],
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@ class Filters extends BaseConfig
      * @var array<string, array<string, list<string>>>
      */
     public array $filters = [
-        
+        'apiratelimit' => ['before' => ['api/*', 'index.php/api/*']],
     ];
 
 }

app/Config/Format.php

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use CodeIgniter\Format\XMLFormatter;
 
 class Format extends BaseConfig
 {
+    public int $jsonEncodeDepth = 512;
     /**
      * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Available Response Formats

app/Config/PaypalConfig.php

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-namespace Config;
-
-use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
-
-class PaypalConfig extends BaseConfig
-{
-    // PayPal API Credentials
-    public $paypalClientId = 'YOUR_PAYPAL_CLIENT_ID';
-    public $paypalSecret = 'YOUR_PAYPAL_SECRET';
-    public $paypalMode = 'sandbox'; // Change to 'live' when moving to production
-}

app/Config/Routes.php

@@ -174,6 +174,18 @@ $routes->group('administrator/subject-curriculum', ['filter' => 'auth:update_cur
     $routes->post('delete/(:num)', 'View\SubjectCurriculumController::delete/$1');
 });
 
+$routes->get('administrator/trophy',              'View\TrophyController::index',   ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
+$routes->get('administrator/trophy/winners',      'View\TrophyController::winners', ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
+$routes->get('administrator/trophy/final',        'View\TrophyController::final',   ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
+
+// Certificates
+$routes->get('administrator/certificates',           'View\CertificateController::index',    ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
+$routes->get('administrator/certificates/csrf-token', 'View\CertificateController::csrfToken', ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
+$routes->post('administrator/certificates/generate', 'View\CertificateController::generate', ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
+$routes->get('administrator/certificates/log',       'View\CertificateController::auditLog',  ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
+$routes->get('administrator/certificates/reprint/(:any)', 'View\CertificateController::reprint/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
+$routes->get('verify/(:segment)',                    'View\CertificateController::verify/$1');
+
 
 
 /*
@@ -245,15 +257,17 @@ $routes->post('administrator/sections/auto-distribute', 'View\StudentController:
 $routes->get('administrator/sections/promotion-totals', 'View\StudentController::promotionTotalsApi');
 
 
-$routes->get('refunds/list', 'View\RefundController::listRefunds');
-$routes->post('refunds/request', 'View\RefundController::requestRefund');
-$routes->post('refunds/approve/(:num)', 'View\RefundController::approveRefund/$1');
-$routes->post('refunds/pay/(:num)', 'View\RefundController::payRefund/$1');
-$routes->post('refunds/updateStatus/(:num)', 'View\RefundController::updateStatus/$1');
-$routes->post('refunds/processRefunds', 'View\RefundController::processRefunds');
-$routes->post('refunds/updateStatus', 'View\RefundController::updateStatus');
-$routes->post('refunds/updatePayment', 'View\RefundController::updatePayment');
-$routes->post('refunds/recalculateOverpayments', 'View\RefundController::recalculateOverpayments');
+$routes->get('refunds/list', 'View\RefundController::listRefunds', ['filter' => 'auth:view_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->post('refunds/request', 'View\RefundController::requestRefund', ['filter' => 'auth:create_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,create']);
+$routes->post('refunds/approve/(:num)', 'View\RefundController::approveRefund/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:update_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->post('refunds/pay/(:num)', 'View\RefundController::payRefund/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:update_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->post('refunds/updateStatus/(:num)', 'View\RefundController::updateStatus/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:update_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->post('refunds/processRefunds', 'View\RefundController::processRefunds', ['filter' => 'auth:update_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->post('refunds/updateStatus', 'View\RefundController::updateStatus', ['filter' => 'auth:update_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->post('refunds/updatePayment', 'View\RefundController::updatePayment', ['filter' => 'auth:update_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->post('refunds/recalculateOverpayments', 'View\RefundController::recalculateOverpayments', ['filter' => 'auth:update_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->get('refunds/file/(:num)', 'View\RefundController::serveRefundFile/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:view_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->get('refunds/file/(:num)/(:segment)', 'View\RefundController::serveRefundFile/$1/$2', ['filter' => 'auth:view_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
 
 
 
@@ -393,8 +407,8 @@ $routes->get('print-requests/file/(:segment)', 'PrintRequests::serveFile/$1', ['
 $routes->get('print-requests/file/(:segment)/(:alpha)', 'PrintRequests::serveFile/$1/$2', ['filter' => 'auth:teacher,teacher_assistant,admin']);
 $routes->get('uploads/print_requests/(:segment)', 'PrintRequests::serveFile/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:teacher,teacher_assistant,admin']);
 
-$routes->get('exam-drafts/files/teacher/(:segment)', 'View\FilesController::examDraftTeacher/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:teacher,teacher_assistant,admin']);
-$routes->get('exam-drafts/files/final/(:segment)', 'View\FilesController::examDraftFinal/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:teacher,teacher_assistant,admin']);
+$routes->get('exam-drafts/files/teacher/(:segment)', 'View\FilesController::examDraftTeacher/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:teacher,teacher_assistant,admin,administrator,principal']);
+$routes->get('exam-drafts/files/final/(:segment)', 'View\FilesController::examDraftFinal/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:teacher,teacher_assistant,admin,administrator,principal']);
 
 
 
@@ -511,13 +525,31 @@ $routes->post('grading/below-60/email', 'View\GradingController::sendBelowSixtyE
 $routes->post('grading/below-60/status', 'View\GradingController::updateBelowSixtyStatus', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
 $routes->get('grading/below-60/schedule', 'View\GradingController::scheduleBelowSixty', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
 $routes->post('grading/below-60/schedule', 'View\GradingController::saveBelowSixtyMeeting', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
+$routes->get('grading/decisions', 'View\GradingController::allDecisions', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
+$routes->post('grading/decisions/generate', 'View\GradingController::generateAllDecisions', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
+$routes->get('grading/below-60/decisions', 'View\GradingController::belowSixtyDecisions', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
+$routes->post('grading/below-60/decisions/save', 'View\GradingController::saveBelowSixtyDecision', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
+$routes->get('grading/below-60/decisions/student-details', 'View\GradingController::studentDecisionDetails', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
+$routes->get(
+    'grading/below-60/decisions/email/preview',
+    'View\GradingController::previewBelowSixtyDecisionEmail',
+    ['filter' => 'auth:read']
+);
 
+$routes->post(
+    'grading/below-60/decisions/email',
+    'View\GradingController::sendBelowSixtyDecisionEmail',
+    ['filter' => 'auth:read']
+);
 
 // Final part
 $routes->get('grading/(:segment)/(:num)/(:num)', 'View\GradingController::show/$1/$2/$3');
 $routes->post('grading/update', 'View\GradingController::update');
 $routes->get('grading', 'View\GradingController::grading');
 $routes->post('grading/toggle-score-lock', 'View\GradingController::toggleScoreLock', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
+$routes->get('grading/toggle-score-lock', static function () {
+    return 'GET route hit. Something is calling this route incorrectly.';
+});
 $routes->post('grading/lock-all-scores', 'View\GradingController::lockAllScores', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
 $routes->post('grading/release-scores', 'View\GradingController::toggleParentScoresRelease', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
 $routes->post('grading/refresh-semester-scores', 'View\GradingController::refreshSemesterScores', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
@@ -535,6 +567,7 @@ $routes->post('payment/event_charges', 'View\EventController::eventUpdate');
 
 // Parent event participation
 $routes->get('administrator/event-charges', 'View\EventController::eventShow');
+$routes->get('administrator/event-charges/pdf', 'View\EventController::eventChargesPdf');
 $routes->post('administrator/event-charges/remove/(:num)', 'View\EventController::removeCharge/$1');
 $routes->post('administrator/event-charges/payment/(:num)', 'View\EventController::toggleEventPayment/$1');
 $routes->post('administrator/event-charges/waiver/(:num)', 'View\EventController::toggleWaiverStatus/$1');
@@ -555,19 +588,19 @@ $routes->post('invoices/updateStatus/(:num)', 'View\InvoiceController::updateSta
 // app/Config/Routes.php
 $routes->group('payment', ['filter' => 'auth'], static function ($routes) {
     // Read
-    $routes->get('manual_pay', 'View\PaymentController::manualPaySearch', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
-    $routes->get('manual_pay_suggest', 'View\PaymentController::manualPaySuggest', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
+    $routes->get('manual_pay', 'View\PaymentController::manualPaySearch', ['filter' => 'auth:view_invoice|view_payment|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+    $routes->get('manual_pay_suggest', 'View\PaymentController::manualPaySuggest', ['filter' => 'auth:view_invoice|view_payment|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
 
     // Create
-    $routes->post('manual_pay', 'View\PaymentController::manualPayUpdate', ['filter' => 'auth:create']);
+    $routes->post('manual_pay', 'View\PaymentController::manualPayUpdate', ['filter' => 'auth:create_payment|create_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,create']);
 
     // Update
-    $routes->post('manual_pay_edit', 'View\PaymentController::manualPayEdit', ['filter' => 'auth:update']);
-    $routes->post('manual_pay_update', 'View\PaymentController::manualPayUpdate', ['filter' => 'auth:update']);
+    $routes->post('manual_pay_edit', 'View\PaymentController::manualPayEdit', ['filter' => 'auth:update_payment|update_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+    $routes->post('manual_pay_update', 'View\PaymentController::manualPayUpdate', ['filter' => 'auth:create_payment|create_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,create']);
 
     // Read (serve files)
-    $routes->get('serveCheckFile/(:any)/(:any)', 'View\PaymentController::serveCheckFile/$1/$2', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
-    $routes->get('serveCheckFile/(:any)', 'View\PaymentController::serveCheckFile/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:read']);
+    $routes->get('file/(:num)/(:segment)', 'View\PaymentController::servePaymentFile/$1/$2', ['filter' => 'auth:view_invoice|view_payment|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+    $routes->get('file/(:num)', 'View\PaymentController::servePaymentFile/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:view_invoice|view_payment|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
 });
 
 
@@ -610,9 +643,14 @@ $routes->group('admin', ['filter' => 'auth'], static function ($routes) {
 $routes->post('admin/broadcast-email/upload-image', 'View\BroadcastEmailController::uploadImage');
 
 
-$routes->get('payment/financial_report', 'View\FinancialController::financialReport');
-$routes->get('financial-report/financialReportSummary', 'View\FinancialController::financialReportSummary');
-$routes->get('payment/download_csv', 'View\FinancialController::downloadCsv');
+$routes->get('payment/financial_report', 'View\FinancialController::financialReport', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|view_invoice|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->get('financial-report/financialReportSummary', 'View\FinancialController::financialReportSummary', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|view_invoice|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->get('financial-report/downloadSummaryCsv', 'View\FinancialController::downloadSummaryCsv', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|view_invoice|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->get('financial-report/downloadSummaryAllDetailsCsv', 'View\FinancialController::downloadSummaryAllDetailsCsv', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|view_invoice|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->get('payment/download_csv', 'View\FinancialController::downloadCsv', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|view_invoice|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->get('administrator/tuition-forecast', 'View\TuitionForecastController::index', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|view_invoice|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->post('administrator/tuition-forecast/calculate', 'View\TuitionForecastController::calculate', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|view_invoice|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->get('administrator/tuition-forecast/export', 'View\TuitionForecastController::exportCsv', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|view_invoice|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
 $routes->get('reports/downloadFinancialReport', 'View\FinancialController::downloadFinancialReport');
 // Financial APIs (JSON)
 $routes->get('api/financial/report', 'View\FinancialController::financialReportData', ['filter' => 'auth']);
@@ -623,27 +661,27 @@ $routes->get('payment/unpaid-parents', 'View\FinancialController::unpaidParents'
 $routes->get('api/financial/unpaid-parents', 'View\FinancialController::unpaidParents', ['filter' => 'auth:view_invoice']);
 
 
-$routes->get('expenses/index', 'View\ExpenseController::index');
-$routes->get('expenses/create', 'View\ExpenseController::create');
-$routes->post('expenses/store', 'View\ExpenseController::store');
-$routes->post('expenses/updateStatus', 'View\ExpenseController::updateStatus');
+$routes->get('expenses/index', 'View\ExpenseController::index', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->get('expenses/create', 'View\ExpenseController::create', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->post('expenses/store', 'View\ExpenseController::store', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,create']);
+$routes->post('expenses/updateStatus', 'View\ExpenseController::updateStatus', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
 
-$routes->get('reimbursements/index', 'View\ReimbursementController::index');
-$routes->get('reimbursements/create', 'View\ReimbursementController::create');
-$routes->post('reimbursements/store', 'View\ReimbursementController::store');
-$routes->get('reimbursements/under-processing', 'View\ReimbursementController::underProcessing');
-$routes->post('reimbursements/mark-donation', 'View\ReimbursementController::markDonation');
-$routes->post('reimbursements/batch/create', 'View\ReimbursementController::createBatch');
-$routes->post('reimbursements/batch/update', 'View\ReimbursementController::updateBatchAssignment');
-$routes->post('reimbursements/batch/lock', 'View\ReimbursementController::lockBatch');
-$routes->post('reimbursements/batch/admin-file/upload', 'View\ReimbursementController::uploadBatchAdminFile');
-$routes->get('reimbursements/batch/admin-file/(:segment)', 'View\ReimbursementController::serveAdminCheckFile/$1');
-$routes->get('reimbursements/batch/admin-file/(:segment)/(:segment)', 'View\ReimbursementController::serveAdminCheckFile/$1/$2');
-$routes->post('reimbursements/batch/send', 'View\ReimbursementController::sendBatchEmail');
-$routes->get('reimbursements/batch/export', 'View\ReimbursementController::exportBatch');
-$routes->post('reimbursements/process', 'View\ReimbursementController::process');
-$routes->get('reimbursements/export', 'View\ReimbursementController::export');
-$routes->get('reimbursements', 'View\ReimbursementController::index');
+$routes->get('reimbursements/index', 'View\ReimbursementController::index', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->get('reimbursements/create', 'View\ReimbursementController::create', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->post('reimbursements/store', 'View\ReimbursementController::store', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,create']);
+$routes->get('reimbursements/under-processing', 'View\ReimbursementController::underProcessing', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->post('reimbursements/mark-donation', 'View\ReimbursementController::markDonation', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->post('reimbursements/batch/create', 'View\ReimbursementController::createBatch', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,create']);
+$routes->post('reimbursements/batch/update', 'View\ReimbursementController::updateBatchAssignment', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->post('reimbursements/batch/lock', 'View\ReimbursementController::lockBatch', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->post('reimbursements/batch/admin-file/upload', 'View\ReimbursementController::uploadBatchAdminFile', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->get('reimbursements/batch/admin-file/(:segment)', 'View\ReimbursementController::serveAdminCheckFile/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->get('reimbursements/batch/admin-file/(:segment)/(:segment)', 'View\ReimbursementController::serveAdminCheckFile/$1/$2', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->post('reimbursements/batch/send', 'View\ReimbursementController::sendBatchEmail', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->get('reimbursements/batch/export', 'View\ReimbursementController::exportBatch', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->post('reimbursements/process', 'View\ReimbursementController::process', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->get('reimbursements/export', 'View\ReimbursementController::export', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->get('reimbursements', 'View\ReimbursementController::index', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
 
 // Health check (upload dirs + DB timezone columns)
 $routes->get('admin/health', 'View\HealthController::index');
@@ -705,19 +743,9 @@ $routes->get('payments/getByParent/(:num)', 'View\PaymentController::getByParent
 $routes->get('payments/create', 'View\PaymentController::create');
 $routes->post('payments/updateBalance/(:num)', 'View\PaymentController::updateBalance/$1');
 
-// Web View Routes for Payment Transactions
-$routes->get('payment_transactions/getByPayment/(:num)', 'View\PaymentTransactionController::getByPayment/$1');
-$routes->get('payment_transactions/create', 'View\PaymentTransactionController::create');
-$routes->post('payment_transactions/updateStatus/(:num)', 'View\PaymentTransactionController::updateStatus/$1');
-
-// Routes for PayPal integration
-$routes->get('payments/createPaypalPayment/(:num)', 'View\PaymentController::createPaypalPayment/$1');
-$routes->get('payments/executePaypalPayment', 'View\PaymentController::executePaypalPayment');
-$routes->get('payments/cancelPaypalPayment', 'View\PaymentController::cancelPaypalPayment');
-
+// Routes for payment pages
 $routes->get('payments/view/(:num)', 'View\PaymentController::viewPayment/$1');
-$routes->post('payments/createPaypalPayment/(:num)', 'View\PaymentController::createPaypalPayment/$1');
-$routes->get('payment/get_enrolled_students/(:num)', 'View\PaymentController::getEnrolledStudents/$1');
+$routes->get('payment/get_enrolled_students/(:num)', 'View\PaymentController::getEnrolledStudents/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:view_invoice|view_payment|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
 
 // Payment Notification Management
 $routes->get('payment/notification_management', 'View\PaymentNotificationController::index', ['filter' => 'auth:view_invoice']);
@@ -745,6 +773,9 @@ $routes->post('/administrator/teacher-submissions/notify', 'View\AdministratorCo
 $routes->get('/administrator/exam-drafts', 'View\ExamDraftController::adminIndex', ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
 $routes->post('/administrator/exam-drafts/review', 'View\ExamDraftController::adminReview', ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
 $routes->post('/administrator/exam-drafts/upload-legacy', 'View\ExamDraftController::adminUploadLegacy', ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
+$routes->get('/principal/exam-drafts', 'View\ExamDraftController::principalIndex', ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
+$routes->post('/principal/exam-drafts/review', 'View\ExamDraftController::principalReview', ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
+$routes->post('/principal/exam-drafts/upload-legacy', 'View\ExamDraftController::principalUploadLegacy', ['filter' => 'auth:admin']);
 
 /*
  * --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -934,15 +965,6 @@ $routes->group('inventory', ['filter' => 'csrf'], static function ($routes) {
 $routes->get('admin/enrollment/new-students', 'View\AdministratorController::showNewStudents', ['filter' => 'auth:view_new_students']);
 
 
-//Paypal transactions
-$routes->post('api/paypal-webhook', 'Api\PaypalWebhook::handle');
-$routes->get('administrator/paypal_transactions', 'View\PaypalTransactionsController::index');
-$routes->get('administrator/paypal_transactions/export', 'View\PaypalTransactionsController::exportCsv');
-$routes->get('admin/paypal-transactions', 'View\PaypalTransactionsController::index');
-$routes->get('admin/paypal-transactions/export', 'View\PaypalTransactionsController::exportCsv');
-
-
-
 //Emergency Contact
 $routes->get('administrator/emergency_contact', 'View\EmergencyContactController::index');
 $routes->get('administrator/emergency_contact/edit/(:num)', 'View\EmergencyContactController::edit/$1');
@@ -1021,16 +1043,16 @@ $routes->get('family', 'View\FamilyAdminController::index');
 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
 //upload files
-$routes->get('receipts/(:any)', 'View\FilesController::receipt/$1');
-$routes->get('reimbreceipts/(:any)', 'View\FilesController::reimb/$1'); // serves from writable/uploads/reimbursements
+$routes->get('receipts/(:any)', 'View\FilesController::receipt/$1', ['filter' => 'auth']);
+$routes->get('reimbreceipts/(:any)', 'View\FilesController::reimb/$1', ['filter' => 'auth']); // serves from writable/uploads/reimbursements
 $routes->get('early-dismissal-signatures/(:any)', 'View\FilesController::earlyDismissalSignature/$1');
 // Expenses
-$routes->get('expenses/edit/(:num)',   'View\ExpenseController::edit/$1');
-$routes->post('expenses/update/(:num)', 'View\ExpenseController::update/$1');
+$routes->get('expenses/edit/(:num)',   'View\ExpenseController::edit/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->post('expenses/update/(:num)', 'View\ExpenseController::update/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
 
 // Reimbursements
-$routes->get('reimbursements/edit/(:num)',    'View\ReimbursementController::edit/$1');
-$routes->post('reimbursements/update/(:num)', 'View\ReimbursementController::update/$1');
+$routes->get('reimbursements/edit/(:num)',    'View\ReimbursementController::edit/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->post('reimbursements/update/(:num)', 'View\ReimbursementController::update/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
 
 
 
@@ -1110,6 +1132,22 @@ $routes->post('/configuration/addConfig', 'View\ConfigurationController::addConf
 $routes->match(['get', 'post'], '/configuration/editConfig/(:num)', 'View\ConfigurationController::editConfig/$1');
 $routes->post('/configuration/deleteConfig/(:num)', 'View\ConfigurationController::deleteConfig/$1');
 
+// School-year management
+$routes->group('administrator/school-years', ['filter' => 'auth:admin'], static function ($routes) {
+    $routes->get('', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::index');
+    $routes->post('store', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::store');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/update', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::update/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/activate', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::activate/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/delete-draft', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::deleteDraft/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/archive', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::archive/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/reopen', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::reopen/$1');
+    $routes->get('(:num)/closing/preview', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::preview/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/closing/start', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::start/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/closing/execute', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::execute/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/closing/complete', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::complete/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/closing/cancel', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::cancel/$1');
+});
+
 // Route for Attendance Comment Templates
 $routes->get('/administrator/attendance-templates', 'View\AttendanceCommentTemplateController::index');
 $routes->get('/api/attendance-templates', 'View\AttendanceCommentTemplateController::listData');
@@ -1175,16 +1213,15 @@ $routes->get('/terms_of_service', 'View\PageController::termsOfService');
 $routes->get('/help_center', 'View\PageController::helpCenter');
 
 //payment
-$routes->get('/payment', 'View\PaymentController::redirectPage');
-$routes->get('/payment/paypal', 'View\PaymentController::paypal');
+$routes->get('/payment', 'View\PaymentController::redirectPage', ['filter' => 'auth:parent']);
 $routes->get('/payment/manual', 'View\PaymentController::manual');
 $routes->post('/payment/manual', 'View\PaymentController::manual');
 
 // Voucher management
-$routes->get('discounts/list', 'View\DiscountController::listVouchers');
-$routes->match(['get', 'post'], 'discount/create', 'View\DiscountController::createVoucher');
-$routes->match(['get', 'post'], 'discount/editVoucher/(:num)', 'View\DiscountController::editVoucher/$1');
-$routes->match(['get', 'post'], 'discount/apply', 'View\DiscountController::applyVoucher');
+$routes->get('discounts/list', 'View\DiscountController::listVouchers', ['filter' => 'auth:view_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
+$routes->match(['get', 'post'], 'discount/create', 'View\DiscountController::createVoucher', ['filter' => 'auth:create_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,create']);
+$routes->match(['get', 'post'], 'discount/editVoucher/(:num)', 'View\DiscountController::editVoucher/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:update_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
+$routes->match(['get', 'post'], 'discount/apply', 'View\DiscountController::applyVoucher', ['filter' => 'auth:update_invoice|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal,update']);
 
 
 
@@ -1528,11 +1565,6 @@ $routes->group('api/v1', ['filter' => 'apiAuth', 'namespace' => 'App\Controllers
     $routes->get('class-preparation/(:num)', 'View\SupportController::show/$1');
     $routes->post('class-preparation/(:num)/mark-printed', 'View\SupportController::markPrinted/$1');
 
-    // PayPal Transactions
-    $routes->get('paypal-transactions', 'View\UserController::index');
-    $routes->get('paypal-transactions/(:num)', 'View\SupportController::show/$1');
-    $routes->get('paypal-transactions/transaction/(:segment)', 'View\SupportController::getByTransactionId/$1');
-
     // Stats
     $routes->get('stats', 'View\UserController::index');
 

app/Config/Services.php

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Services extends BaseService
     /**
      * Override CI Email service to enforce a global Reply-To.
      */
-    public static function email(array $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    public static function email(?array $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
     {
         if ($getShared) {
             return static::getSharedInstance('email', $config);
@@ -180,4 +180,66 @@ class Services extends BaseService
         $http = static::curlrequest($options);
         return new \App\Services\ApiClient($http, $apiConfig);
     }
+
+    public static function schoolYearContext(bool $getShared = true): \App\Services\SchoolYearContextService
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('schoolYearContext');
+        }
+
+        return new \App\Services\SchoolYearContextService(
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearModel::class)
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static function schoolYearWriteGuard(bool $getShared = true): \App\Services\SchoolYearWriteGuard
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('schoolYearWriteGuard');
+        }
+
+        return new \App\Services\SchoolYearWriteGuard();
+    }
+
+    public static function schoolYearValidation(bool $getShared = true): \App\Services\SchoolYearValidationService
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('schoolYearValidation');
+        }
+
+        return new \App\Services\SchoolYearValidationService(
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearModel::class)
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static function schoolYearManagement(bool $getShared = true): \App\Services\SchoolYearManagementService
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('schoolYearManagement');
+        }
+
+        return new \App\Services\SchoolYearManagementService(
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearModel::class),
+            model(\App\Models\ConfigurationModel::class),
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearTransitionLogModel::class),
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearClosingBatchModel::class),
+            static::schoolYearValidation(),
+            \Config\Database::connect()
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static function schoolYearClosing(bool $getShared = true): \App\Services\SchoolYearClosingService
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('schoolYearClosing');
+        }
+
+        return new \App\Services\SchoolYearClosingService(
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearModel::class),
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearClosingBatchModel::class),
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearClosingItemModel::class),
+            static::schoolYearManagement(),
+            \Config\Database::connect()
+        );
+    }
 }

app/Controllers/Administrator/SchoolYearClosingController.php

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers\Administrator;
+
+use App\Controllers\BaseController;
+use App\Models\SchoolYearModel;
+use Throwable;
+
+class SchoolYearClosingController extends BaseController
+{
+    public function preview(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            $targetId = $this->normalizeInt($this->request->getGet('target_school_year_id'));
+
+            return view('school_years/closing_preview', [
+                'preview' => service('schoolYearClosing')->preview($id, $targetId),
+                'latestBatch' => service('schoolYearClosing')->latestBatch($id),
+                'schoolYears' => (new SchoolYearModel())->orderBy('name', 'DESC')->findAll(),
+            ]);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function start(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            $targetId = $this->normalizeInt($this->request->getPost('target_school_year_id'));
+            if ($targetId === null) {
+                return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Select a target school year.');
+            }
+
+            service('schoolYearClosing')->start($id, $targetId, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years/' . $id . '/closing/preview')->with('success', 'Closing started.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function execute(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearClosing')->execute($id, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years/' . $id . '/closing/preview')->with('success', 'Carry-forward batch executed.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function complete(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearClosing')->complete($id, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'School year closed.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function cancel(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearClosing')->cancel($id, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'Closing cancelled.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function normalizeInt(mixed $value): ?int
+    {
+        return is_numeric($value) && (int) $value > 0 ? (int) $value : null;
+    }
+
+    private function userId(): ?int
+    {
+        $id = session('user_id') ?? session('id');
+
+        return is_numeric($id) ? (int) $id : null;
+    }
+}

app/Controllers/Administrator/SchoolYearController.php

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers\Administrator;
+
+use App\Controllers\BaseController;
+use App\Models\SchoolYearModel;
+use App\Support\SchoolYear\SchoolYearStatus;
+use Throwable;
+
+class SchoolYearController extends BaseController
+{
+    private SchoolYearModel $schoolYearModel;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->schoolYearModel = new SchoolYearModel();
+    }
+
+    public function index()
+    {
+        $schoolYears = $this->schoolYearModel
+            ->orderBy('name', 'DESC')
+            ->findAll();
+
+        $activeYear = null;
+        $nextDraftYear = null;
+        $closingYear = null;
+        $archivedCount = 0;
+
+        foreach ($schoolYears as $year) {
+            $status = (string) ($year['status'] ?? '');
+            if ($status === SchoolYearStatus::ACTIVE && $activeYear === null) {
+                $activeYear = $year;
+            }
+            if ($status === SchoolYearStatus::DRAFT && $nextDraftYear === null) {
+                $nextDraftYear = $year;
+            }
+            if ($status === SchoolYearStatus::CLOSING && $closingYear === null) {
+                $closingYear = $year;
+            }
+            if ($status === SchoolYearStatus::ARCHIVED) {
+                $archivedCount++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return view('school_years/index', [
+            'schoolYears' => $schoolYears,
+            'statuses' => SchoolYearStatus::ALL,
+            'activeYear' => $activeYear,
+            'nextDraftYear' => $nextDraftYear,
+            'closingYear' => $closingYear,
+            'archivedCount' => $archivedCount,
+            'latestTransitions' => service('schoolYearManagement')->latestTransitionByYear(),
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    public function store()
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearManagement')->createDraft($this->request->getPost(), $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'Draft school year created.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function update(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearManagement')->updateMetadata($id, $this->request->getPost(), $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'School year metadata updated.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function activate(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            if ($this->request->getPost('confirm_activation') !== '1') {
+                return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', 'Activation confirmation is required.');
+            }
+
+            service('schoolYearManagement')->activate($id, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'School year activated. Any previous active year is now in closing.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function deleteDraft(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearManagement')->deleteDraft($id, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'Draft school year deleted.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function archive(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearManagement')->archive($id, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'School year archived.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function reopen(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearManagement')->reopen($id, (string) $this->request->getPost('reason'), $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'School year reopened.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function userId(): ?int
+    {
+        $id = session('user_id') ?? session('id');
+
+        return is_numeric($id) ? (int) $id : null;
+    }
+}

app/Controllers/AuthController.php

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ namespace App\Controllers;
 use App\Models\LoginActivityModel;
 use App\Models\UserModel;
 use App\Models\UserRoleModel;
-use CodeIgniter\Controller;
 use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
 use App\Models\IpAttemptModel;
 use App\Models\PasswordResetModel;
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ require_once APPPATH . 'Helpers/pbkdf2_helper.php';
 require_once APPPATH . 'Helpers/jwt_helper.php';
 
 
-class AuthController extends Controller
+class AuthController extends BaseController
 {
     protected $configModel;
     protected $userModel;
@@ -83,9 +82,23 @@ class AuthController extends Controller
         log_message('info', 'Processing login form submission.');
         $redirectTo = $this->sanitizeRedirectTarget((string) ($this->request->getPost('redirect_to') ?? $this->request->getGet('redirect_to') ?? ''));
 
+        $validator = \Config\Services::validation();
+        $requestData = sanitize_request_value($this->request->getPost(['email', 'password']));
+        $validator->setRules([
+            'email' => 'required|valid_email|max_length[254]',
+            'password' => 'required|max_length[255]',
+        ]);
+
+        if (! $validator->run($requestData)) {
+            return redirect()
+                ->back()
+                ->with('error', 'Please enter a valid email and password.')
+                ->withInput();
+        }
+
         // Step 1: Get email, password, and IP from the request
-        $email = $this->request->getPost('email');
-        $password = $this->request->getPost('password');
+        $email = strtolower((string) $requestData['email']);
+        $password = (string) $requestData['password'];
         $ip = $this->request->getIPAddress();
 
         log_message('info', 'Login attempt from IP: ' . $ip . ' for email: ' . $email);
@@ -139,26 +152,29 @@ class AuthController extends Controller
     // JSON API: POST /api/login
     public function apiLogin()
     {
-        $requestData = $this->request->getJSON(true);
-        if (!$requestData) {
-            // fallback to form vars
-            $requestData = [
+        $requestData = sanitize_request_value($this->request->getJSON(true) ?: [
             'email' => $this->request->getPost('email'),
             'password' => $this->request->getPost('password'),
-            ];
-        }
+        ]);
 
-        $email = $requestData['email'] ?? '';
-        $password = $requestData['password'] ?? '';
-        $ip = $this->request->getIPAddress();
+        $validation = \Config\Services::validation();
+        $validation->setRules([
+            'email' => 'required|valid_email|max_length[254]',
+            'password' => 'required|max_length[255]',
+        ]);
 
-        if (!$email || !$password) {
-            return $this->response->setStatusCode(400)->setJSON([
+        if (! $validation->run($requestData)) {
+            return $this->response->setStatusCode(422)->setJSON([
                 'status' => false,
-                'message' => 'Email and password are required.'
+                'message' => 'Validation failed.',
+                'errors' => $validation->getErrors(),
             ]);
         }
 
+        $email = strtolower((string) ($requestData['email'] ?? ''));
+        $password = (string) ($requestData['password'] ?? '');
+        $ip = $this->request->getIPAddress();
+
         if ($this->isIpBlocked($ip)) {
             return $this->response->setStatusCode(429)->setJSON([
                 'status' => false,
@@ -220,7 +236,15 @@ class AuthController extends Controller
             'exp' => $exp,
         ];
 
-        $secret = env('JWT_SECRET', 'change-me-in-env');
+        try {
+            $secret = require_env('JWT_SECRET');
+        } catch (\RuntimeException $e) {
+            return $this->response->setStatusCode(500)->setJSON([
+                'status' => false,
+                'message' => 'JWT configuration is missing.',
+            ]);
+        }
+
         $token = jwt_encode($payload, $secret, 'HS256');
 
         return $this->response->setJSON([
@@ -240,18 +264,14 @@ class AuthController extends Controller
      */
     public function apiRegister()
     {
-        $requestData = $this->request->getJSON(true);
-        if (!$requestData) {
-            // fallback to form vars
-            $requestData = $this->request->getPost();
-        }
+        $requestData = sanitize_request_value($this->request->getJSON(true) ?: $this->request->getPost());
 
         // Basic validation
         $rules = [
-            'firstname' => 'required|min_length[2]|max_length[30]',
-            'lastname' => 'required|min_length[2]|max_length[30]',
-            'email' => 'required|valid_email|is_unique[users.email]',
-            'password' => 'required|min_length[8]',
+            'firstname' => "required|regex_match[/^[\\p{L}\\s'\\-]+$/u]|min_length[2]|max_length[30]",
+            'lastname' => "required|regex_match[/^[\\p{L}\\s'\\-]+$/u]|min_length[2]|max_length[30]",
+            'email' => 'required|valid_email|max_length[254]|is_unique[users.email]',
+            'password' => 'required|min_length[8]|max_length[255]',
             'cellphone' => 'required|min_length[10]|max_length[20]',
         ];
 
@@ -332,7 +352,7 @@ class AuthController extends Controller
                 'exp' => $exp,
             ];
 
-            $secret = env('JWT_SECRET', 'change-me-in-env');
+            $secret = require_env('JWT_SECRET');
             $token = jwt_encode($payload, $secret, 'HS256');
 
             return $this->response->setStatusCode(201)->setJSON([

app/Controllers/BaseController.php

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
 use App\Services\ApiClient;
+use App\Support\SchoolYear\SchoolYearContext;
+use Throwable;
 
 /**
  * Class BaseController
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ abstract class BaseController extends Controller
      *
      * @var list<string>
      */
-    protected $helpers = [];
+    protected $helpers = ['security'];
 
     /** @var ApiClient */
     protected ApiClient $api;
@@ -73,6 +75,42 @@ abstract class BaseController extends Controller
         // Assuming the user role is stored in the session
         return session()->get('role');
     }
+
+    protected function validated(array $rules, ?array $data = null): array
+    {
+        $validation = service('validation');
+        $payload = $data ?? ($this->request->getJSON(true) ?: $this->request->getPost());
+        $payload = sanitize_request_value($payload);
+
+        $validation->setRules($rules);
+
+        if (! $validation->run($payload)) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException(json_encode($validation->getErrors(), JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE | JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES) ?: 'Validation failed');
+        }
+
+        return $payload;
+    }
+
+    protected function resolveSchoolYearContext(?int $routeSchoolYearId = null): SchoolYearContext
+    {
+        try {
+            return service('schoolYearContext')->resolve($this->request, $routeSchoolYearId);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('warning', 'School-year resolution failed: {message}', [
+                'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+
+            throw $e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function assertSchoolYearWritable(
+        SchoolYearContext $context,
+        bool $allowDraftForAdmin = false,
+        bool $isAdmin = false
+    ): void {
+        service('schoolYearWriteGuard')->assertWritable($context, $allowDraftForAdmin, $isAdmin);
+    }
 }
 
 ?>

app/Controllers/ProofreadController.php

@@ -10,7 +10,12 @@ class ProofreadController extends ResourceController
     {
         // Basic per-IP throttling: 10 requests per minute
         $throttler = service('throttler');
-        $key = 'proofread-' . $this->request->getIPAddress();
+
+        // Cache/throttler keys cannot contain reserved characters.
+        // Raw IPv6 addresses contain ":", so hash the IP first.
+        $ip = $this->request->getIPAddress();
+        $key = 'proofread-' . hash('sha256', $ip);
+
         if (! $throttler->check($key, 10, MINUTE)) {
             return $this->respond([
                 'ok' => false,
@@ -20,29 +25,51 @@ class ProofreadController extends ResourceController
         }
 
         // Accept form-urlencoded payload to play nicely with CSRF protection
-        $text = (string) ($this->request->getPost('text') ?? '');
-        if ($text === '' || mb_strlen($text) > 20000) {
+        $payload = sanitize_request_value($this->request->getPost(['text']));
+
+        $validation = service('validation');
+        $validation->setRules([
+            'text' => 'required|min_length[1]|max_length[20000]',
+        ]);
+
+        if (! $validation->run($payload)) {
             return $this->respond([
                 'ok' => false,
-                'error' => 'Invalid text (empty or too long).',
+                'error' => 'Invalid text payload.',
                 'csrfHash' => csrf_hash(),
             ], 422);
         }
 
-        $client = \Config\Services::curlrequest(['timeout' => 10]);
+        $text = (string) $payload['text'];
+
+        $client = \Config\Services::curlrequest([
+            'timeout' => 10,
+        ]);
 
         try {
             $resp = $client->post('https://api.languagetool.org/v2/check', [
-                'headers' => ['Content-Type' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'],
+                'headers' => [
+                    'Content-Type' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
+                ],
                 'form_params' => [
                     'text'     => $text,
                     'language' => 'en-US',
                 ],
             ]);
 
+            $result = json_decode($resp->getBody(), true);
+
+            if (json_last_error() !== JSON_ERROR_NONE) {
+                return $this->respond([
+                    'ok' => false,
+                    'error' => 'Invalid response from proofread service.',
+                    'csrfHash' => csrf_hash(),
+                ], 502);
+            }
+
             return $this->respond([
                 'ok' => true,
-                'result' => json_decode($resp->getBody(), true),
+                'result' => $result,
                 'csrfHash' => csrf_hash(),
             ]);
         } catch (\Throwable $e) {

app/Controllers/View/AdministratorController.php

@@ -730,18 +730,15 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
             ->join('users u', 'u.id = tc.teacher_id', 'left')
             ->orderBy('cs.class_section_name', 'ASC');
 
-        $filteredQuery = clone $assignmentQuery;
+        // teacher_class assignments are scoped by school year only.
+        // The table has no semester column; semester filtering belongs on
+        // semester-specific records such as scores, comments, attendance,
+        // homework, and exam drafts.
         if ($schoolYear !== '') {
-            $filteredQuery = $filteredQuery->where('tc.school_year', $schoolYear);
-        }
-        if (!empty($semesterCandidates)) {
-            $filteredQuery = $filteredQuery->whereIn('tc.semester', $semesterCandidates);
+            $assignmentQuery->where('tc.school_year', $schoolYear);
         }
 
-        $assignmentRows = $filteredQuery->get()->getResultArray();
-        if (empty($assignmentRows) && ($schoolYear !== '' || $semester !== '')) {
         $assignmentRows = $assignmentQuery->get()->getResultArray();
-        }
 
         $studentCounts = $this->studentClassModel->getStudentCountsBySection($schoolYear !== '' ? $schoolYear : null);
         $sectionRows = $this->classSectionModel
@@ -873,14 +870,12 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
                 continue;
             }
 
-            $studentQuery = $this->studentClassModel
+            $studentEntries = $this->db->table('student_class')
                 ->select('student_id')
                 ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
-            if (!empty($semesterCandidates)) {
-                $studentQuery->whereIn('semester', $semesterCandidates);
-            }
-            $studentEntries = $studentQuery->findAll();
+                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
             if (empty($studentEntries)) {
                 $studentEntries = $this->studentClassModel
                     ->select('student_id')

app/Controllers/View/AttendanceTrackingController.php

@@ -2003,6 +2003,58 @@ class AttendanceTrackingController extends BaseController
         return [$subject, $body];
     }
 
+    private function buildFallbackTemplate(string $code, string $variant, array $context): array
+    {
+        $studentName = (string) ($context['{{student_name}}'] ?? 'the student');
+        $incident    = (string) ($context['{{incident_date}}'] ?? date('Y-m-d'));
+        $parentName  = (string) ($context['{{parent_name}}'] ?? 'Parent/Guardian');
+        $phone       = (string) ($context['{{school_phone}}'] ?? 'the school office');
+        $voicemail   = (string) ($context['{{voicemail_phone}}'] ?? 'your voicemail');
+
+        $subject = match (true) {
+            str_starts_with($code, 'ABS_1')  => 'Attendance Notice: Unreported Absence',
+            str_starts_with($code, 'ABS_2')  => 'Attendance Follow-Up: Two Consecutive Absences',
+            str_starts_with($code, 'ABS_3')  => 'Attendance Follow-Up: Three Absences',
+            str_starts_with($code, 'LATE_2') => 'Attendance Notice: Repeated Lateness',
+            str_starts_with($code, 'LATE_3'),
+            str_starts_with($code, 'LATE_4'),
+            str_starts_with($code, 'MIX')    => 'Attendance Follow-Up: Repeated Lateness and Absence',
+            default                          => 'Attendance Notice',
+        };
+
+        $intro = "<p>Insha Allah this email finds you well";
+        if ($variant === 'answered') {
+            $intro .= ", <strong>{$parentName}</strong>. Jazakum Allahu khayran for taking the time to speak with us today.</p>";
+        } elseif ($variant === 'no_answer') {
+            $intro .= ".</p><p>We tried to reach you but could not connect and left a voice message at <strong>{$voicemail}</strong>.</p>";
+        } else {
+            $intro .= ".</p>";
+        }
+
+        $details = match (true) {
+            str_starts_with($code, 'ABS_1')
+                => "<p>This is to let you know that <strong>{$studentName}</strong> was absent on <strong>{$incident}</strong> without prior notice.</p>",
+            str_starts_with($code, 'ABS_2')
+                => "<p>This is a reminder that <strong>{$studentName}</strong> has had repeated absences, most recently on <strong>{$incident}</strong>, without prior notice.</p>",
+            str_starts_with($code, 'ABS_3')
+                => "<p>This is a reminder that <strong>{$studentName}</strong> has been absent three times, most recently on <strong>{$incident}</strong>, without prior notice.</p>",
+            str_starts_with($code, 'LATE_2')
+                => "<p>This is a reminder that <strong>{$studentName}</strong> has been late multiple times, most recently on <strong>{$incident}</strong>.</p>",
+            str_starts_with($code, 'LATE_3'),
+            str_starts_with($code, 'LATE_4')
+                => "<p>This is a follow-up that <strong>{$studentName}</strong> has had repeated lateness concerns, most recently on <strong>{$incident}</strong>.</p>",
+            str_starts_with($code, 'MIX')
+                => "<p>This is a follow-up that <strong>{$studentName}</strong> has had a mix of repeated lateness and absence concerns, most recently on <strong>{$incident}</strong>.</p>",
+            default
+                => "<p>We'd like to inform you about <strong>{$studentName}</strong>'s recent attendance concern dated <strong>{$incident}</strong>.</p>",
+        };
+
+        $closing = "<p>If your child will be absent or late due to illness or family commitments, please let us know ahead of time.</p>"
+            . "<p>You can email/call/text us at <strong>{$phone}</strong>.</p>";
+
+        return [$subject, $intro . $details . $closing];
+    }
+
 
     public function compose()
     {
@@ -2033,8 +2085,8 @@ class AttendanceTrackingController extends BaseController
         $rendered = $this->renderTemplate($code, $variant, $ctx);
 
         if (!$rendered) {
-            return redirect()->to(site_url('attendance/violations'))
-                ->with('error', 'Template not found for ' . $code . ' (' . $variant . ').');
+            log_message('warning', 'Attendance email template missing; using fallback compose body. code=' . $code . ' variant=' . $variant);
+            $rendered = $this->buildFallbackTemplate($code, $variant, $ctx);
         }
 
         [$subject, $body] = $rendered;

app/Controllers/View/CertificateController.php

@@ -0,0 +1,664 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers\View;
+
+use App\Controllers\BaseController;
+use App\Models\ClassSectionModel;
+use App\Models\ConfigurationModel;
+use App\Models\CertificateRecordModel;
+
+class CertificateController extends BaseController
+{
+    protected $classSectionModel;
+    protected $configModel;
+    protected $certRecordModel;
+    protected $schoolYear;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->classSectionModel = new ClassSectionModel();
+        $this->configModel       = new ConfigurationModel();
+        $this->certRecordModel   = new CertificateRecordModel();
+        $this->schoolYear        = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year');
+    }
+
+    // ─── Admin UI ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    public function index()
+    {
+        $db           = \Config\Database::connect();
+        $selectedCsid = $this->request->getGet('class_section_id');
+        $schoolYear   = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->schoolYear;
+
+        // ── All enrolled students across every class section ───────────────────
+        $allEnrolled = $db->table('student_class sc')
+            ->select('s.id AS student_id, s.firstname, s.lastname, sc.class_section_id, cs.class_section_name')
+            ->join('students s', 's.id = sc.student_id')
+            ->join('classSection cs', 'cs.class_section_id = sc.class_section_id')
+            ->where('s.is_active', 1)
+            ->where('sc.school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->orderBy('s.firstname', 'ASC')
+            ->orderBy('s.lastname', 'ASC')
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        $allIds = array_values(array_unique(array_map('intval', array_column($allEnrolled, 'student_id'))));
+
+        // ── Saved generated YEAR decisions from student_decisions ──────────────
+        //
+        // Source of truth:
+        // student_decisions.year_score
+        // student_decisions.decision
+        //
+        // Do NOT recalculate certificate decisions here from semester_scores.
+        $decisionsByStudent = [];
+
+        if (!empty($allIds)) {
+            $decisionRows = $db->table('student_decisions')
+                ->whereIn('student_id', $allIds)
+                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
+
+            foreach ($decisionRows as $d) {
+                $sid = (int)($d['student_id'] ?? 0);
+
+                if ($sid <= 0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $decision = trim((string)($d['decision'] ?? ''));
+                $source   = trim((string)($d['source'] ?? ''));
+
+                if ($source === '') {
+                    $source = $decision === '' ? 'pending' : 'manual';
+                }
+
+                $decisionsByStudent[$sid]['Year'] = [
+                    'decision'   => $decision,
+                    'source'     => $source,
+                    'notes'      => (string)($d['notes'] ?? ''),
+                    'year_score' => $d['year_score'] ?? null,
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // ── Certificate records: most recent per student ───────────────────────
+        $certsByStudent = [];
+
+        if (!empty($allIds)) {
+            foreach ($db->table('certificate_records')
+                ->select('student_id, certificate_number, issued_at')
+                ->whereIn('student_id', $allIds)
+                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+                ->orderBy('issued_at', 'DESC')
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray() as $c) {
+                $sid = (int)$c['student_id'];
+
+                if (!isset($certsByStudent[$sid])) {
+                    $certsByStudent[$sid] = $c['certificate_number'];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // ── Build per-class buckets and stats ──────────────────────────────────
+        $studentsByClass = [];
+        $statsPerClass   = [];
+
+        foreach ($allEnrolled as $row) {
+            $sid  = (int)$row['student_id'];
+            $csid = (int)$row['class_section_id'];
+
+            if (!isset($statsPerClass[$csid])) {
+                $statsPerClass[$csid] = [
+                    'name'  => $row['class_section_name'],
+                    'total' => 0,
+                    'pass'  => 0,
+                    'cert'  => 0,
+                ];
+            }
+
+            $statsPerClass[$csid]['total']++;
+
+            // If no generated decision exists yet, explicitly mark pending.
+            if (!isset($decisionsByStudent[$sid])) {
+                $decisionsByStudent[$sid]['Decision'] = [
+                    'decision'   => '',
+                    'source'     => 'pending',
+                    'notes'      => '',
+                    'year_score' => null,
+                ];
+            }
+
+            // Certificate eligibility:
+            // A student is eligible only if the saved final generated decision is Pass.
+            $studentDecisions = $decisionsByStudent[$sid] ?? [];
+            $isPass           = !empty($studentDecisions);
+
+            foreach ($studentDecisions as $decisionRow) {
+                $decision = trim((string)($decisionRow['decision'] ?? ''));
+
+                if (strcasecmp($decision, 'Pass') !== 0) {
+                    $isPass = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ($isPass) {
+                $statsPerClass[$csid]['pass']++;
+            }
+
+            if (isset($certsByStudent[$sid])) {
+                $statsPerClass[$csid]['cert']++;
+            }
+
+            $studentsByClass[$csid][] = $row;
+        }
+
+        // ── Determine default active tab ───────────────────────────────────────
+        $firstCsid = !empty($allEnrolled) ? (int)$allEnrolled[0]['class_section_id'] : null;
+
+        if ($selectedCsid === null && $firstCsid !== null) {
+            $selectedCsid = (string)$firstCsid;
+        }
+
+        return view('admin/certificates/index', [
+            'studentsByClass'    => $studentsByClass,
+            'selectedClassId'    => $selectedCsid,
+            'schoolYear'         => $schoolYear,
+            'certDate'           => date('m/d/Y'),
+            'decisionsByStudent' => $decisionsByStudent,
+            'certsByStudent'     => $certsByStudent,
+            'statsPerClass'      => $statsPerClass,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    public function auditLog()
+    {
+        $schoolYear  = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->schoolYear;
+        $records     = $this->certRecordModel->getAuditLog($schoolYear);
+        $yearSummary = $this->certRecordModel->yearSummary();
+
+        return view('admin/certificates/audit_log', [
+            'records'     => $records,
+            'schoolYear'  => $schoolYear,
+            'yearSummary' => $yearSummary,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    public function csrfToken()
+    {
+        return $this->response
+            ->setHeader('Cache-Control', 'no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, max-age=0')
+            ->setHeader('Pragma', 'no-cache')
+            ->setJSON([
+                'csrf_token' => csrf_token(),
+                'csrf_hash'  => csrf_hash(),
+            ]);
+    }
+
+    // ─── Public verification page ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    public function verify(string $certNumber)
+    {
+        $record = \Config\Database::connect()
+            ->table('certificate_records cr')
+            ->select('cr.*, u.firstname AS admin_firstname, u.lastname AS admin_lastname')
+            ->join('users u', 'u.id = cr.issued_by', 'left')
+            ->groupStart()
+                ->where('cr.verification_token', $certNumber)
+                ->orWhere('cr.certificate_number', strtoupper($certNumber))
+            ->groupEnd()
+            ->get()
+            ->getRowArray();
+
+        return view('certificates/verify', [
+            'record' => $record ?: null,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    // ─── Reprint an existing certificate ──────────────────────────────────────
+
+    public function reprint(string $certNumber)
+    {
+        $record = \Config\Database::connect()
+            ->table('certificate_records')
+            ->where('certificate_number', strtoupper($certNumber))
+            ->get()
+            ->getRowArray();
+
+        if (!$record) {
+            return redirect()->to('administrator/certificates/log')
+                ->with('error', 'Certificate not found: ' . $certNumber);
+        }
+
+        $certDateFormatted = '';
+
+        if (!empty($record['cert_date'])) {
+            $ts = strtotime((string)$record['cert_date']);
+
+            if ($ts) {
+                $certDateFormatted = date('m/d/Y', $ts);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $student = [
+            'firstname'    => (string)($record['student_name'] ?? ''),
+            'lastname'     => '',
+            'grade'        => (string)($record['grade'] ?? ''),
+            'cert_number'  => (string)($record['certificate_number'] ?? ''),
+            'verify_token' => $this->ensureVerificationTokenForRecord($record),
+        ];
+
+        // student_name is stored as "Firstname Lastname" — split for the PDF builder.
+        $parts = explode(' ', trim($student['firstname']), 2);
+
+        if (count($parts) === 2) {
+            $student['firstname'] = $parts[0];
+            $student['lastname']  = $parts[1];
+        }
+
+        $pdfData  = $this->buildPdf([$student], $certDateFormatted ?: date('m/d/Y'));
+        $filename = 'Certificate_' . strtoupper($certNumber) . '.pdf';
+
+        return $this->response
+            ->setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/pdf')
+            ->setHeader('Content-Disposition', 'inline; filename="' . $filename . '"')
+            ->setBody($pdfData);
+    }
+
+    // ─── PDF generation ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    public function generate()
+    {
+        $studentIds     = $this->request->getPost('student_ids') ?? [];
+        $certDate       = trim($this->request->getPost('cert_date') ?? date('m/d/Y'));
+        $classSectionId = $this->request->getPost('class_section_id');
+        $schoolYear     = $this->request->getPost('school_year') ?? $this->schoolYear;
+
+        if (empty($studentIds)) {
+            if ($this->request->isAJAX()) {
+                return $this->response
+                    ->setStatusCode(422)
+                    ->setJSON([
+                        'ok'         => false,
+                        'error'      => 'Please select at least one student.',
+                        'csrf_token' => csrf_token(),
+                        'csrf_hash'  => csrf_hash(),
+                    ]);
+            }
+
+            return redirect()->to('administrator/certificates')
+                ->with('error', 'Please select at least one student.');
+        }
+
+        $studentIds = array_filter(array_map('intval', $studentIds));
+        $certDate   = preg_replace('/[^0-9\/\-]/', '', $certDate);
+
+        if (empty($studentIds)) {
+            if ($this->request->isAJAX()) {
+                return $this->response
+                    ->setStatusCode(422)
+                    ->setJSON([
+                        'ok'         => false,
+                        'error'      => 'Invalid student selection.',
+                        'csrf_token' => csrf_token(),
+                        'csrf_hash'  => csrf_hash(),
+                    ]);
+            }
+
+            return redirect()->to('administrator/certificates')
+                ->with('error', 'Invalid student selection.');
+        }
+
+        $db       = \Config\Database::connect();
+        $students = [];
+
+        foreach ($studentIds as $id) {
+            $row = null;
+
+            if ($classSectionId) {
+                $row = $db->table('student_class sc')
+                    ->select('s.id, s.firstname, s.lastname, cs.class_section_name AS grade')
+                    ->join('students s', 's.id = sc.student_id')
+                    ->join('classSection cs', 'cs.class_section_id = sc.class_section_id')
+                    ->where('sc.class_section_id', (int)$classSectionId)
+                    ->where('sc.school_year', $schoolYear)
+                    ->where('s.id', $id)
+                    ->get()
+                    ->getRowArray();
+            }
+
+            if (!$row) {
+                $s = $db->table('students')
+                    ->select('id, firstname, lastname, registration_grade AS grade')
+                    ->where('id', $id)
+                    ->get()
+                    ->getRowArray();
+
+                $row = $s ?: null;
+            }
+
+            if ($row) {
+                $students[] = $row;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (empty($students)) {
+            if ($this->request->isAJAX()) {
+                return $this->response
+                    ->setStatusCode(422)
+                    ->setJSON([
+                        'ok'         => false,
+                        'error'      => 'No valid students found.',
+                        'csrf_token' => csrf_token(),
+                        'csrf_hash'  => csrf_hash(),
+                    ]);
+            }
+
+            return redirect()->to('administrator/certificates')
+                ->with('error', 'No valid students found.');
+        }
+
+        $issuedAt = date('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+
+        // Load existing certificates for these students this school year.
+        $existingCerts = $db->table('certificate_records')
+            ->select('id, student_id, certificate_number, verification_token')
+            ->whereIn('student_id', array_column($students, 'id'))
+            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        $existingCertMap = [];
+
+        foreach ($existingCerts as $ec) {
+            $existingCertMap[(int)$ec['student_id']] = $ec;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($students as &$student) {
+            $sid = (int)$student['id'];
+
+            if (isset($existingCertMap[$sid])) {
+                // Reuse existing certificate number — do not create a new record.
+                $existing = $existingCertMap[$sid];
+
+                $student['cert_number']  = (string)($existing['certificate_number'] ?? '');
+                $student['verify_token'] = $this->ensureVerificationTokenForRecord($existing);
+            } else {
+                $certNumber  = $this->certRecordModel->nextNumber($schoolYear);
+                $verifyToken = $this->certRecordModel->generateVerificationToken();
+
+                $this->certRecordModel->insert([
+                    'certificate_number' => $certNumber,
+                    'verification_token' => $verifyToken,
+                    'student_id'         => $sid,
+                    'student_name'       => $student['firstname'] . ' ' . $student['lastname'],
+                    'grade'              => $this->formatGrade($student['grade'] ?? ''),
+                    'school_year'        => $schoolYear,
+                    'class_section_id'   => $classSectionId ?: null,
+                    'issued_at'          => $issuedAt,
+                ]);
+
+                $student['cert_number']  = $certNumber;
+                $student['verify_token'] = $verifyToken;
+            }
+        }
+
+        unset($student);
+
+        $pdfData  = $this->buildPdf($students, $certDate);
+        $filename = 'Certificates_' . date('Ymd_His') . '.pdf';
+
+        return $this->response
+            ->setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/pdf')
+            ->setHeader('Content-Disposition', 'inline; filename="' . $filename . '"')
+            ->setHeader('X-CSRF-TOKEN-NAME', csrf_token())
+            ->setHeader('X-CSRF-TOKEN', csrf_hash())
+            ->setBody($pdfData);
+    }
+
+    // ─── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    private function parseCertDate(string $certDate): ?string
+    {
+        if (preg_match('#^(\d{2})/(\d{2})/(\d{4})$#', $certDate, $m)) {
+            return $m[3] . '-' . $m[1] . '-' . $m[2];
+        }
+
+        if (preg_match('#^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$#', $certDate)) {
+            return $certDate;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private function formatGrade(string $raw): string
+    {
+        $clean = trim($raw);
+        $lower = strtolower($clean);
+
+        // Strip section suffix: "Grade 1-A" → "Grade 1", "Grade 2-B" → "Grade 2".
+        if (preg_match('/^grade\s*(\d+)/i', $clean, $m)) {
+            return 'Grade ' . (int)$m[1];
+        }
+
+        if ($lower === 'youth') {
+            return 'Youth';
+        }
+
+        if ($lower === 'kg' || $lower === 'kindergarten') {
+            return 'Kindergarten';
+        }
+
+        // Raw number or number-section: "1", "1-A", "2-B" → keep number only.
+        if (preg_match('/^(\d+)([- ][A-Za-z0-9]+)?$/', $clean, $m)) {
+            return 'Grade ' . (int)$m[1];
+        }
+
+        return $clean;
+    }
+
+    private function ensureVerificationTokenForRecord(array $record): string
+    {
+        $token = trim((string)($record['verification_token'] ?? ''));
+
+        if ($token !== '') {
+            return $token;
+        }
+
+        $recordId = (int)($record['id'] ?? 0);
+
+        if ($recordId <= 0) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        $token = $this->certRecordModel->generateVerificationToken();
+
+        $this->certRecordModel->update($recordId, [
+            'verification_token' => $token,
+        ]);
+
+        return $token;
+    }
+
+    // ─── PDF rendering ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    private function buildPdf(array $students, string $certDate): string
+    {
+        $fontDir = FCPATH . 'assets' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'certificates' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'fonts' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+        $imgDir  = FCPATH . 'assets' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'certificates' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'images' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+        $edwardianFont = \TCPDF_FONTS::addTTFfont($fontDir . 'Edwardian Script ITC Regular.ttf', 'TrueTypeUnicode', '', 32);
+        $garamondBold  = \TCPDF_FONTS::addTTFfont($fontDir . 'Garamond Bold.ttf', 'TrueTypeUnicode', '', 32);
+        $ebGaramond    = \TCPDF_FONTS::addTTFfont($fontDir . 'EBGaramond-Regular.ttf', 'TrueTypeUnicode', '', 32);
+
+        $pdf = new \TCPDF('L', 'pt', 'A4', true, 'UTF-8', false);
+
+        $pdf->SetCreator('Al Rahma Sunday School');
+        $pdf->SetTitle('Student Certificates');
+        $pdf->SetMargins(0, 0, 0, true);
+        $pdf->SetAutoPageBreak(false, 0);
+        $pdf->setPrintHeader(false);
+        $pdf->setPrintFooter(false);
+        $pdf->SetHeaderMargin(0);
+        $pdf->SetFooterMargin(0);
+
+        $W = $pdf->getPageWidth();
+        $H = $pdf->getPageHeight();
+
+        foreach ($students as $student) {
+            $pdf->AddPage();
+
+            $name        = trim((string)($student['firstname'] ?? '') . ' ' . (string)($student['lastname'] ?? ''));
+            $grade       = $this->formatGrade($student['grade'] ?? '');
+            $certNumber  = $student['cert_number'] ?? '';
+            $verifyToken = $student['verify_token'] ?? '';
+
+            $verifyUrl = $verifyToken !== ''
+                ? site_url('verify/' . rawurlencode($verifyToken))
+                : null;
+
+            $this->drawCertificate(
+                $pdf,
+                $W,
+                $H,
+                $name,
+                $grade,
+                $certDate,
+                $certNumber,
+                $verifyUrl,
+                $imgDir,
+                $edwardianFont,
+                $garamondBold,
+                $ebGaramond
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $pdf->Output('', 'S');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Coordinate mapping: iTextSharp origin bottom-left → TCPDF origin top-left.
+     * y_tcpdf ≈ H − y_iTextSharp
+     */
+    private function drawCertificate(
+        \TCPDF $pdf,
+        float $W,
+        float $H,
+        string $name,
+        string $grade,
+        string $certDate,
+        string $certNumber,
+        ?string $verifyUrl,
+        string $imgDir,
+        string $edwardianFont,
+        string $garamondBold,
+        string $ebGaramond
+    ): void {
+        // ── Images
+        $pdf->Image($imgDir . 'title.png', 126, 0, 600);
+        $pdf->Image($imgDir . 'background.png', 280, 176, 291, 340);
+        $pdf->Image($imgDir . 'signature.png', 140, 410, 90, 80);
+
+        // ── "Presented to:"
+        $pdf->SetFont('times', 'B', 24);
+        $pdf->SetTextColor(0, 0, 0);
+        $pdf->SetXY(0, 151);
+        $pdf->Cell($W, 24, 'Presented to:', 0, 0, 'C');
+
+        // ── QR code — left-aligned with "Presented to:", vertically centred on that line.
+        $qrSize = 42;
+
+        if (!empty($verifyUrl)) {
+            $qrX = 120;
+            $qrY = 171 + (24 - $qrSize) / 2;
+
+            $style = [
+                'border'  => false,
+                'padding' => 0,
+                'fgcolor' => [0, 0, 0],
+                'bgcolor' => false,
+            ];
+
+            $pdf->write2DBarcode($verifyUrl, 'QRCODE,L', $qrX, $qrY, $qrSize, $qrSize, $style, 'N');
+        }
+
+        // ── Student name — center based on actual string width.
+        $pdf->SetFont($edwardianFont, '', 38);
+        $nameX = ($W - $pdf->GetStringWidth($name)) / 2;
+        $this->drawGradientText($pdf, $edwardianFont, 38, $name, $nameX, 221.5);
+
+        // ── Line under name
+        $pdf->SetFont('times', '', 20);
+        $pdf->SetXY(0, 236);
+        $pdf->Cell(600, 20, '___________________________________', 0, 0, 'R');
+
+        // ── Description
+        $pdf->SetFont($ebGaramond, '', 20);
+        $pdf->SetXY(0, 273);
+        $pdf->Cell($W, 20, 'for successfully completing the requirements of', 0, 0, 'C');
+
+        // ── Grade
+        $pdf->SetFont($garamondBold, '', 20);
+        $pdf->SetXY(0, 310);
+        $pdf->Cell($W, 20, $grade, 0, 0, 'C');
+
+        // ── "at"
+        $pdf->SetFont('times', '', 20);
+        $pdf->SetXY(0, 343);
+        $pdf->Cell($W, 20, 'at', 0, 0, 'C');
+
+        // ── School name
+        $pdf->SetFont($garamondBold, '', 20);
+        $pdf->SetXY(0, 375);
+        $pdf->Cell($W, 20, 'Al Rahma Sunday School', 0, 0, 'C');
+
+        // ── Date
+        $this->drawGradientText($pdf, $edwardianFont, 26, $certDate, 586, 456);
+
+        // ── Date underline + label
+        $pdf->SetFont('times', '', 20);
+        $pdf->SetXY(0, 463);
+        $pdf->Cell(742, 20, '_________________', 0, 0, 'R');
+        $pdf->SetXY(650, 492);
+        $pdf->Cell(80, 20, 'Date', 0, 0, 'C');
+
+        // ── Signature underline + label
+        $pdf->SetXY(106, 463);
+        $pdf->Cell(200, 20, '_________________', 0, 0, 'L');
+        $pdf->SetXY(106, 492);
+        $pdf->Cell(168, 20, 'Signature', 0, 0, 'C');
+
+        // ── Certificate number — 1.4 cm from bottom, 2.5 cm from left.
+        if ($certNumber !== '') {
+            $pdf->SetFont('helvetica', '', 8);
+            $pdf->SetTextColor(150, 150, 150);
+            $pdf->SetXY(70.86, $H - 39.68);
+            $pdf->Cell(200, 12, 'Certificate No. ' . $certNumber, 0, 0, 'L');
+            $pdf->SetTextColor(0, 0, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function drawGradientText(
+        \TCPDF $pdf,
+        string $fontName,
+        float $fontSize,
+        string $text,
+        float $x,
+        float $y
+    ): void {
+        $pdf->SetFont($fontName, '', $fontSize);
+
+        for ($i = 0; $i < 6; $i++) {
+            $pdf->setAlpha(($i + 1) * 25 / 255);
+            $pdf->SetTextColor(0, 0, 0);
+            $pdf->Text($x + $i / 4, $y + $i / 4, $text);
+        }
+
+        $pdf->setAlpha(1);
+        $pdf->SetTextColor(0, 0, 0);
+        $pdf->Text($x, $y, $text);
+    }
+}

app/Controllers/View/ClassPreparationController.php

@@ -21,8 +21,10 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
     protected $schoolYear;
     protected $semester;
     protected $adjustmentModel;
-    /** cache for roster presence per term */
+    /** Cache for roster presence per school year. */
     private array $rosterPresenceCache = [];
+    /** Cache table-column checks to avoid repeated schema queries. */
+    private array $columnExistsCache = [];
     // Inside ClassPreparationController (class scope, not inside a method)
     private array $allowedPrepCategories = [
         'Grade Box',
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
         $semParam   = $this->request->getGet('semester');
         $semester   = (is_string($semParam) && $semParam !== '') ? (string)$semParam : (string)$this->semester;
         $allowed    = $this->allowedPrepCategories;
-        $limitToSemester = $this->hasRosterForSemester($schoolYear, $semester);
+        $hasRoster  = $this->hasRosterForSchoolYear($schoolYear);
 
         // 1) Get student count per class-section (distinct students, correct semester)
         $scQ = $this->db->table('student_class sc')
@@ -65,13 +67,12 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             ->join('students s', 's.id = sc.student_id', 'inner')
             ->where('s.is_active', 1)
             ->where('sc.school_year', $schoolYear);
-        if ($limitToSemester && $semester !== '') {
-            $scQ->where('sc.semester', $semester);
-        }
-        $classSections = $scQ->groupBy('sc.class_section_id')->get()->getResultArray();
+        $classSections = $hasRoster
+            ? $scQ->groupBy('sc.class_section_id')->get()->getResultArray()
+            : [];
 
         // 2) Inventory availability — prefer good_qty when present, else condition='good' quantity.
-        $inventoryMap = $this->buildInventoryAvailability($schoolYear, $semester, $limitToSemester, $allowed);
+        $inventoryMap = $this->buildInventoryAvailability($schoolYear, $semester, $allowed);
 
         // Seed totals with allowed categories for stable ordering
         $requiredTotals = array_fill_keys($allowed, 0);
@@ -85,14 +86,10 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             $className      = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSectionNameBySectionId($classSectionId);
 
             // Calculate required items (whitelist inside)
-            $baseItems = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, $classSectionId);
+            $baseItems = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, $classSectionId, $schoolYear);
 
             // --- Apply adjustments (only Small/Large Table), clamp >= 0 ---
-            $rawAdjustments = $this->adjustmentModel
-                ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->where('adjustable', 1)
-                ->findAll();
+            $rawAdjustments = $this->getAdjustments((string) $classSectionId, (string) $schoolYear);
 
             $adjMap = ['Large Table' => 0, 'Small Table' => 0];
 
@@ -117,11 +114,7 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             }
 
             // 5) Compare with last snapshot; do not save here — only on print or explicit API
-            $oldSnap = $this->prepLogModel
-                ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
-                ->first();
+            $oldSnap = $this->getLatestPrepSnapshot((string) $classSectionId, (string) $schoolYear);
 
             $oldPrep    = $oldSnap ? json_decode($oldSnap['prep_data'], true) : [];
             $hasChanged = $this->hasPrepChanged($baseItems, $oldPrep);
@@ -175,7 +168,7 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
         return (int)($row['cnt'] ?? 0);
     }
 
-    private function calculatePrepItems(int $students, int $classLevel, string $classSectionId): array
+    private function calculatePrepItems(int $students, int $classLevel, string $classSectionId, ?string $schoolYear = null): array
     {
         // 1) Stable keys: your whitelist, all zero to start
         $allowed = $this->allowedPrepCategories;
@@ -192,7 +185,7 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
 
         // 3) Rules
         $isLowerGrades = in_array($classLevel, [1, 2], true);
-        $teacherCount  = $this->getTeacherCountForSection($classSectionId, $this->schoolYear);
+        $teacherCount  = $this->getTeacherCountForSection($classSectionId, $schoolYear ?? $this->schoolYear);
 
         foreach ($categories as $cat) {
             $name     = $cat['name'];      // e.g., 'Small Table'
@@ -253,24 +246,35 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
         $adjustments = $data['adjustments'] ?? [];
 
         foreach ($adjustments as $itemName => $adjustment) {
-            $row = $this->adjustmentModel
+            $adjustmentQuery = $this->adjustmentModel
                 ->where('class_section_id', $sectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->where('item_name', $itemName)
-                ->first();
+                ->where('item_name', $itemName);
+
+            $adjustmentTable = $this->adjustmentModel->getTable();
+
+            if ($schoolYear !== '' && $this->tableHasColumn($adjustmentTable, 'school_year')) {
+                $adjustmentQuery->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+            }
+
+            $row = $adjustmentQuery->first();
 
             if ($row) {
                 // Update
                 $this->adjustmentModel->update($row['id'], ['adjustment' => (int)$adjustment, 'adjustable' => 1]);
             } else {
                 // Insert
-                $this->adjustmentModel->insert([
+                $insertData = [
                     'class_section_id' => $sectionId,
                     'item_name'        => $itemName,
                     'adjustment'       => (int) $adjustment,
-                    'school_year'      => $schoolYear,
                     'adjustable'       => 1,
-                ]);
+                ];
+
+                if ($schoolYear !== '' && $this->tableHasColumn($adjustmentTable, 'school_year')) {
+                    $insertData['school_year'] = $schoolYear;
+                }
+
+                $this->adjustmentModel->insert($insertData);
             }
         }
 
@@ -292,10 +296,6 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
 
     public function print($classSectionId, $schoolYear)
     {
-        $semParam = $this->request->getGet('semester');
-        $semester = (is_string($semParam) && $semParam !== '') ? (string) $semParam : (string) $this->semester;
-        $limitToSemester = $this->hasRosterForSemester((string) $schoolYear, $semester);
-
         // Friendly label (if you have this helper)
         $className = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSectionNameBySectionId($classSectionId) ?? $classSectionId;
 
@@ -306,15 +306,12 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             ->where('s.is_active', 1)
             ->where('sc.class_section_id', $classSectionId)
             ->where('sc.school_year', $schoolYear);
-        if ($limitToSemester && $semester !== '') {
-            $studentQ->where('sc.semester', $semester);
-        }
         $studentRow = $studentQ->get()->getRowArray();
         $studentCount = (int)($studentRow['cnt'] ?? 0);
 
         // Live calc + adjustments
         $classLevel = $this->getClassLevelBySection((string)$classSectionId);
-        $items      = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, (string)$classSectionId);
+        $items      = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, (string)$classSectionId, (string)$schoolYear);
 
         $rawAdjustments = $this->adjustmentModel
             ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
@@ -328,13 +325,15 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
         }
 
         // Record a snapshot at print time as the new baseline
-        $this->prepLogModel->insert([
-            'class_section_id' => (string)$classSectionId,
-            'class_section'    => $className,
-            'school_year'      => $schoolYear,
-            'prep_data'        => json_encode($items),
-            'created_at'       => utc_now(),
-        ]);
+        $this->prepLogModel->insert(
+            $this->buildPrepLogData(
+                (string) $classSectionId,
+                (string) $className,
+                (string) $schoolYear,
+                $items,
+                utc_now()
+            )
+        );
 
         // Return PRINT view (HTML) that auto-opens the print dialog
         return view('class_prep/print', [
@@ -356,7 +355,7 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
         $semParam   = $this->request->getGet('semester');
         $semester   = (is_string($semParam) && $semParam !== '') ? (string)$semParam : (string)$this->semester;
         $allowed    = $this->allowedPrepCategories;
-        $limitToSemester = $this->hasRosterForSemester($schoolYear, $semester);
+        $hasRoster  = $this->hasRosterForSchoolYear($schoolYear);
 
         // Student counts
         $scQ = $this->db->table('student_class sc')
@@ -364,13 +363,12 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             ->join('students s', 's.id = sc.student_id', 'inner')
             ->where('s.is_active', 1)
             ->where('sc.school_year', $schoolYear);
-        if ($limitToSemester && $semester !== '') {
-            $scQ->where('sc.semester', $semester);
-        }
-        $classSections = $scQ->groupBy('sc.class_section_id')->get()->getResultArray();
+        $classSections = $hasRoster
+            ? $scQ->groupBy('sc.class_section_id')->get()->getResultArray()
+            : [];
 
         // Build inventory availability maps
-        $inventoryMap = $this->buildInventoryAvailability($schoolYear, $semester, $limitToSemester, $allowed);
+        $inventoryMap = $this->buildInventoryAvailability($schoolYear, $semester, $allowed);
 
         $requiredTotals = array_fill_keys($allowed, 0);
         $results = [];
@@ -381,12 +379,8 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             $classLevel     = $this->getClassLevelBySection($classSectionId);
             $className      = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSectionNameBySectionId($classSectionId);
 
-            $baseItems = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, $classSectionId);
-            $rawAdjustments = $this->adjustmentModel
-                ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->where('adjustable', 1)
-                ->findAll();
+            $baseItems = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, $classSectionId, $schoolYear);
+            $rawAdjustments = $this->getAdjustments((string) $classSectionId, (string) $schoolYear);
             $adjMap = ['Large Table' => 0, 'Small Table' => 0];
             foreach ($rawAdjustments as $a) {
                 $item  = $a['item_name'];
@@ -399,11 +393,7 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
                 $requiredTotals[$cat] += (int)($baseItems[$cat] ?? 0);
             }
 
-            $oldSnap = $this->prepLogModel
-                ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
-                ->first();
+            $oldSnap = $this->getLatestPrepSnapshot((string) $classSectionId, (string) $schoolYear);
             $oldPrep    = $oldSnap ? json_decode($oldSnap['prep_data'], true) : [];
             $hasChanged = $this->hasPrepChanged($baseItems, $oldPrep);
 
@@ -446,7 +436,6 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
         $schoolYear = (string)($this->request->getPost('school_year') ?? $this->schoolYear);
         $semParam   = $this->request->getPost('semester');
         $semester   = (is_string($semParam) && $semParam !== '') ? (string)$semParam : (string)$this->semester;
-        $limitToSemester = $this->hasRosterForSemester($schoolYear, $semester);
         $ids = $this->request->getPost('class_section_ids') ?? [];
         if (!is_array($ids)) $ids = $ids ? [$ids] : [];
         $ids = array_values(array_unique(array_filter(array_map('strval', $ids))));
@@ -460,21 +449,14 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
                 ->where('s.is_active', 1)
                 ->where('sc.class_section_id', $classSectionId)
                 ->where('sc.school_year', $schoolYear);
-            if ($limitToSemester && $semester !== '') {
-                $studentQ->where('sc.semester', $semester);
-            }
             $studentRow = $studentQ->get()->getRowArray();
             $studentCount = (int)($studentRow['cnt'] ?? 0);
             $classLevel   = $this->getClassLevelBySection((string)$classSectionId);
             $className    = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSectionNameBySectionId($classSectionId) ?? $classSectionId;
 
-            $items = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, (string)$classSectionId);
+            $items = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, (string)$classSectionId, (string)$schoolYear);
 
-            $rawAdjustments = $this->adjustmentModel
-                ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->where('adjustable', 1)
-                ->findAll();
+            $rawAdjustments = $this->getAdjustments((string) $classSectionId, (string) $schoolYear);
             foreach ($rawAdjustments as $a) {
                 $item  = $a['item_name'];
                 $delta = (int)$a['adjustment'];
@@ -482,13 +464,15 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             }
 
             try {
-                $this->prepLogModel->insert([
-                    'class_section_id' => (string)$classSectionId,
-                    'class_section'    => $className,
-                    'school_year'      => $schoolYear,
-                    'prep_data'        => json_encode($items),
-                    'created_at'       => $now,
-                ]);
+                $this->prepLogModel->insert(
+                    $this->buildPrepLogData(
+                        (string) $classSectionId,
+                        (string) $className,
+                        (string) $schoolYear,
+                        $items,
+                        $now
+                    )
+                );
                 $count++;
             } catch (\Throwable $e) {
                 // ignore and continue
@@ -528,12 +512,12 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns true if student_class has any rows for the given school year.
-     * The semester argument is ignored because assignments are tracked per year.
+     * Returns true when student_class contains at least one assignment
+     * for the selected school year.
      */
-    private function hasRosterForTerm(string $schoolYear, string $semester): bool
+    private function hasRosterForSchoolYear(string $schoolYear): bool
     {
-        $year = trim((string)$schoolYear);
+        $year = trim($schoolYear);
         if ($year === '') {
             return false;
         }
@@ -542,72 +526,151 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             return $this->rosterPresenceCache[$year];
         }
 
-        $cnt = $this->db->table('student_class')
+        $exists = $this->db->table('student_class')
             ->where('school_year', $year)
-            ->countAllResults();
+            ->limit(1)
+            ->countAllResults() > 0;
 
-        $this->rosterPresenceCache[$year] = $cnt > 0;
-        return $this->rosterPresenceCache[$year];
+        $this->rosterPresenceCache[$year] = $exists;
+
+        return $exists;
     }
 
-    private function hasRosterForSemester(string $schoolYear, string $semester): bool
+    private function tableHasColumn(string $table, string $column): bool
     {
-        $year = trim((string)$schoolYear);
-        $sem  = trim((string)$semester);
-        if ($year === '' || $sem === '') {
-            return false;
+        $key = $table . '.' . $column;
+
+        if (!array_key_exists($key, $this->columnExistsCache)) {
+            $this->columnExistsCache[$key] = $this->db->fieldExists($column, $table);
         }
 
-        $key = sprintf('sem:%s:%s', $year, $sem);
-        if (array_key_exists($key, $this->rosterPresenceCache)) {
-            return $this->rosterPresenceCache[$key];
+        return $this->columnExistsCache[$key];
     }
 
-        $cnt = $this->db->table('student_class')
-            ->where('school_year', $year)
-            ->where('semester', $sem)
-            ->countAllResults();
+    private function getAdjustments(string $classSectionId, string $schoolYear): array
+    {
+        $query = $this->adjustmentModel
+            ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
+            ->where('adjustable', 1);
 
-        $this->rosterPresenceCache[$key] = $cnt > 0;
-        return $this->rosterPresenceCache[$key];
+        $table = $this->adjustmentModel->getTable();
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== '' && $this->tableHasColumn($table, 'school_year')) {
+            $query->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
         }
 
-    private function buildInventoryAvailability(string $schoolYear, string $semester, bool $limitToSemester, array $allowed): array
+        return $query->findAll();
+    }
+
+    private function getLatestPrepSnapshot(string $classSectionId, string $schoolYear): ?array
+    {
+        $query = $this->prepLogModel
+            ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId);
+
+        $table = $this->prepLogModel->getTable();
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== '' && $this->tableHasColumn($table, 'school_year')) {
+            $query->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+        }
+
+        return $query
+            ->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
+            ->first();
+    }
+
+    private function buildPrepLogData(
+        string $classSectionId,
+        string $className,
+        string $schoolYear,
+        array $items,
+        string $createdAt
+    ): array {
+        $data = [
+            'class_section_id' => $classSectionId,
+            'class_section'    => $className,
+            'prep_data'        => json_encode($items),
+            'created_at'       => $createdAt,
+        ];
+
+        $table = $this->prepLogModel->getTable();
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== '' && $this->tableHasColumn($table, 'school_year')) {
+            $data['school_year'] = $schoolYear;
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    private function buildInventoryAvailability(string $schoolYear, string $semester, array $allowed): array
     {
         $inventoryMap = array_fill_keys($allowed, 0);
 
+        $hasSchoolYear = $this->tableHasColumn('inventory_items', 'school_year');
+        $hasSemester   = $this->tableHasColumn('inventory_items', 'semester');
+        $hasName       = $this->tableHasColumn('inventory_items', 'name');
+
         $joinRows = $this->db->table('inventory_items ii')
-            ->select('ic.name AS item_name, COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN ii.good_qty IS NOT NULL THEN ii.good_qty WHEN ii.`condition`="good" THEN ii.quantity ELSE 0 END),0) AS available')
+            ->select('ic.name AS item_name, COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN ii.good_qty IS NOT NULL THEN ii.good_qty WHEN ii.`condition` = "good" THEN ii.quantity ELSE 0 END), 0) AS available', false)
             ->join('inventory_categories ic', 'ic.id = ii.category_id', 'left')
             ->where('ii.type', 'classroom')
-            ->where('ii.school_year', $schoolYear)
             ->whereIn('ic.name', $allowed);
-        if ($limitToSemester && $semester !== '') {
+
+        if ($hasSchoolYear && $schoolYear !== '') {
+            $joinRows->where('ii.school_year', $schoolYear);
+        }
+
+        if ($hasSemester && $semester !== '') {
             $joinRows->where('ii.semester', $semester);
         }
-        $joinRows = $joinRows->groupBy('ic.name')->get()->getResultArray();
 
-        foreach ($joinRows as $r) {
-            $name = (string)($r['item_name'] ?? '');
-            if ($name !== '' && isset($inventoryMap[$name])) {
-                $inventoryMap[$name] = max($inventoryMap[$name], (int)($r['available'] ?? 0));
+        $joinRows = $joinRows
+            ->groupBy('ic.name')
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        foreach ($joinRows as $row) {
+            $name = (string) ($row['item_name'] ?? '');
+
+            if ($name !== '' && array_key_exists($name, $inventoryMap)) {
+                $inventoryMap[$name] = max(
+                    $inventoryMap[$name],
+                    (int) ($row['available'] ?? 0)
+                );
             }
         }
 
+        /*
+         * Some older schemas store the item name directly on inventory_items.
+         * Only run this fallback when that column actually exists.
+         */
+        if ($hasName) {
             $nameRows = $this->db->table('inventory_items')
-            ->select('name AS item_name, COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN good_qty IS NOT NULL THEN good_qty WHEN `condition`="good" THEN quantity ELSE 0 END),0) AS available')
+                ->select('name AS item_name, COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN good_qty IS NOT NULL THEN good_qty WHEN `condition` = "good" THEN quantity ELSE 0 END), 0) AS available', false)
                 ->where('type', 'classroom')
-            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
                 ->whereIn('name', $allowed);
-        if ($limitToSemester && $semester !== '') {
+
+            if ($hasSchoolYear && $schoolYear !== '') {
+                $nameRows->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+            }
+
+            if ($hasSemester && $semester !== '') {
                 $nameRows->where('semester', $semester);
             }
-        $nameRows = $nameRows->groupBy('name')->get()->getResultArray();
 
-        foreach ($nameRows as $r) {
-            $name = (string)($r['item_name'] ?? '');
-            if ($name !== '' && isset($inventoryMap[$name])) {
-                $inventoryMap[$name] = max($inventoryMap[$name], (int)($r['available'] ?? 0));
+            $nameRows = $nameRows
+                ->groupBy('name')
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
+
+            foreach ($nameRows as $row) {
+                $name = (string) ($row['item_name'] ?? '');
+
+                if ($name !== '' && array_key_exists($name, $inventoryMap)) {
+                    $inventoryMap[$name] = max(
+                        $inventoryMap[$name],
+                        (int) ($row['available'] ?? 0)
+                    );
+                }
             }
         }
 

app/Controllers/View/ContactController.php

@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ class ContactController extends BaseController
 
         // Define validation rules
         $validation->setRules([
-            'name' => 'required|min_length[3]',
-            'email' => 'required|valid_email',
-            'subject' => 'required|min_length[3]',
-            'message' => 'required|min_length[10]'
+            'name' => "required|regex_match[/^[\\p{L}\\s'\\-]+$/u]|min_length[3]|max_length[100]",
+            'email' => 'required|valid_email|max_length[254]',
+            'subject' => 'required|min_length[3]|max_length[150]',
+            'message' => 'required|min_length[10]|max_length[5000]'
         ]);
 
         if (!$validation->withRequest($this->request)->run()) {
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ class ContactController extends BaseController
         }
 
         // Process form data
-        $name = $this->request->getPost('name');
-        $email = strtolower($this->request->getPost('email'));
-        $subject = $this->request->getPost('subject');
-        $message = $this->request->getPost('message');
+        $name = esc((string) $this->request->getPost('name'));
+        $email = esc(strtolower((string) $this->request->getPost('email')));
+        $subject = esc((string) $this->request->getPost('subject'));
+        $message = nl2br(esc((string) $this->request->getPost('message')));
 
         // Initialize the EmailController
         $emailController = new \App\Controllers\View\EmailController();

app/Controllers/View/DiscountController.php

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace App\Controllers\View;
 use App\Controllers\BaseController;
+use App\Libraries\InvoiceLedgerService;
 use App\Models\DiscountVoucherModel;
 use App\Models\DiscountUsageModel;
 use App\Models\InvoiceModel;
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ class DiscountController extends BaseController
     protected $eventChargesModel;
     protected $additionalChargeModel;
     protected $classSectionModel;
+    protected $invoiceLedgerService;
 
     public function __construct()
     {
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ class DiscountController extends BaseController
         $this->eventChargesModel = new EventChargesModel();
         $this->additionalChargeModel = new AdditionalChargeModel();
         $this->classSectionModel = new ClassSectionModel();
+        $this->invoiceLedgerService = new InvoiceLedgerService();
 
         $this->schoolYear = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year');
         $this->semester = $this->configModel->getConfig('semester');
@@ -121,6 +124,8 @@ class DiscountController extends BaseController
                 foreach ($invoices as $invoice) {
                     if ($remainingUses <= 0) break 2; // out of parentIds loop too
 
+                    $this->db->query('SELECT id FROM invoices WHERE id = ? FOR UPDATE', [(int) $invoice['id']]);
+
                     // Snapshot current balance BEFORE applying
                     $initialPreBalance = (float) $this->getCurrentInvoiceBalance($invoice['id'], $this->schoolYear);
                     if ($initialPreBalance <= 0) {
@@ -201,22 +206,9 @@ class DiscountController extends BaseController
                         'updated_at'      => $now,
                     ]);
 
-                    // Update invoice balance based on pre-discount snapshot (supports multiple discounts)
-                    $newBalance = max(0.0, round($initialPreBalance - $discount, 2));
-                    $this->db->table('invoices')
-                        ->where('id', $invoice['id'])
-                        ->update([
-                            'balance'      => $newBalance,
-                            'has_discount' => 1,
-                            'updated_at'   => $now,
-                        ]);
-
-                    // Compute post-balance based on pre-snapshot (more stable than $invoice['balance'])
-                    $postBalance = round($initialPreBalance - $discount, 2);
-                    if ($postBalance < 0) $postBalance = 0.0;
-
-                    // (Optional) current balance re-check (in case of concurrent writes)
-                    $currentBalance = (float) $this->getCurrentInvoiceBalance($invoice['id'], $this->schoolYear);
+                    $ledger = $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice((int) $invoice['id']);
+                    $postBalance = (float) ($ledger['balance'] ?? 0.0);
+                    $currentBalance = $postBalance;
 
                     // Increment voucher usage
                     $this->db->table('discount_vouchers')
@@ -596,53 +588,11 @@ class DiscountController extends BaseController
      */
     private function getCurrentInvoiceBalance($invoiceId, $schoolYear)
     {
-        $invoice = $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId);
-        if (!$invoice) return 0.0;
-
-        // Payments (exclude void/refund/failed, honor year)
-        $qb = $this->paymentModel
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(paid_amount),0) AS total_paid')
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
-
-        $table = $this->paymentModel->table;
-        $hasStatus = $this->db->fieldExists('status', $table);
-        $hasVoid   = $this->db->fieldExists('is_void', $table);
-        if ($hasStatus) {
-            $qb->groupStart()
-                ->whereNotIn('status', ['void', 'voided', 'refunded', 'failed', 'chargeback', 'declined', 'reversed', 'canceled', 'cancelled'])
-                ->orWhere('status IS NULL', null, false)
-            ->groupEnd();
+        try {
+            return (float) ($this->invoiceLedgerService->calculateInvoice((int) $invoiceId)['balance'] ?? 0.0);
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            return 0.0;
         }
-        if ($hasVoid) {
-            $qb->groupStart()
-                ->where('is_void', 0)
-                ->orWhere('is_void IS NULL', null, false)
-            ->groupEnd();
-        }
-        $rowPaid   = $qb->first();
-        $totalPaid = (float)($rowPaid['total_paid'] ?? 0);
-
-        // Discounts for this invoice in this year
-        $rowDisc = $this->db->table('discount_usages du')
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(du.discount_amount),0) AS total_disc')
-            ->join('invoices i', 'i.id = du.invoice_id')
-            ->where('du.invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->where('i.school_year', $schoolYear)
-            ->get()->getRowArray();
-        $totalDisc = (float)($rowDisc['total_disc'] ?? 0);
-
-        // Refunds PAID for this invoice in this year
-        $rowRefund = $this->db->table('refunds')
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(refund_paid_amount),0) AS total_refund_paid')
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-            ->whereIn('status', ['Partial', 'Paid'])
-            ->get()->getRowArray();
-        $totalRefundPaid = (float)($rowRefund['total_refund_paid'] ?? 0);
-
-        $total = (float)($invoice['total_amount'] ?? 0);
-        return max(0.0, round($total - $totalPaid - $totalDisc - $totalRefundPaid, 2));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -650,169 +600,7 @@ class DiscountController extends BaseController
      */
     private function recalculateInvoice($invoiceId, $schoolYear): void
     {
-        $invoice = $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId);
-        if (!$invoice) return;
-
-        $parentId = (int)($invoice['parent_id'] ?? 0);
-        if ($parentId <= 0) return;
-
-        // ---- Tuition (recompute from enrollments) ----
-        $enrollments = $this->enrollmentModel
-            ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
-            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-            ->findAll();
-
-        $registered = [];
-        $withdrawn  = [];
-        foreach ($enrollments as $e) {
-            $row = [
-                'student_id'       => (int)($e['student_id'] ?? 0),
-                'class_section_id' => $e['class_section_id'] ?? null,
-                'enrollment_status'=> (string)($e['enrollment_status'] ?? ''),
-            ];
-            if (in_array($row['enrollment_status'], ['enrolled','payment pending'], true)) {
-                $registered[] = $row;
-            } elseif (in_array($row['enrollment_status'], ['withdrawn','refund pending','withdraw under review'], true)) {
-                $withdrawn[] = $row;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Refund window check – if after deadline, withdrawn still billed
-        $refundDeadline = (string)($this->configModel->getConfig('refund_deadline') ?? '');
-        $refundAllowed  = true;
-        try {
-            $tzName   = (string) (config('School')->attendance['timezone'] ?? user_timezone());
-            $tz       = new \DateTimeZone($tzName);
-            $today    = new \DateTimeImmutable('today', $tz);
-            $deadline = new \DateTimeImmutable($refundDeadline, $tz);
-            $refundAllowed = $today <= $deadline;
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-            $refundAllowed = true;
-        }
-
-        $tuitionStudents = $registered;
-        if (!$refundAllowed) {
-            $tuitionStudents = array_merge($tuitionStudents, $withdrawn);
-        }
-
-        // Grade threshold and fees
-        $gradeFee         = (int)($this->configModel->getConfig('grade_fee') ?? 9);
-        $firstStudentFee  = (float)($this->configModel->getConfig('first_student_fee')  ?? 350);
-        $secondStudentFee = (float)($this->configModel->getConfig('second_student_fee') ?? 200);
-        $youthFee         = (float)($this->configModel->getConfig('youth_fee')          ?? 180);
-
-        // Normalize grades for tuition students
-        foreach ($tuitionStudents as &$s) {
-            $name = null;
-            if (!empty($s['class_section_id'])) {
-                $name = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSectionNameBySectionId($s['class_section_id']);
-            }
-            $s['grade_name'] = is_string($name) ? strtoupper(trim($name)) : 'N/A';
-        }
-        unset($s);
-
-        // Count regular vs youth and compute tuition
-        $regularCount = 0;
-        $youthCount   = 0;
-        foreach ($tuitionStudents as $s) {
-            $lvl = $this->parseGradeLevel($s['grade_name']);
-            if ($lvl > $gradeFee) $youthCount++; else $regularCount++;
-        }
-
-        $tuitionSubtotal = 0.0;
-        $tuitionSubtotal += $youthCount * $youthFee;
-        if ($regularCount >= 2) {
-            $tuitionSubtotal += $firstStudentFee + ($regularCount - 1) * $secondStudentFee;
-        } elseif ($regularCount === 1) {
-            $tuitionSubtotal += $firstStudentFee;
-        }
-
-        // ---- Event charges (parent-year) ----
-        $eventSubtotal = 0.0;
-        try {
-            $events = $this->eventChargesModel->getChargesWithEventInfo($parentId, $schoolYear) ?? [];
-            foreach ($events as $ev) { $eventSubtotal += (float)($ev['charged'] ?? 0.0); }
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {}
-
-        // ---- Additional charges (per-invoice) ----
-        $additionalSubtotal = 0.0;
-        try {
-            $rows = $this->additionalChargeModel
-                ->select('charge_type, amount')
-                ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-                ->where('status', 'applied')
-                ->findAll();
-            foreach ($rows as $r) {
-                $amt = (float)($r['amount'] ?? 0);
-                $typ = strtolower((string)($r['charge_type'] ?? 'add'));
-                if ($typ === 'deduct') $amt = -abs($amt); else $amt = abs($amt);
-                $additionalSubtotal += $amt;
-            }
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {}
-
-        $discountableTotal = $tuitionSubtotal + $additionalSubtotal;
-        $nonDiscountableTotal = $eventSubtotal;
-        $newTotal = round($discountableTotal + $nonDiscountableTotal, 2);
-
-        // ---- Payments / Discounts / Refunds ----
-        $db        = $this->db;
-        $table     = $this->paymentModel->table;
-        $hasStatus = $db->fieldExists('status', $table);
-        $hasVoid   = $db->fieldExists('is_void', $table);
-        $exclude   = ['void', 'voided', 'refunded', 'failed', 'chargeback', 'declined', 'reversed', 'canceled', 'cancelled'];
-
-        $qb = $this->paymentModel
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
-
-        if ($hasStatus) {
-            $qb->groupStart()
-                ->whereNotIn('status', $exclude)
-                ->orWhere('status IS NULL', null, false)
-                ->groupEnd();
-        }
-
-        if ($hasVoid) {
-            $qb->groupStart()
-                ->where('is_void', 0)
-                ->orWhere('is_void IS NULL', null, false)
-                ->groupEnd();
-        }
-
-        $payments = $qb->findAll();
-        $totalPaid = 0.0;
-        foreach ($payments as $p) { $totalPaid += (float)($p['paid_amount'] ?? 0); }
-
-        $discRow = $this->db->table('discount_usages')
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(discount_amount),0) AS total_disc')
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->get()->getRowArray();
-        $totalDisc = (float)($discRow['total_disc'] ?? 0);
-
-        $refundRow = $this->db->table('refunds')
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(refund_paid_amount),0) AS total_refund_paid')
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->whereIn('status', ['Partial','Paid'])
-            ->get()->getRowArray();
-        $totalRefundPaid = (float)($refundRow['total_refund_paid'] ?? 0);
-
-        $appliedDiscount = min($totalDisc, $discountableTotal);
-        $newBalance = max(0.0, $newTotal - $appliedDiscount - $totalPaid - $totalRefundPaid);
-        $newStatus  = ($newBalance <= 0.00001) ? 'Paid' : (($totalPaid > 0) ? 'Partially Paid' : 'Unpaid');
-
-        $updateData = [
-            'total_amount' => $newTotal,
-            'paid_amount'  => $totalPaid,
-            'balance'      => $newBalance,
-            'status'       => $newStatus,
-            'has_discount' => ($totalDisc > 0.0) ? 1 : 0,
-        ];
-
-        if ($this->db->fieldExists('discount', $this->invoiceModel->table)) {
-            $updateData['discount'] = $totalDisc;
-        }
-
-        $this->invoiceModel->update($invoiceId, $updateData);
+        $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice((int) $invoiceId);
     }
 
     /**

app/Controllers/View/EventController.php

@@ -17,9 +17,11 @@ use App\Models\PaymentModel;
 use App\Models\CalendarModel;
 use App\Services\EmailService;
 use Config\Database;
-#use ??? 
 use App\Controllers\View\InvoiceController;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\RESTful\ResourceController;
+use Dompdf\Dompdf;
+use Dompdf\Options;
 
 class EventController extends ResourceController
 {
@@ -121,6 +123,194 @@ class EventController extends ResourceController
         return $fallback;
     }
 
+    private function loadEventChargesListingData(bool $includeParents = true): array
+    {
+        $schoolYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->schoolYear;
+        $semester = $this->request->getGet('semester') ?? $this->semester;
+        $filterEventId = (int) ($this->request->getGet('event_id') ?? 0);
+        $filterParentId = (int) ($this->request->getGet('parent_id') ?? 0);
+
+        $parents = [];
+        if ($includeParents) {
+            $parents = $this->userModel->getParents();
+            usort($parents, static function (array $a, array $b): int {
+                $aLabel = trim(preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', (string) ($a['firstname'] ?? '') . ' ' . (string) ($a['lastname'] ?? '')));
+                $bLabel = trim(preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', (string) ($b['firstname'] ?? '') . ' ' . (string) ($b['lastname'] ?? '')));
+
+                $nameCmp = strnatcasecmp($aLabel, $bLabel);
+                if ($nameCmp !== 0) {
+                    return $nameCmp;
+                }
+
+                return strnatcasecmp((string) ($a['school_id'] ?? ''), (string) ($b['school_id'] ?? ''));
+            });
+        }
+
+        $events = $this->eventModel->getActiveEvents($schoolYear);
+
+        $chargesBuilder = $this->eventChargesModel
+            ->select('event_charges.*,
+                    users.firstname AS parent_firstname, users.lastname AS parent_lastname, users.cellphone AS parent_cellphone,
+                    students.firstname AS student_firstname, students.lastname AS student_lastname,
+                    events.event_name, events.description AS event_description, events.amount AS event_amount')
+            ->join('users', 'users.id = event_charges.parent_id', 'left')
+            ->join('students', 'students.id = event_charges.student_id', 'left')
+            ->join('events', 'events.id = event_charges.event_id', 'left')
+            ->where('event_charges.school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->where('event_charges.semester', $semester);
+
+        if ($filterEventId > 0) {
+            $chargesBuilder->where('event_charges.event_id', $filterEventId);
+        }
+
+        if ($filterParentId > 0) {
+            $chargesBuilder->where('event_charges.parent_id', $filterParentId);
+        }
+
+        $charges = $chargesBuilder
+            ->orderBy('event_charges.created_at', 'DESC')
+            ->findAll();
+
+        foreach ($charges as &$charge) {
+            if (empty($charge['class_section_id']) && !empty($charge['student_id'])) {
+                $sections = $this->studentClassModel->getClassSectionIdsByStudentId(
+                    (int) $charge['student_id'],
+                    $schoolYear
+                );
+                if (!empty($sections)) {
+                    $charge['class_section_id'] = $sections[0];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        unset($charge);
+
+        $parentBalances = [];
+        try {
+            $balanceRows = $this->invoiceModel
+                ->select('parent_id, COALESCE(SUM(balance),0) AS total_balance')
+                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+                ->where('semester', $semester)
+                ->groupBy('parent_id')
+                ->findAll();
+
+            foreach ($balanceRows as $row) {
+                $parentBalances[(int) ($row['parent_id'] ?? 0)] = (float) ($row['total_balance'] ?? 0.0);
+            }
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('error', 'Failed to load parent balances: ' . $e->getMessage());
+        }
+
+        $sectionIds = array_unique(array_filter(array_column($charges, 'class_section_id')));
+        $classSectionNames = [];
+        if (!empty($sectionIds)) {
+            $sections = $this->classSectionModel
+                ->select('class_section_id, class_section_name')
+                ->whereIn('class_section_id', $sectionIds)
+                ->findAll();
+            foreach ($sections as $section) {
+                $classSectionNames[(int) ($section['class_section_id'] ?? 0)] = $section['class_section_name'] ?? '';
+            }
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'charges' => $charges,
+            'parents' => $parents,
+            'events' => $events,
+            'school_year' => $schoolYear,
+            'semester' => $semester,
+            'filterEventId' => $filterEventId,
+            'filterParentId' => $filterParentId,
+            'parentBalances' => $parentBalances,
+            'classSectionNames' => $classSectionNames,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function buildGroupedEventCharges(array $charges): array
+    {
+        $grouped = [];
+        foreach ($charges as $charge) {
+            $eventId = (int) ($charge['event_id'] ?? 0);
+            if (!isset($grouped[$eventId])) {
+                $grouped[$eventId] = [
+                    'label' => $charge['event_name'] ?? 'N/A',
+                    'rows' => [],
+                ];
+            }
+            $grouped[$eventId]['rows'][] = $charge;
+        }
+
+        return $grouped;
+    }
+
+    private function applyGroupedEventChargeRowOrder(array $groupedCharges): array
+    {
+        $rowOrder = $this->request->getGet('row_order');
+        if (!is_array($rowOrder) || empty($rowOrder)) {
+            return $groupedCharges;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($groupedCharges as $eventId => &$group) {
+            $rawOrder = $rowOrder[$eventId] ?? $rowOrder[(string) $eventId] ?? null;
+            if (!is_string($rawOrder) || trim($rawOrder) === '') {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $orderedIds = array_values(array_filter(array_map(
+                static fn ($value): int => (int) trim((string) $value),
+                explode(',', $rawOrder)
+            )));
+            if (empty($orderedIds) || empty($group['rows']) || !is_array($group['rows'])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $rowsById = [];
+            foreach ($group['rows'] as $row) {
+                $rowsById[(int) ($row['id'] ?? 0)] = $row;
+            }
+
+            $reorderedRows = [];
+            foreach ($orderedIds as $chargeId) {
+                if (isset($rowsById[$chargeId])) {
+                    $reorderedRows[] = $rowsById[$chargeId];
+                    unset($rowsById[$chargeId]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            foreach ($group['rows'] as $row) {
+                $chargeId = (int) ($row['id'] ?? 0);
+                if (isset($rowsById[$chargeId])) {
+                    $reorderedRows[] = $row;
+                    unset($rowsById[$chargeId]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            $group['rows'] = $reorderedRows;
+        }
+        unset($group);
+
+        return $groupedCharges;
+    }
+
+    private function buildEventChargesPdfFilename(array $data): string
+    {
+        $label = 'event_participant_lists';
+        if (!empty($data['filterEventId'])) {
+            foreach (($data['events'] ?? []) as $event) {
+                if ((int) ($event['id'] ?? 0) === (int) $data['filterEventId']) {
+                    $label = (string) ($event['event_name'] ?? $label);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $safeLabel = trim((string) preg_replace('/[^A-Za-z0-9]+/', '_', strtolower($label)), '_');
+        if ($safeLabel === '') {
+            $safeLabel = 'event_participant_lists';
+        }
+
+        return $safeLabel . '_' . date('Ymd_His') . '.pdf';
+    }
+
     public function index()
     {
         $eventModel = new EventModel();
@@ -475,74 +665,7 @@ class EventController extends ResourceController
     // Optionally keep your eventShow / eventUpdate for legacy administrator event charges
     public function eventShow()
     {
-
-        $schoolYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->schoolYear;
-        $semester = $this->request->getGet('semester') ?? $this->semester;
-
-        $parents = $this->userModel->getParents();
-        $events = $this->eventModel->getActiveEvents($schoolYear);
-        $filterEventId = (int) ($this->request->getGet('event_id') ?? 0);
-        $filterParentId = (int) ($this->request->getGet('parent_id') ?? 0);
-
-        $chargesBuilder = $this->eventChargesModel
-            ->select('event_charges.*, 
-                    users.firstname AS parent_firstname, users.lastname AS parent_lastname, 
-                    students.firstname AS student_firstname, students.lastname AS student_lastname,
-                    events.event_name, events.description AS event_description, events.amount AS event_amount')
-            ->join('users', 'users.id = event_charges.parent_id', 'left')
-            ->join('students', 'students.id = event_charges.student_id', 'left')
-            ->join('events', 'events.id = event_charges.event_id', 'left')
-            ->where('event_charges.school_year', $schoolYear)
-            ->where('event_charges.semester', $semester);
-
-        if ($filterEventId > 0) {
-            $chargesBuilder->where('event_charges.event_id', $filterEventId);
-        }
-
-        $charges = $chargesBuilder
-            ->orderBy('event_charges.created_at', 'DESC')
-            ->findAll();
-
-        foreach ($charges as &$charge) {
-            if (empty($charge['class_section_id']) && !empty($charge['student_id'])) {
-                $sections = $this->studentClassModel->getClassSectionIdsByStudentId(
-                    (int)$charge['student_id'],
-                    $schoolYear
-                );
-                if (!empty($sections)) {
-                    $charge['class_section_id'] = $sections[0];
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        unset($charge);
-
-        $parentBalances = [];
-        try {
-            $balanceRows = $this->invoiceModel
-                ->select('parent_id, COALESCE(SUM(balance),0) AS total_balance')
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->where('semester', $semester)
-                ->groupBy('parent_id')
-                ->findAll();
-
-            foreach ($balanceRows as $row) {
-                $parentBalances[(int)($row['parent_id'] ?? 0)] = (float)($row['total_balance'] ?? 0.0);
-            }
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-            log_message('error', 'Failed to load parent balances: ' . $e->getMessage());
-        }
-
-        $sectionIds = array_unique(array_filter(array_column($charges, 'class_section_id')));
-        $classSectionNames = [];
-        if (!empty($sectionIds)) {
-            $sections = $this->classSectionModel
-                ->select('class_section_id, class_section_name')
-                ->whereIn('class_section_id', $sectionIds)
-                ->findAll();
-            foreach ($sections as $section) {
-                $classSectionNames[(int)($section['class_section_id'] ?? 0)] = $section['class_section_name'] ?? '';
-            }
-        }
+        $data = $this->loadEventChargesListingData();
 
         $semesterOptions = (new EventChargesModel())
             ->select('semester')
@@ -564,19 +687,37 @@ class EventController extends ResourceController
             $schoolYearOptions = [$this->schoolYear];
         }
 
-        return view('administrator/events/event_charges', [
-            'charges' => $charges,
-            'parents' => $parents,
-            'events'  => $events,
-            'school_year' => $schoolYear,
-            'semester' => $semester,
-            'filterEventId' => $filterEventId,
-            'filterParentId' => $filterParentId,
-            'parentBalances' => $parentBalances,
-            'classSectionNames' => $classSectionNames,
+        return view('administrator/events/event_charges', array_merge($data, [
             'semesterOptions' => $semesterOptions,
             'schoolYearOptions' => $schoolYearOptions,
-        ]);
+        ]));
+    }
+
+    public function eventChargesPdf(): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        $data = $this->loadEventChargesListingData(false);
+        $groupedCharges = $this->buildGroupedEventCharges($data['charges']);
+        $groupedCharges = $this->applyGroupedEventChargeRowOrder($groupedCharges);
+        $generatedAt = date('m-d-Y h:i A');
+
+        $html = view('administrator/events/event_charges_pdf', array_merge($data, [
+            'groupedCharges' => $groupedCharges,
+            'generatedAt' => $generatedAt,
+        ]));
+
+        $options = new Options();
+        $options->set('isRemoteEnabled', true);
+        $options->set('defaultFont', 'DejaVu Sans');
+
+        $dompdf = new Dompdf($options);
+        $dompdf->loadHtml($html, 'UTF-8');
+        $dompdf->setPaper('A4', 'landscape');
+        $dompdf->render();
+
+        return $this->response
+            ->setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/pdf')
+            ->setHeader('Content-Disposition', 'inline; filename="' . $this->buildEventChargesPdfFilename($data) . '"')
+            ->setBody($dompdf->output());
     }
 
 

app/Controllers/View/ExamDraftController.php

@@ -348,6 +348,16 @@ class ExamDraftController extends BaseController
     }
 
     public function adminIndex()
+    {
+        return $this->reviewIndex();
+    }
+
+    public function principalIndex()
+    {
+        return $this->reviewIndex();
+    }
+
+    public function reviewIndex()
     {
         if ($this->reviewerIdColumn !== '') {
             $allDrafts = $this->examDraftModel
@@ -487,10 +497,23 @@ class ExamDraftController extends BaseController
             'visibleClasses' => $visibleClasses,
             'classDraftGroups' => $classDraftGroups,
             'newSubmissionClasses' => $newSubmissionClasses,
+            'reviewActionUrl' => base_url($this->reviewRoutePrefix() . '/exam-drafts/review'),
+            'legacyUploadUrl' => base_url($this->reviewRoutePrefix() . '/exam-drafts/upload-legacy'),
+            'reviewPortalLabel' => $this->reviewPortalLabel(),
         ]);
     }
 
     public function adminUploadLegacy()
+    {
+        return $this->reviewUploadLegacy();
+    }
+
+    public function principalUploadLegacy()
+    {
+        return $this->reviewUploadLegacy();
+    }
+
+    public function reviewUploadLegacy()
     {
         $adminId = (int) (session()->get('user_id') ?? 0);
         if ($adminId <= 0) {
@@ -571,13 +594,23 @@ class ExamDraftController extends BaseController
         }
 
         if ($saved > 0) {
-            return redirect()->to('/administrator/exam-drafts')->with('success', 'Old exam uploaded successfully.');
+            return redirect()->to($this->reviewDashboardPath())->with('success', 'Old exam uploaded successfully.');
         }
 
         return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', 'Unable to save the old exam.');
     }
 
     public function adminReview()
+    {
+        return $this->reviewSubmission();
+    }
+
+    public function principalReview()
+    {
+        return $this->reviewSubmission();
+    }
+
+    public function reviewSubmission()
     {
         $draftId = (int) ($this->request->getPost('draft_id') ?? 0);
         if ($draftId <= 0) {
@@ -690,11 +723,6 @@ class ExamDraftController extends BaseController
             if ($this->hasAcceptanceTypeColumn) {
                 $newRow['acceptance_type'] = $status === 'accepted' ? $acceptanceType : null;
             }
-            $teacherFile = $this->draftTeacherFile($draft);
-            if (!empty($teacherFile)) {
-                $newRow[$this->authorFileColumn] = $teacherFile;
-                $newRow[$this->authorFilenameColumn] = $this->draftTeacherFilename($draft) ?? $teacherFile;
-            }
             if ($this->hasIsLegacyColumn && !empty($draft['is_legacy'])) {
                 $newRow['is_legacy'] = 1;
             }
@@ -711,16 +739,6 @@ class ExamDraftController extends BaseController
                 return redirect()->back()->with('success', 'Review saved successfully.');
             }
             return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Unable to save the review.');
-        } elseif (strtolower($status) === 'accepted' && !empty($this->draftTeacherFile($draft))) {
-            $copied = $this->copyDraftToFinal($this->draftTeacherFile($draft));
-            if ($copied !== null) {
-                $update['final_file'] = $copied;
-                $update['final_filename'] = $this->draftTeacherFilename($draft) ?? $this->draftTeacherFile($draft);
-                $pdfName = $this->ensurePdfExists($copied, pathinfo($copied, PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
-                if ($pdfName !== null && $this->hasFinalPdfColumn) {
-                    $update['final_pdf_file'] = $pdfName;
-                }
-            }
         }
         if ($status === 'legacy') {
             $this->prepareLegacyPdfVersion($update, $draft);
@@ -1010,7 +1028,7 @@ class ExamDraftController extends BaseController
                 . '<tr><td style="padding:4px 8px;"><strong>Status</strong></td><td style="padding:4px 8px;">' . esc((string) ($draft['status'] ?? 'submitted')) . '</td></tr>'
                 . '<tr><td style="padding:4px 8px;"><strong>Submitted at</strong></td><td style="padding:4px 8px;">' . esc((string) $submittedAt) . '</td></tr>'
                 . '</table>'
-                . '<p>Review drafts: <a href="' . esc(base_url('administrator/exam-drafts')) . '">Admin exam drafts</a></p>';
+                . '<p>Review drafts: <a href="' . esc(base_url($this->reviewRoutePrefix() . '/exam-drafts')) . '">' . esc($this->reviewPortalLabel()) . ' exam drafts</a></p>';
 
             $mailer = \Config\Services::emailService();
             $mailer->send($principalEmail, $subject, $body, 'notifications');
@@ -1019,6 +1037,38 @@ class ExamDraftController extends BaseController
         }
     }
 
+    private function reviewDashboardPath(): string
+    {
+        return '/' . $this->reviewRoutePrefix() . '/exam-drafts';
+    }
+
+    private function reviewRoutePrefix(): string
+    {
+        return $this->isPrincipalReviewer() ? 'principal' : 'administrator';
+    }
+
+    private function reviewPortalLabel(): string
+    {
+        return $this->isPrincipalReviewer() ? 'Principal' : 'Administrator';
+    }
+
+    private function isPrincipalReviewer(): bool
+    {
+        $roles = session()->get('roles');
+        if (!is_array($roles)) {
+            $roles = $roles === null ? [] : [$roles];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($roles as $role) {
+            $normalized = strtolower(trim(str_replace([' ', '-'], '_', (string) $role)));
+            if ($normalized === 'principal') {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
     private function nextDraftVersion(array $draft): int
     {
         $query = $this->examDraftModel
@@ -1373,6 +1423,11 @@ class ExamDraftController extends BaseController
         $base = pathinfo($sourcePath, PATHINFO_FILENAME);
         $targetPath = $targetDir . '/' . $base . '.pdf';
 
+        if (!function_exists('exec')) {
+            log_message('warning', 'ExamDraftController::convertDocToPdf skipped because exec() is unavailable.');
+            return is_file($targetPath) ? basename($targetPath) : null;
+        }
+
         // Attempt conversion via LibreOffice if available
         $cmd = 'soffice --headless --convert-to pdf --outdir ' . escapeshellarg($targetDir) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($sourcePath) . ' 2>/dev/null';
         @\exec($cmd);

app/Controllers/View/ExtraChargesController.php

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 namespace App\Controllers\View;
 
 use App\Controllers\BaseController;
+use App\Libraries\FinancialStatus;
+use App\Libraries\InvoiceLedgerService;
 use App\Models\AdditionalChargeModel;
 use CodeIgniter\Controller;
 use App\Models\UserModel;
@@ -28,6 +30,7 @@ class ExtraChargesController extends BaseController
     protected $studentClassModel;
     protected $enableAttendance;
     protected $attendanceDayModel;
+    protected $invoiceLedgerService;
 
     public function __construct()
     {
@@ -39,6 +42,7 @@ class ExtraChargesController extends BaseController
         $this->invoiceModel = new InvoiceModel();
         $this->semester = $this->configModel->getConfig('semester');
         $this->schoolYear = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year');
+        $this->invoiceLedgerService = new InvoiceLedgerService();
     }
 
     public function index()
@@ -247,13 +251,9 @@ class ExtraChargesController extends BaseController
             // keep status as-is
         ]);
 
-        // If it’s already applied on an invoice and the amount changed, reflect the delta
-        if ($row['status'] === 'applied' && !empty($row['invoice_id']) && abs($delta) > 0.00001) {
-            if ($delta > 0) {
-                $this->invoiceModel->applyAdditionalCharge((int)$row['invoice_id'], $delta);
-            } else {
-                $this->invoiceModel->reverseAdditionalCharge((int)$row['invoice_id'], -$delta);
-            }
+        if (($row['status'] ?? '') === FinancialStatus::ADDITIONAL_CHARGE_APPLIED && !empty($row['invoice_id'])) {
+            $db->query('SELECT id FROM invoices WHERE id = ? FOR UPDATE', [(int) $row['invoice_id']]);
+            $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice((int) $row['invoice_id']);
         }
 
         $db->transComplete();
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ class ExtraChargesController extends BaseController
             'description' => trim($data['description'] ?? ''),
             'amount'      => $signedAmount,
             'due_date'    => !empty($data['due_date']) ? $data['due_date'] : null,
-            'status'      => $invoiceId ? 'applied' : 'pending',
+            'status'      => $invoiceId ? FinancialStatus::ADDITIONAL_CHARGE_APPLIED : FinancialStatus::ADDITIONAL_CHARGE_PENDING,
             'created_by'  => (int)(session()->get('user_id') ?? 0),
             'created_at'  => \CodeIgniter\I18n\Time::now('UTC')->toDateTimeString(), // store UTC
         ];
@@ -357,17 +357,9 @@ class ExtraChargesController extends BaseController
         $this->additionalChargeModel->insert($payload);
         $chargeId = (int)$this->additionalChargeModel->getInsertID();
 
-        // Apply to invoice if present
         if ($invoiceId) {
-            try {
-                if ($chargeType === 'add') {
-                    $this->invoiceModel->applyAdditionalCharge($invoiceId, $amountAbs);
-                } else {
-                    $this->invoiceModel->deductAdditionalCharge($invoiceId, $amountAbs);
-                }
-            } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-                log_message('error', 'apply/deductAdditionalCharge failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
-            }
+            $this->db->query('SELECT id FROM invoices WHERE id = ? FOR UPDATE', [$invoiceId]);
+            $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice($invoiceId);
         }
 
         // AFTER
@@ -470,23 +462,15 @@ class ExtraChargesController extends BaseController
 
         $this->db->transStart();
 
-        if ($status === 'applied' && $invoiceId > 0 && $amountAbs > 0) {
-            try {
-                if ($chargeType === 'add') {
-                    $this->invoiceModel->reverseAdditionalCharge($invoiceId, $amountAbs);
-                } else {
-                    // voiding a deduction -> add back
-                    $this->invoiceModel->applyAdditionalCharge($invoiceId, $amountAbs);
-                }
-            } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-                log_message('error', 'void(): invoice adjust failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
-            }
-        }
-
         $this->additionalChargeModel->update((int)$id, [
-            'status' => 'void',
+            'status' => FinancialStatus::ADDITIONAL_CHARGE_VOIDED,
         ]);
 
+        if ($status === FinancialStatus::ADDITIONAL_CHARGE_APPLIED && $invoiceId > 0) {
+            $this->db->query('SELECT id FROM invoices WHERE id = ? FOR UPDATE', [$invoiceId]);
+            $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice($invoiceId);
+        }
+
         $this->db->transComplete();
 
         if (!$this->db->transStatus()) {
@@ -514,26 +498,19 @@ class ExtraChargesController extends BaseController
         $chargeType = (string)($row['charge_type'] ?? 'add');
         $status     = (string)($row['status'] ?? 'pending');
 
-        if ($status !== 'applied' || $invoiceId <= 0 || $amountAbs <= 0) {
+        if ($status !== FinancialStatus::ADDITIONAL_CHARGE_APPLIED || $invoiceId <= 0 || $amountAbs <= 0) {
             if ($this->wantsJson()) return $this->response->setJSON(['ok' => false, 'error' => 'Nothing to reverse']);
             return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Nothing to reverse.');
         }
 
         $this->db->transStart();
-        try {
-            if ($chargeType === 'add') {
-                $this->invoiceModel->reverseAdditionalCharge($invoiceId, $amountAbs);
-            } else {
-                $this->invoiceModel->applyAdditionalCharge($invoiceId, $amountAbs);
-            }
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-            log_message('error', 'reverse(): invoice adjust failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
-        }
+        $this->db->query('SELECT id FROM invoices WHERE id = ? FOR UPDATE', [$invoiceId]);
 
         $this->additionalChargeModel->update((int)$id, [
-            'status'     => 'pending',
+            'status'     => FinancialStatus::ADDITIONAL_CHARGE_PENDING,
             'invoice_id' => null,
         ]);
+        $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice($invoiceId);
 
         $this->db->transComplete();
 

app/Controllers/View/FamilyAdminController.php

@@ -150,10 +150,12 @@ class FamilyAdminController extends BaseController
                     }
 
                     // Recent payments (limit 10)
-                    $payRows = $db->table('payments')
-                        ->select('id, parent_id, invoice_id, paid_amount, balance, payment_method, payment_date, status')
-                        ->whereIn('parent_id', $parentIds)
-                        ->orderBy('payment_date', 'DESC')
+                    $payRows = $db->table('payments p')
+                        ->select('p.id, p.parent_id, p.invoice_id, p.paid_amount, p.payment_method, p.payment_date, p.status AS payment_status, p.installment_seq, p.number_of_installments, i.invoice_number, i.balance AS invoice_current_balance, i.status AS invoice_status, i.school_year')
+                        ->join('invoices i', 'i.id = p.invoice_id', 'inner')
+                        ->whereIn('p.parent_id', $parentIds)
+                        ->orderBy('p.payment_date', 'DESC')
+                        ->orderBy('p.id', 'DESC')
                         ->limit(10)
                         ->get()->getResultArray();
                     $fam['payments'] = $payRows;
@@ -395,10 +397,12 @@ class FamilyAdminController extends BaseController
             }
 
             // Payments
-            $payRows = $db->table('payments')
-                ->select('id, parent_id, invoice_id, paid_amount, balance, payment_method, payment_date, status')
-                ->whereIn('parent_id', $parentIds)
-                ->orderBy('payment_date', 'DESC')
+            $payRows = $db->table('payments p')
+                ->select('p.id, p.parent_id, p.invoice_id, p.paid_amount, p.payment_method, p.payment_date, p.status AS payment_status, p.installment_seq, p.number_of_installments, i.invoice_number, i.balance AS invoice_current_balance, i.status AS invoice_status, i.school_year')
+                ->join('invoices i', 'i.id = p.invoice_id', 'inner')
+                ->whereIn('p.parent_id', $parentIds)
+                ->orderBy('p.payment_date', 'DESC')
+                ->orderBy('p.id', 'DESC')
                 ->limit(10)
                 ->get()->getResultArray();
             $family['payments'] = $payRows;

app/Controllers/View/FilesController.php

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ namespace App\Controllers\View;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Controller;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
-use Config\Database;
 
 class FilesController extends Controller
 {
@@ -22,7 +21,11 @@ class FilesController extends Controller
             throw PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound();
         }
 
-        // 3) Build path under writable
+        $expense = $this->expenseRecordForFile($name);
+        if ($expense === null || !$this->canViewExpenseFile($expense)) {
+            return $this->response->setStatusCode(403, 'You are not allowed to access this file.');
+        }
+
         $path = WRITEPATH . 'uploads/receipts/' . $name;
         if (!is_file($path)) {
             throw PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound();
@@ -79,7 +82,11 @@ class FilesController extends Controller
             throw \CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound();
         }
 
-        // 3) Build path under writable (REIMBURSEMENTS)
+        $reimbursement = $this->reimbursementRecordForFile($name);
+        if ($reimbursement === null || !$this->canViewReimbursementFile($reimbursement)) {
+            return $this->response->setStatusCode(403, 'You are not allowed to access this file.');
+        }
+
         $path = WRITEPATH . 'uploads/reimbursements/' . $name;
         if (!is_file($path)) {
             throw \CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound();
@@ -322,6 +329,23 @@ class FilesController extends Controller
         return 'teacher_file';
     }
 
+    private function resolveExamDraftAuthorIdColumn($db): string
+    {
+        try {
+            $fields = $db->getFieldNames('exam_drafts');
+            if (in_array('teacher_id', $fields, true)) {
+                return 'teacher_id';
+            }
+            if (in_array('author_id', $fields, true)) {
+                return 'author_id';
+            }
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('error', 'FilesController::resolveExamDraftAuthorIdColumn error: ' . $e->getMessage());
+        }
+
+        return 'teacher_id';
+    }
+
     private function canAccessExamDraftFile(string $filename, string $subdir): bool
     {
         $userId = (int) (session()->get('user_id') ?? 0);
@@ -330,15 +354,16 @@ class FilesController extends Controller
         }
 
         $role = strtolower((string) (session()->get('role') ?? ''));
-        if ($role === 'admin') {
+        if (in_array($role, ['admin', 'administrator', 'principal'], true)) {
             return true;
         }
 
         $db = Database::connect();
         $fileColumn = $subdir === 'finals' ? 'final_file' : $this->resolveExamDraftFileColumn($db);
+        $authorIdColumn = $this->resolveExamDraftAuthorIdColumn($db);
 
         $draft = $db->table('exam_drafts ed')
-            ->select('ed.class_section_id, ed.school_year, ed.teacher_id, ed.author_id')
+            ->select('ed.class_section_id, ed.school_year, ed.semester, ed.status, ed.' . $authorIdColumn . ' AS draft_author_id')
             ->where('ed.' . $fileColumn, $filename)
             ->limit(1)
             ->get()
@@ -348,7 +373,7 @@ class FilesController extends Controller
             return false;
         }
 
-        $authorId = (int) ($draft['teacher_id'] ?? $draft['author_id'] ?? 0);
+        $authorId = (int) ($draft['draft_author_id'] ?? 0);
         if ($authorId > 0 && $authorId === $userId) {
             return true;
         }
@@ -358,16 +383,118 @@ class FilesController extends Controller
             return false;
         }
 
+        $status = strtolower(trim((string) ($draft['status'] ?? '')));
+        if ($subdir === 'drafts' && $status === 'draft') {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $currentSchoolYear = trim((string) (session()->get('school_year') ?? ''));
+        $currentSemester = trim((string) (session()->get('semester') ?? ''));
+        $draftSchoolYear = trim((string) ($draft['school_year'] ?? ''));
+        $draftSemester = trim((string) ($draft['semester'] ?? ''));
+
+        $hasCurrentAssignment = $db->table('teacher_class')
+            ->select('id')
+            ->where('teacher_id', $userId)
+            ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId);
+
+        if ($currentSchoolYear !== '') {
+            $hasCurrentAssignment->where('school_year', $currentSchoolYear);
+        }
+
+        $hasCurrentAssignment = $hasCurrentAssignment->limit(1)->countAllResults() > 0;
+
+        if ($hasCurrentAssignment) {
+            if ($subdir === 'finals') {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return $draftSchoolYear === '' || $currentSchoolYear === '' || $draftSchoolYear === $currentSchoolYear;
+        }
+
         $assignmentQuery = $db->table('teacher_class')
             ->select('id')
             ->where('teacher_id', $userId)
             ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId);
 
-        $schoolYear = trim((string) ($draft['school_year'] ?? ''));
-        if ($schoolYear !== '') {
-            $assignmentQuery->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+        if ($draftSchoolYear !== '') {
+            $assignmentQuery->where('school_year', $draftSchoolYear);
         }
 
-        return $assignmentQuery->limit(1)->countAllResults() > 0;
+        $hasDraftYearAssignment = $assignmentQuery->limit(1)->countAllResults() > 0;
+        if (!$hasDraftYearAssignment) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($subdir === 'finals') {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return $draftSemester === '' || $currentSemester === '' || $draftSemester === $currentSemester;
+    }
+
+    private function expenseRecordForFile(string $name): ?array
+    {
+        return \Config\Database::connect()
+            ->table('expenses')
+            ->where('receipt_path', $name)
+            ->get()
+            ->getRowArray();
+    }
+
+    private function reimbursementRecordForFile(string $name): ?array
+    {
+        return \Config\Database::connect()
+            ->table('reimbursements')
+            ->where('receipt_path', $name)
+            ->get()
+            ->getRowArray();
+    }
+
+    private function canViewExpenseFile(array $expense): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->hasFinancialStaffAccess()) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $userId = (int) (session()->get('user_id') ?? 0);
+
+        return $userId > 0 && in_array($userId, [
+            (int) ($expense['purchased_by'] ?? 0),
+            (int) ($expense['added_by'] ?? 0),
+            (int) ($expense['approved_by'] ?? 0),
+        ], true);
+    }
+
+    private function canViewReimbursementFile(array $reimbursement): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->hasFinancialStaffAccess()) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $userId = (int) (session()->get('user_id') ?? 0);
+
+        return $userId > 0 && in_array($userId, [
+            (int) ($reimbursement['reimbursed_to'] ?? 0),
+            (int) ($reimbursement['approved_by'] ?? 0),
+            (int) ($reimbursement['added_by'] ?? 0),
+        ], true);
+    }
+
+    private function hasFinancialStaffAccess(): bool
+    {
+        $roles = array_map('strtolower', (array) (session()->get('roles') ?? []));
+        $activeRole = strtolower((string) (session()->get('role') ?? ''));
+        if ($activeRole !== '' && !in_array($activeRole, $roles, true)) {
+            $roles[] = $activeRole;
+        }
+
+        foreach (['administrator', 'administrative staff', 'principal', 'teacher', 'teacher_assistant'] as $role) {
+            if (in_array($role, $roles, true)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
     }
 }

app/Controllers/View/InvoiceController.php

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class InvoiceController extends ResourceController
         $this->dueDate = $this->configModel->getConfig('due_date');
         $this->firstStudentFee = (float) ($this->configModel->getConfig('first_student_fee') ?? 350);
         $this->secondStudentFee = (float) ($this->configModel->getConfig('second_student_fee') ?? 200);
-        $this->youthFee = (float) ($this->configModel->getConfig('youth_fee') ?? 180);
+        $this->youthFee = (float) ($this->configModel->getConfig('youth_fee') ?? 200);
         $this->refundDeadline = date('Y-m-d', strtotime($this->configModel->getConfig('refund_deadline')));
         $this->db = \Config\Database::connect();
         $this->request = \Config\Services::request();

app/Controllers/View/PaymentController.php

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 namespace App\Controllers\View;
 
+use App\Libraries\FinancialAttachmentService;
+use App\Libraries\FinancialStatus;
+use App\Libraries\InvoiceLedgerService;
 use App\Models\PaymentModel;
 use App\Models\AdditionalChargeModel;
 use App\Models\ClassSectionModel;
@@ -16,23 +19,14 @@ use App\Models\PaymentErrorModel;
 use App\Models\InvoiceModel;
 use App\Models\TeacherClassModel;
 use App\Models\DiscountUsageModel;
-use Config\PaypalConfig;
-use PayPal\Api\Amount;
-use PayPal\Api\Payment;
-use PayPal\Api\PaymentExecution;
-use PayPal\Api\Payer;
-use PayPal\Api\Transaction;
-use PayPal\Rest\ApiContext;
-use PayPal\Auth\OAuthTokenCredential;
 
 use CodeIgniter\RESTful\ResourceController;
 use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
 
 class PaymentController extends ResourceController
 {
     protected $paymentModel;
-    protected $paypalConfig;
-    protected $apiContext;
     protected $request;
     protected $db;
     protected $invoiceModel;
@@ -51,6 +45,8 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
     protected $discountUsageModel;
     protected $additionalChargeModel;
     protected $classSectionModel;
+    protected $invoiceLedgerService;
+    protected $financialAttachmentService;
 
     public function __construct()
     {
@@ -60,7 +56,6 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
         $this->eventChargesModel = new EventChargesModel();
         $this->manualPaymentModel = new ManualPaymentModel();
         $this->paymentModel = new PaymentModel();
-        $this->paypalConfig = new PaypalConfig();
         $this->request = \Config\Services::request();
         $this->db = \Config\Database::connect();
         $this->invoiceModel = new InvoiceModel();
@@ -74,19 +69,8 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
         $this->discountUsageModel = new DiscountUsageModel();
         $this->additionalChargeModel = new AdditionalChargeModel();
         $this->classSectionModel = new ClassSectionModel();
-
-        // Set up PayPal API context
-        $this->apiContext = new ApiContext(
-            new OAuthTokenCredential(
-                $this->paypalConfig->paypalClientId,
-                $this->paypalConfig->paypalSecret
-            )
-        );
-
-        $this->apiContext->setConfig([
-            'mode' => $this->paypalConfig->paypalMode, // 'sandbox' or 'live'
-            'http.headers' => ['Connection' => 'Close']
-        ]);
+        $this->invoiceLedgerService = new InvoiceLedgerService();
+        $this->financialAttachmentService = new FinancialAttachmentService();
     }
 
     // API: Create a new payment plan
@@ -101,7 +85,6 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             'payment_date' => $this->request->getPost('payment_date'),
             'payment_type' => $this->request->getPost('payment_type'),
             'status' => 'Pending',
-            'semester' => $this->request->getPost('semester'),
             'school_year' => $this->request->getPost('school_year'),
         ];
 
@@ -115,7 +98,8 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
     // API: Get payments by parent ID
     public function getByParentAPI($parentId)
     {
-        $payments = $this->paymentModel->getPaymentsByParentId($parentId);
+        $selectedYear = $this->getSelectedPaymentHistoryYear();
+        $payments = $this->paymentModel->getPaymentsByParentId((int) $parentId, $selectedYear);
         if ($payments) {
             return $this->respond($payments);
         } else {
@@ -126,13 +110,8 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
     // View: Get payments by parent ID (for web views)
     public function getByParent($parentId)
     {
-        // Fetch payments with invoice number (if available)
-        $payments = $this->paymentModel
-            ->select('payments.*, invoices.invoice_number')
-            ->join('invoices', 'invoices.id = payments.invoice_id', 'left')
-            ->where('payments.parent_id', (int)$parentId)
-            ->orderBy('payments.payment_date', 'DESC')
-            ->findAll();
+        $selectedYear = $this->getSelectedPaymentHistoryYear();
+        $payments = $this->paymentModel->getPaymentsByParentId((int) $parentId, $selectedYear);
 
         // Parent display name
         $parent = $this->userModel->select('firstname, lastname')->find((int)$parentId) ?: [];
@@ -156,6 +135,13 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
         ]);
     }
 
+    private function getSelectedPaymentHistoryYear(): ?string
+    {
+        $selectedYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->schoolYear;
+
+        return $selectedYear !== '' ? $selectedYear : null;
+    }
+
     // View: Create a new payment plan
     public function create()
     {
@@ -185,135 +171,11 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
     }
 
 
-    // Create a PayPal payment
-    public function createPaypalPayment($paymentId)
-    {
-        // Fetch the payment details from the database
-        $payment = $this->paymentModel->find($paymentId);
-
-        // Create the payer object (who is making the payment)
-        $payer = new Payer();
-        $payer->setPaymentMethod('paypal');
-
-        // Set up the payment amount
-        $amount = new Amount();
-        $amount->setCurrency('USD')
-            ->setTotal($payment['balance_amount']);  // The balance amount to be paid
-
-        // Set up the transaction details
-        $transaction = new Transaction();
-        $transaction->setAmount($amount)
-            ->setDescription('Payment for school fees')
-            ->setInvoiceNumber(uniqid());
-
-        // Create the payment and set the redirect URLs
-        $payment = new Payment();
-        $payment->setIntent('sale')
-            ->setPayer($payer)
-            ->setTransactions([$transaction]);
-
-        // Set the approval URL for the payment
-        $redirectUrls = new \PayPal\Api\RedirectUrls();
-        $redirectUrls->setReturnUrl(base_url('payments/executePaypalPayment')) // Set this to where the user will be redirected after approval
-            ->setCancelUrl(base_url('payments/cancelPaypalPayment'));
-
-        $payment->setRedirectUrls($redirectUrls);
-
-        // Create the payment and get the approval URL
-        try {
-            $payment->create($this->apiContext);
-            // Store the payment ID in the session to retrieve it later
-            session()->set('paypalPaymentId', $payment->getId());
-            session()->set('paymentId', $paymentId);
-            $approvalUrl = $payment->getApprovalLink();
-
-            return redirect()->to($approvalUrl);  // Redirect the user to PayPal's approval page
-        } catch (\PayPal\Exception\PayPalConnectionException $ex) {
-            // Handle errors
-            echo $ex->getData();
-            exit;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Execute the PayPal payment after user approval
-    public function executePaypalPayment()
-    {
-        // Get the payment ID and Payer ID from the request
-        $paymentId = session()->get('paypalPaymentId');
-        $payerId = $this->request->getGet('PayerID');
-
-        // Get the payment object using the payment ID
-        $payment = Payment::get($paymentId, $this->apiContext);
-
-        // Create an execution object to execute the payment
-        $execution = new PaymentExecution();
-        $execution->setPayerId($payerId);
-
-        // Execute the payment
-        try {
-            $result = $payment->execute($execution, $this->apiContext);
-
-            // Payment successful, update the payment status in the database
-            $paymentId = session()->get('paymentId');
-            $this->paymentModel->update($paymentId, ['status' => 'Completed']);
-
-            return redirect()->to('/payments');  // Redirect to the payments page after success
-        } catch (\PayPal\Exception\PayPalConnectionException $ex) {
-            // Handle payment execution failure
-            echo $ex->getData();
-            exit;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Cancel the PayPal payment
-    public function cancelPaypalPayment()
-    {
-        // Payment was canceled by the user
-        return redirect()->to('/payments')->with('error', 'Payment was canceled.');
-    }
-
-
     public function redirectPage()
     {
-        $modeCheck = $this->configModel->getConfig('paypal_mode');
-
-        $parentId = session()->get('user_id'); // assuming this is the logged-in parent
-
-        // Get parent name and school ID
-        $parent = $this->db->table('users')
-            ->select('firstname, lastname, school_id')
-            ->where('id', $parentId)
-            ->get()
-            ->getRowArray();
-
-        $parentName = isset($parent['firstname'], $parent['lastname'])
-            ? $parent['firstname'] . ' ' . $parent['lastname']
-            : 'Parent';
-
-        $schoolId = $parent['school_id'] ?? null;
-
-        // Get latest invoice total_amount
-        $latestInvoice = $this->invoiceModel->where('parent_id', $parentId)
-            ->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
-            ->select('total_amount')
-            ->get()
-            ->getRowArray();
-
-        $totalAmount = $latestInvoice['total_amount'] ?? 0;
-
-        return view('payment/payment_redirect', [
-            'parentName'   => $parentName,
-            'totalAmount'  => $totalAmount,
-            'schoolId'     => $schoolId,
-            'modeCheck'    => $modeCheck,
-        ]);
-    }
-
-
-    public function paypal()
-    {
-        // Redirect to PayPal API or show instructions
-        return redirect()->to('https://www.paypal.com/ncp/payment/87FJL3EV8C7NE');
+        return redirect()
+            ->to(site_url('parent/invoice_payment'))
+            ->with('info', 'Online payment is currently unavailable. Please contact the school office to complete payment.');
     }
 
     public function manual()
@@ -329,11 +191,7 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
 
             // Handle file upload if present
             $proof = $this->request->getFile('proof');
-            if ($proof && $proof->isValid() && !$proof->hasMoved()) {
-                $filename = $proof->getRandomName();
-                $proof->move(WRITEPATH . 'uploads/payments/', $filename);
-                $data['proof_path'] = $filename;
-            }
+            $data['proof_path'] = $this->financialAttachmentService->saveUploadedFile($proof, 'payments');
 
             $this->manualPaymentModel->insert($data);
 
@@ -490,12 +348,12 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
                     ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
                     ->findAll();
 
-                // Payments (paginated)
-                $payments = $this->paymentModel
-                    ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
-                    ->orderBy('payment_date', 'DESC')
-                    ->paginate(10);
-                $pager = $this->paymentModel->pager;
+                // Payments (paginated). Join invoices so history is filtered by invoice term
+                // and displays current invoice state instead of stale payment snapshots.
+                $selectedYear = $this->getSelectedPaymentHistoryYear();
+                $paymentHistory = $this->paymentModel->parentPaymentHistoryQuery($parentId, $selectedYear);
+                $payments = $paymentHistory->paginate(10);
+                $pager = $paymentHistory->pager;
 
                 // Invoices
                 $rawInvoices = $this->invoiceModel
@@ -1057,26 +915,13 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
         // Optional receipt upload
         $checkFile   = null;
         $paymentFile = $this->request->getFile('payment_file');
-        if ($paymentFile && $paymentFile->isValid() && !$paymentFile->hasMoved()) {
-            $okTypes = ['image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'application/pdf'];
-            $okExts  = ['jpg', 'jpeg', 'png', 'pdf'];
-
-            $mime = $paymentFile->getMimeType();
-            $ext  = strtolower($paymentFile->getClientExtension());
-
-            if (!in_array($mime, $okTypes, true) || !in_array($ext, $okExts, true)) {
-                return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', 'Unsupported file type. Use JPG, PNG, or PDF.');
-            }
-            if ($paymentFile->getSize() > 5 * 1024 * 1024) {
-                return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', 'File too large. Max 5MB.');
-            }
-
-            $fileName  = $paymentFile->getRandomName();
-            $subdir    = ($paymentMethod === 'check') ? 'checks' : (($paymentMethod === 'card') ? 'cards' : 'misc');
-            $targetDir = WRITEPATH . 'uploads/' . $subdir . '/';
-            if (!is_dir($targetDir)) @mkdir($targetDir, 0775, true);
-            $paymentFile->move($targetDir, $fileName);
-            $checkFile = $fileName;
+        try {
+            $checkFile = $this->financialAttachmentService->saveUploadedFile(
+                $paymentFile,
+                $paymentMethod === 'check' ? 'checks' : ($paymentMethod === 'card' ? 'cards' : 'misc')
+            );
+        } catch (\RuntimeException $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
         }
         $this->db->transBegin();
 
@@ -1096,10 +941,7 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             $invYear  = (string)($row['school_year'] ?? $this->schoolYear);
 
             // Recompute invoice totals from tuition + events + additional charges
-            $this->recalculateInvoice($invoiceId, $invYear);
-
-            // Authoritative balance
-            $currentBalance = $this->getCurrentInvoiceBalance($invoiceId);
+            $currentBalance = (float) $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice($invoiceId)['balance'];
 
             if ($amount > $currentBalance + 0.00001) {
                 $this->db->transRollback();
@@ -1132,10 +974,11 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
                 $checkFile,
                 $transactionId,
                 $paymentDate,
-                $this->schoolYear,
-                $this->semester,
+                $invYear,
                 $checkNumber,
-                $installmentSeq
+                $installmentSeq,
+                (array) $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId),
+                $currentBalance
             );
 
             if (!$ok) {
@@ -1144,11 +987,10 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             }
 
             // Ensure invoice totals/balance reflect discounts and this payment
-            $this->recalculateInvoice($invoiceId, $this->schoolYear);
+            $ledger = $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice($invoiceId);
 
             // Post-payment balance from snapshot
-            $postBalance = (float)round($initialPreBalance - $amount, 2);
-            if ($postBalance < 0) $postBalance = 0.0;
+            $postBalance = (float) ($ledger['balance'] ?? max(0.0, round($initialPreBalance - $amount, 2)));
 
             // Optional enrollment update
             $enrollmentupdated = $this->updateEnrollmentStatusIfPaid($invoiceId);
@@ -1174,7 +1016,7 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             $rowParentDisc = $this->db->table('discount_usages')
                 ->selectSum('discount_amount', 'sum_disc')
                 ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
-                ->where('school_year', $this->schoolYear)
+                ->where('school_year', $invYear)
                 ->get()->getRowArray();
             if ($rowParentDisc && isset($rowParentDisc['sum_disc'])) {
                 $parentYearDiscountTotal = (float)$rowParentDisc['sum_disc'];
@@ -1235,21 +1077,22 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
         $checkFile  = $payment['check_file']; // default keep old file
 
         // Handle optional check or card payment receipt upload
+        try {
+            $paymentFile = $this->request->getFile('payment_file');
             if (strtolower($paymentMethod) === 'check') {
-            $paymentFile = $this->request->getFile('payment_file'); // ✅ Updated to payment_file
-            if ($paymentFile && $paymentFile->isValid() && !$paymentFile->hasMoved()) {
-                $fileName = $paymentFile->getRandomName();
-                $paymentFile->move(WRITEPATH . 'uploads/checks/', $fileName);
-                $checkFile = $fileName;
+                $uploaded = $this->financialAttachmentService->saveUploadedFile($paymentFile, 'checks');
+                if ($uploaded !== null) {
+                    $checkFile = $uploaded;
                 }
             } elseif (strtolower($paymentMethod) === 'card') {
-            $paymentFile = $this->request->getFile('payment_file'); // ✅ Updated to payment_file
-            if ($paymentFile && $paymentFile->isValid() && !$paymentFile->hasMoved()) {
-                $fileName = $paymentFile->getRandomName();
-                $paymentFile->move(WRITEPATH . 'uploads/cards/', $fileName);
-                $checkFile = $fileName; // reuse for compatibility
+                $uploaded = $this->financialAttachmentService->saveUploadedFile($paymentFile, 'cards');
+                if ($uploaded !== null) {
+                    $checkFile = $uploaded;
                 }
             }
+        } catch (\RuntimeException $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
 
         // ❌ Validate amount - negative or zero
         if ($paidAmount <= 0) {
@@ -1259,41 +1102,51 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             );
         }
 
-        // 🔄 Recalculate invoice first to ensure totals reflect tuition + events + additional
-        $this->recalculateInvoice($payment['invoice_id'], $this->schoolYear);
+        $this->db->transBegin();
 
-        // 🔄 Get current balance based on actual payments (with school_year filter)
-        // We need to calculate what the balance would be WITHOUT the current payment being edited
-        $currentBalance = $this->getCurrentInvoiceBalanceExcludingPayment($payment['invoice_id'], $paymentId);
+        try {
+            $invoiceId = (int) ($payment['invoice_id'] ?? 0);
+            $lockedInvoice = $this->db->query(
+                'SELECT id FROM invoices WHERE id = ? FOR UPDATE',
+                [$invoiceId]
+            )->getRowArray();
 
-        if ($paidAmount > $currentBalance) {
+            if (!$lockedInvoice) {
+                $this->db->transRollback();
+                return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Linked invoice not found.');
+            }
+
+            $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice($invoiceId);
+            $currentBalance = $this->getCurrentInvoiceBalanceExcludingPayment($invoiceId, $paymentId);
+
+            if ($paidAmount > $currentBalance + 0.00001) {
+                $this->db->transRollback();
                 return redirect()->back()->with(
                     'error',
                     'Entered amount (' . number_format($paidAmount, 2) . ') exceeds remaining balance (' . number_format($currentBalance, 2) . ').'
                 );
             }
 
-        // ✅ Update edited payment with check_number
             $updateData = [
                 'paid_amount' => $paidAmount,
                 'payment_method' => strtolower($paymentMethod),
                 'check_file' => $checkFile,
-            'updated_by'    => session()->get('user_id')
+                'check_number' => strtolower($paymentMethod) === 'check' ? $checkNumber : null,
+                'balance' => max(0.0, round($currentBalance - $paidAmount, 2)),
+                'status' => FinancialStatus::PAYMENT_RECORDED,
+                'updated_by' => session()->get('user_id'),
             ];
 
-        // ✅ Only add check_number if payment method is check
-        if (strtolower($paymentMethod) === 'check') {
-            $updateData['check_number'] = $checkNumber;
-        } else {
-            $updateData['check_number'] = null; // Clear check number for non-check payments
-        }
-
             $this->paymentModel->update($paymentId, $updateData);
-
-        // 🔄 Always recalc invoice after change
-        $this->recalculateInvoice($payment['invoice_id'], $this->schoolYear);
+            $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice($invoiceId);
+            $this->db->transCommit();
 
             return redirect()->back()->with('success', 'Payment updated successfully.');
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            $this->db->transRollback();
+            log_message('error', '[manualPayEdit] ' . $e->getMessage());
+            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', 'Unexpected error while updating payment.');
+        }
     }
 
 
@@ -1302,164 +1155,7 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
      */
     private function recalculateInvoice($invoiceId, $schoolYear)
     {
-        $invoice = $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId);
-        if (!$invoice) return;
-
-        $parentId = (int)($invoice['parent_id'] ?? 0);
-        if ($parentId <= 0) return;
-
-        // ---- Tuition (recompute from enrollments) ----
-        $enrollments = $this->enrollmentModel
-            ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
-            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-            ->findAll();
-
-        $registered = [];
-        $withdrawn  = [];
-        foreach ($enrollments as $e) {
-            $row = [
-                'student_id'       => (int)($e['student_id'] ?? 0),
-                'class_section_id' => $e['class_section_id'] ?? null,
-                'enrollment_status'=> (string)($e['enrollment_status'] ?? ''),
-            ];
-            if (in_array($row['enrollment_status'], ['enrolled','payment pending'], true)) {
-                $registered[] = $row;
-            } elseif (in_array($row['enrollment_status'], ['withdrawn','refund pending','withdraw under review'], true)) {
-                $withdrawn[] = $row;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Refund window check – if after deadline, withdrawn still billed
-        $refundDeadline = (string)($this->configModel->getConfig('refund_deadline') ?? '');
-        $refundAllowed  = true;
-        try {
-            $tzName   = (string) (config('School')->attendance['timezone'] ?? user_timezone());
-            $tz       = new \DateTimeZone($tzName);
-            $today    = new \DateTimeImmutable('today', $tz);
-            $deadline = new \DateTimeImmutable($refundDeadline, $tz);
-            $refundAllowed = $today <= $deadline;
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-            $refundAllowed = true;
-        }
-
-        $tuitionStudents = $registered;
-        if (!$refundAllowed) {
-            $tuitionStudents = array_merge($tuitionStudents, $withdrawn);
-        }
-
-        $tuitionStudents = array_values(array_filter($tuitionStudents, function ($student) use ($schoolYear) {
-            $sid = (int)($student['student_id'] ?? 0);
-            return $sid > 0 && $this->studentClassModel->hasNonEventAssignment($sid, $schoolYear);
-        }));
-
-        // Grade threshold and fees
-        $gradeFee         = (int)($this->configModel->getConfig('grade_fee') ?? 9);
-        $firstStudentFee  = (float)($this->configModel->getConfig('first_student_fee')  ?? 350);
-        $secondStudentFee = (float)($this->configModel->getConfig('second_student_fee') ?? 200);
-        $youthFee         = (float)($this->configModel->getConfig('youth_fee')          ?? 180);
-
-        // Normalize grades for tuition students
-        foreach ($tuitionStudents as &$s) {
-            $name = null;
-            if (!empty($s['class_section_id'])) {
-                $name = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSectionNameBySectionId($s['class_section_id']);
-            }
-            $s['grade_name'] = is_string($name) ? strtoupper(trim($name)) : 'N/A';
-        }
-        unset($s);
-
-        // Count regular vs youth and compute tuition
-        $regularCount = 0;
-        $youthCount   = 0;
-        foreach ($tuitionStudents as $s) {
-            $lvl = $this->parseGradeLevel($s['grade_name']);
-            if ($lvl > $gradeFee) $youthCount++; else $regularCount++;
-        }
-
-        $tuitionSubtotal = 0.0;
-        $tuitionSubtotal += $youthCount * $youthFee;
-        if ($regularCount >= 2) {
-            $tuitionSubtotal += $firstStudentFee + ($regularCount - 1) * $secondStudentFee;
-        } elseif ($regularCount === 1) {
-            $tuitionSubtotal += $firstStudentFee;
-        }
-
-        // ---- Event charges (parent-year) ----
-        $eventSubtotal = 0.0;
-        try {
-            $events = $this->eventChargesModel->getChargesWithEventInfo($parentId, $schoolYear) ?? [];
-            foreach ($events as $ev) { $eventSubtotal += (float)($ev['charged'] ?? 0.0); }
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {}
-
-        // ---- Additional charges (per-invoice) ----
-        $additionalSubtotal = 0.0;
-        try {
-            $rows = $this->additionalChargeModel
-                ->select('charge_type, amount')
-                ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-                ->where('status', 'applied')
-                ->findAll();
-            foreach ($rows as $r) {
-                $amt = (float)($r['amount'] ?? 0);
-                $typ = strtolower((string)($r['charge_type'] ?? 'add'));
-                if ($typ === 'deduct') $amt = -abs($amt); else $amt = abs($amt);
-                $additionalSubtotal += $amt;
-            }
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {}
-
-        $newTotal = round($tuitionSubtotal + $eventSubtotal + $additionalSubtotal, 2);
-
-        // ---- Payments / Discounts / Refunds ----
-        $db        = $this->db;
-        $table     = $this->paymentModel->table;
-        $hasStatus = $db->fieldExists('status', $table);
-        $hasVoid   = $db->fieldExists('is_void', $table);
-        $exclude   = ['void', 'voided', 'refunded', 'failed', 'chargeback', 'declined', 'reversed', 'canceled', 'cancelled'];
-
-        $qb = $this->paymentModel
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
-
-        if ($hasStatus) {
-            $qb->groupStart()
-                ->whereNotIn('status', $exclude)
-                ->orWhere('status IS NULL', null, false)
-                ->groupEnd();
-        }
-
-        if ($hasVoid) {
-            $qb->groupStart()
-                ->where('is_void', 0)
-                ->orWhere('is_void IS NULL', null, false)
-                ->groupEnd();
-        }
-
-        $payments = $qb->findAll();
-        $totalPaid = 0.0;
-        foreach ($payments as $p) { $totalPaid += (float)($p['paid_amount'] ?? 0); }
-
-        $discRow = $this->db->table('discount_usages')
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(discount_amount),0) AS total_disc')
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->get()->getRowArray();
-        $totalDisc = (float)($discRow['total_disc'] ?? 0);
-
-        $refundRow = $this->db->table('refunds')
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(refund_paid_amount),0) AS total_refund_paid')
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->whereIn('status', ['Partial','Paid'])
-            ->get()->getRowArray();
-        $totalRefundPaid = (float)($refundRow['total_refund_paid'] ?? 0);
-
-        $newBalance = max(0.0, $newTotal - $totalDisc - $totalPaid - $totalRefundPaid);
-        $newStatus  = ($newBalance <= 0.00001) ? 'Paid' : (($totalPaid > 0) ? 'Partially Paid' : 'Unpaid');
-
-        $this->invoiceModel->update($invoiceId, [
-            'total_amount' => $newTotal,
-            'paid_amount'  => $totalPaid,
-            'balance'      => $newBalance,
-            'status'       => $newStatus,
-        ]);
+        $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice((int) $invoiceId);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1521,106 +1217,28 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
     /** Get current invoice balance = total - payments - discounts - refundsPaid (no school_year filter). */
     private function getCurrentInvoiceBalance(int $invoiceId): float
     {
-        $invoice = $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId);
-        if (!$invoice) return 0.0;
-
-        $db       = $this->db;
-        $table    = $this->paymentModel->table;        // usually 'payments'
-        $hasStatus = $db->fieldExists('status', $table);
-        $hasVoid  = $db->fieldExists('is_void', $table);
-
-        $qb = $this->paymentModel
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(paid_amount),0) AS total_paid')
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId);
-
-        if ($hasStatus) {
-            $qb->groupStart()
-                ->whereNotIn('status', ['void', 'voided', 'refunded', 'failed', 'chargeback', 'declined', 'reversed', 'canceled', 'cancelled'])
-                ->orWhere('status IS NULL', null, false)
-                ->groupEnd();
+        try {
+            return (float) ($this->invoiceLedgerService->calculateInvoice($invoiceId)['balance'] ?? 0.0);
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            return 0.0;
         }
-
-        if ($hasVoid) {
-            $qb->groupStart()
-                ->where('is_void', 0)
-                ->orWhere('is_void IS NULL', null, false)
-                ->groupEnd();
-        }
-
-        $row       = $qb->first();
-        $totalPaid = (float)($row['total_paid'] ?? 0);
-
-        // Discount sum on this invoice
-        $discRow = $this->db->table('discount_usages')
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(discount_amount),0) AS total_disc')
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->get()->getRowArray();
-        $totalDisc = (float)($discRow['total_disc'] ?? 0);
-
-        // Refunds paid
-        $refundRow = $this->db->table('refunds')
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(refund_paid_amount),0) AS total_refund_paid')
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->whereIn('status', ['Partial','Paid'])
-            ->get()->getRowArray();
-        $totalRefundPaid = (float)($refundRow['total_refund_paid'] ?? 0);
-
-        $total     = (float)($invoice['total_amount'] ?? 0);
-
-        return max(0.0, round($total - $totalPaid - $totalDisc - $totalRefundPaid, 2));
     }
 
     /** Balance excluding a specific payment (for edit scenarios) and subtracting discounts/refunds. */
     private function getCurrentInvoiceBalanceExcludingPayment(int $invoiceId, int $excludePaymentId): float
     {
-        $invoice = $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId);
-        if (!$invoice) return 0.0;
-
-        $db       = $this->db;
-        $table    = $this->paymentModel->table;
-        $hasStatus = $db->fieldExists('status', $table);
-        $hasVoid  = $db->fieldExists('is_void', $table);
-
-        $qb = $this->paymentModel
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(paid_amount),0) AS total_paid')
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->where('id !=', $excludePaymentId);
-
-        if ($hasStatus) {
-            $qb->groupStart()
-                ->whereNotIn('status', ['void', 'voided', 'refunded', 'failed', 'chargeback', 'declined', 'reversed', 'canceled', 'cancelled'])
-                ->orWhere('status IS NULL', null, false)
-                ->groupEnd();
+        $payment = $this->paymentModel->find($excludePaymentId);
+        if (!$payment) {
+            return $this->getCurrentInvoiceBalance($invoiceId);
         }
 
-        if ($hasVoid) {
-            $qb->groupStart()
-                ->where('is_void', 0)
-                ->orWhere('is_void IS NULL', null, false)
-                ->groupEnd();
+        $currentBalance = $this->getCurrentInvoiceBalance($invoiceId);
+        $status = FinancialStatus::normalizePaymentStatus($payment['status'] ?? null);
+        if (in_array($status, FinancialStatus::EXCLUDED_PAYMENT_STATUSES, true)) {
+            return $currentBalance;
         }
 
-        $row       = $qb->first();
-        $totalPaid = (float)($row['total_paid'] ?? 0);
-
-        // Discount sum on this invoice
-        $discRow = $this->db->table('discount_usages')
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(discount_amount),0) AS total_disc')
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->get()->getRowArray();
-        $totalDisc = (float)($discRow['total_disc'] ?? 0);
-
-        // Refunds paid
-        $refundRow = $this->db->table('refunds')
-            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(refund_paid_amount),0) AS total_refund_paid')
-            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
-            ->whereIn('status', ['Partial','Paid'])
-            ->get()->getRowArray();
-        $totalRefundPaid = (float)($refundRow['total_refund_paid'] ?? 0);
-
-        $total     = (float)($invoice['total_amount'] ?? 0);
-
-        return max(0.0, round($total - $totalPaid - $totalDisc - $totalRefundPaid, 2));
+        return max(0.0, round($currentBalance + (float) ($payment['paid_amount'] ?? 0), 2));
     }
 
 
@@ -1653,11 +1271,12 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
         $transactionId = null,
         $paymentDate = null,
         $schoolYear = null,
-        $semester = null,
         $checkNumber = null,
-        ?int $installmentSeq = null // <-- NOW: the installment sequence (1,2,3,...) for this invoice
+        ?int $installmentSeq = null,
+        ?array $invoice = null,
+        ?float $currentBalance = null
     ) {
-        $invoice = $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId);
+        $invoice = $invoice ?? $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId);
         if (!$invoice) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -1678,32 +1297,9 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
         }
 
 
-        // Compute new totals
-        $newPaid    = (float) $invoice['paid_amount'] + (float) $amount;
-        $newBalance = (float) $invoice['balance'] - (float) $amount;
-        if ($newBalance == $invoice['total_amount']) {
-            $paymentStatus = 'Unpaid';
-        } elseif ($newBalance > 0 && $newBalance < $invoice['total_amount']) {
-            $paymentStatus = 'Partially Paid';
-        } elseif ($newBalance <= 0.00001) {
-            $paymentStatus = 'Paid';
-        } else {
-            $paymentStatus = $invoice['status']; // fallback
-        }
+        $preBalance = $currentBalance ?? $this->getCurrentInvoiceBalance((int) $invoiceId);
+        $newBalance = max(0.0, round($preBalance - (float) $amount, 2));
 
-        // Update invoice
-        $invoiceUpdateData = [
-            'paid_amount' => $newPaid,
-            'balance'     => $newBalance,
-            'status'      => $paymentStatus,
-            'updated_by'  => session()->get('user_id'),
-        ];
-        if (!$this->invoiceModel->update($invoiceId, $invoiceUpdateData)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        // Store the *sequence* in number_of_installments (kept for schema compatibility)
-        // Consider renaming the column to `installment_seq` in a future migration.
         $paymentData = [
             'parent_id' => $invoice['parent_id'],
             'invoice_id' => $invoiceId,
@@ -1711,16 +1307,15 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             'paid_amount' => $amount,
             'balance' => $newBalance,
             'number_of_installments' => $installmentSeq, // <-- installment sequence (1,2,3,...)
+            'installment_seq' => $installmentSeq,
             'transaction_id' => $transactionId,
             'payment_method' => strtolower($paymentMethod),
             'payment_date' => $paymentDate,
-            'status'                 => $paymentStatus,
+            'status' => FinancialStatus::PAYMENT_RECORDED,
             'check_file' => $checkFile,
             'check_number' => (strtolower($paymentMethod) === 'check') ? $checkNumber : null,
             'updated_by' => session()->get('user_id'),
-            'school_year'            => $schoolYear ?? $this->schoolYear,
-            'semester'               => $semester   ?? $this->semester,
-            // 'installment_index'    => $installmentSeq, // use if you add a dedicated column later
+            'school_year' => $schoolYear ?? ($invoice['school_year'] ?? $this->schoolYear),
         ];
 
         if (!$this->paymentModel->insert($paymentData)) {
@@ -1741,35 +1336,53 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             ->countAllResults();
     }
 
-    public function serveCheckFile($filename, $mode = 'download')
+    public function servePaymentFile(int $paymentId, string $mode = 'download')
     {
-        $filename = basename($filename);
-        $roots = [
-            WRITEPATH . 'uploads/checks/' . $filename,
-            WRITEPATH . 'uploads/cards/'  . $filename,
-            WRITEPATH . 'uploads/misc/'   . $filename,
-            WRITEPATH . 'uploads/'        . $filename, // final fallback
-        ];
-
-        $path = null;
-        foreach ($roots as $candidate) {
-            if (is_file($candidate)) {
-                $path = $candidate;
-                break;
-            }
+        $payment = $this->paymentModel->find($paymentId);
+        if (!$payment || empty($payment['check_file'])) {
+            throw PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound('Payment file not found.');
         }
 
-        if (!$path) {
-            throw new \CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException('Payment file not found: ' . esc($filename));
+        if (!$this->canViewPayment($payment)) {
+            return $this->response->setStatusCode(403);
+        }
+
+        $subdir = match (strtolower((string) ($payment['payment_method'] ?? ''))) {
+            'check' => 'checks',
+            'card', 'debit/credit card' => 'cards',
+            default => 'misc',
+        };
+
+        $path = $this->financialAttachmentService->resolvePath($subdir, (string) $payment['check_file']);
+        if ($path === null) {
+            throw PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound('Payment file not found.');
         }
 
         if ($mode === 'inline') {
             return $this->response
-                ->setHeader('Content-Type', mime_content_type($path))
-                ->setHeader('Content-Disposition', 'inline; filename="' . $filename . '"')
+                ->setHeader('Content-Type', $this->financialAttachmentService->detectMime($path))
+                ->setHeader('Content-Disposition', 'inline; filename="' . basename($path) . '"')
                 ->setBody(file_get_contents($path));
         }
 
         return $this->response->download($path, null);
     }
+
+    private function canViewPayment(array $payment): bool
+    {
+        $roles = array_map('strtolower', (array) (session()->get('roles') ?? []));
+        $activeRole = strtolower((string) (session()->get('role') ?? ''));
+        if ($activeRole !== '' && !in_array($activeRole, $roles, true)) {
+            $roles[] = $activeRole;
+        }
+
+        $staffRoles = ['administrator', 'administrative staff', 'principal', 'teacher', 'teacher_assistant'];
+        foreach ($staffRoles as $role) {
+            if (in_array($role, $roles, true)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return in_array('parent', $roles, true) && (int) ($payment['parent_id'] ?? 0) === (int) session()->get('user_id');
+    }
 }

app/Controllers/View/PaypalTransactionsController.php

@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-namespace App\Controllers\View;
-
-use App\Controllers\BaseController;
-use App\Models\PayPalPaymentModel;
-use App\Models\PaymentModel;
-use App\Models\UserModel;
-use App\Models\ConfigurationModel;
-use App\Models\InvoiceModel;
-
-class PaypalTransactionsController extends BaseController
-{
-    public function index()
-    {
-        $model = new PayPalPaymentModel();
-
-        $keyword = $this->request->getGet('q');
-        $perPage = 10;
-
-        if ($keyword) {
-            $transactions = $model
-                ->groupStart()
-                    ->like('transaction_id', $keyword)
-                    ->orLike('payer_email', $keyword)
-                    ->orLike('event_type', $keyword)
-                    ->orLike('order_id', $keyword)
-                    ->orLike('parent_school_id', $keyword)
-                ->groupEnd()
-                ->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
-                ->paginate($perPage);
-        } else {
-            $transactions = $model
-                ->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
-                ->paginate($perPage);
-        }
-
-        return view('administrator/paypal_transactions', [
-            'transactions' => $transactions,
-            'pager' => $model->pager,
-            'keyword' => $keyword
-        ]);
-    }
-
-    public function exportCsv()
-    {
-        $model = new PayPalPaymentModel();
-        $keyword = $this->request->getGet('q');
-
-        if ($keyword) {
-            $transactions = $model
-                ->groupStart()
-                    ->like('transaction_id', $keyword)
-                    ->orLike('payer_email', $keyword)
-                    ->orLike('event_type', $keyword)
-                    ->orLike('order_id', $keyword)
-                    ->orLike('parent_school_id', $keyword)
-                ->groupEnd()
-                ->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
-                ->findAll();
-        } else {
-            $transactions = $model->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')->findAll();
-        }
-
-        $filename = 'paypal_transactions_' . date('Ymd_His') . '.csv';
-
-        header('Content-Type: text/csv');
-        header("Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$filename\"");
-
-        $output = fopen('php://output', 'w');
-
-        // CSV headers
-        fputcsv($output, [
-            'ID', 'Transaction ID', 'Order ID', 'Parent School ID',
-            'Email', 'Amount', 'Net Amount', 'Currency',
-            'Status', 'Event Type', 'Created At'
-        ]);
-
-        foreach ($transactions as $t) {
-            fputcsv($output, [
-                $t['id'],
-                $t['transaction_id'],
-                $t['order_id'],
-                $t['parent_school_id'],
-                $t['payer_email'],
-                $t['amount'],
-                $t['net_amount'],
-                $t['currency'],
-                $t['status'],
-                $t['event_type'],
-                $t['created_at'],
-            ]);
-        }
-
-        fclose($output);
-        exit;
-    }
-
-}

app/Controllers/View/RefundController.php

@@ -3,12 +3,15 @@
 namespace App\Controllers\View;
 
 use App\Controllers\BaseController;
+use App\Libraries\FinancialAttachmentService;
+use App\Libraries\InvoiceLedgerService;
 use App\Models\RefundModel;
 use App\Models\UserModel;
 use App\Models\PaymentModel;
 use App\Models\ConfigurationModel;
 use App\Models\InvoiceModel;
 use App\Models\EnrollmentModel;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
 
 class RefundController extends BaseController
 {
@@ -18,6 +21,8 @@ class RefundController extends BaseController
     protected ConfigurationModel $configModel;
     protected InvoiceModel $invoiceModel;
     protected EnrollmentModel $enrollmentModel;
+    protected InvoiceLedgerService $invoiceLedgerService;
+    protected FinancialAttachmentService $financialAttachmentService;
     protected $db;
 
     // Allowed request types (mapped to your `refunds.request` column)
@@ -33,6 +38,8 @@ class RefundController extends BaseController
         $this->configModel     = new ConfigurationModel();
         $this->invoiceModel    = new InvoiceModel();
         $this->enrollmentModel = new EnrollmentModel();
+        $this->invoiceLedgerService = new InvoiceLedgerService();
+        $this->financialAttachmentService = new FinancialAttachmentService();
         $this->db              = \Config\Database::connect();
     }
 
@@ -445,6 +452,14 @@ class RefundController extends BaseController
             return $this->response->setJSON(['error' => 'Failed to create refund request.']);
         }
 
+        if (!empty($invoiceId)) {
+            try {
+                $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice((int) $invoiceId);
+            } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+                log_message('error', 'requestRefund recalc failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+
         // Fire refundPending notification/event for newly created refunds
         try {
             $user = $this->userModel->select('id, email, firstname, lastname')->find($parentId) ?: [];
@@ -467,6 +482,18 @@ class RefundController extends BaseController
     // Approve refund (no money movement)
     public function approveRefund(int $refundId)
     {
+        $refund = $this->refundModel->find($refundId);
+        if (!$refund) {
+            return $this->response->setJSON(['error' => 'Refund not found']);
+        }
+
+        $this->db->transBegin();
+
+        try {
+            if (!empty($refund['invoice_id'])) {
+                $this->db->query('SELECT id FROM invoices WHERE id = ? FOR UPDATE', [(int) $refund['invoice_id']]);
+            }
+
             $ok = $this->refundModel->update($refundId, [
                 'status'      => 'Approved',
                 'approved_at' => utc_now(),
@@ -475,12 +502,35 @@ class RefundController extends BaseController
                 'updated_by'  => session()->get('user_id'),
             ]);
 
+            if (!empty($refund['invoice_id'])) {
+                $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice((int) $refund['invoice_id']);
+            }
+
+            $this->db->transCommit();
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            $this->db->transRollback();
+            log_message('error', 'approveRefund failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
+            $ok = false;
+        }
+
         return $this->response->setJSON($ok ? ['success' => 'Refund approved'] : ['error' => 'Approve failed']);
     }
 
     // Reject refund
     public function rejectRefund(int $refundId)
     {
+        $refund = $this->refundModel->find($refundId);
+        if (!$refund) {
+            return $this->response->setJSON(['error' => 'Refund not found']);
+        }
+
+        $this->db->transBegin();
+
+        try {
+            if (!empty($refund['invoice_id'])) {
+                $this->db->query('SELECT id FROM invoices WHERE id = ? FOR UPDATE', [(int) $refund['invoice_id']]);
+            }
+
             $ok = $this->refundModel->update($refundId, [
                 'status'      => 'Rejected',
                 'approved_at' => utc_now(),
@@ -489,6 +539,17 @@ class RefundController extends BaseController
                 'updated_by'  => session()->get('user_id'),
             ]);
 
+            if (!empty($refund['invoice_id'])) {
+                $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice((int) $refund['invoice_id']);
+            }
+
+            $this->db->transCommit();
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            $this->db->transRollback();
+            log_message('error', 'rejectRefund failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
+            $ok = false;
+        }
+
         return $this->response->setJSON($ok ? ['success' => 'Refund rejected'] : ['error' => 'Reject failed']);
     }
 
@@ -526,17 +587,21 @@ class RefundController extends BaseController
         // Optional file upload for Check
         $checkFileName = $refund['check_file'] ?? null;
         if ($refundMethod === 'Check') {
+            try {
                 $checkFile = $this->request->getFile('check_file');
-            if ($checkFile && $checkFile->isValid() && !$checkFile->hasMoved()) {
-                $checkFileName = $checkFile->getRandomName();
-                $checkFile->move(WRITEPATH . 'uploads/checks/', $checkFileName);
+                $uploaded = $this->financialAttachmentService->saveUploadedFile($checkFile, 'checks');
+                if ($uploaded !== null) {
+                    $checkFileName = $uploaded;
+                }
+            } catch (\RuntimeException $e) {
+                return $this->response->setJSON(['error' => $e->getMessage()]);
             }
         }
 
         $newStatus = ($total < $target) ? 'Partial' : 'Paid';
 
         $db = db_connect();
-        $db->transStart();
+        $db->transBegin();
 
         // 0) If this refund is not tied to an invoice yet, assign it to the most overpaid invoice
         $assignInvoiceId = null;
@@ -595,7 +660,12 @@ class RefundController extends BaseController
             }
         }
 
-        // 1) Update refund row
+        try {
+            $affectedInvoiceId = (int) ($assignInvoiceId ?? $refund['invoice_id'] ?? 0);
+            if ($affectedInvoiceId > 0) {
+                $db->query('SELECT id FROM invoices WHERE id = ? FOR UPDATE', [$affectedInvoiceId]);
+            }
+
             $this->refundModel->update($refundId, [
                 'refund_paid_amount' => $total,
                 'status'             => $newStatus,
@@ -605,16 +675,17 @@ class RefundController extends BaseController
                 'refund_method'      => $refundMethod,
                 'check_nbr'          => $checkNbr,
                 'check_file'         => $checkFileName,
-            // tie to invoice if determined
-            'invoice_id'         => $assignInvoiceId ?? $refund['invoice_id'],
+                'invoice_id'         => $affectedInvoiceId ?: null,
             ]);
 
-        // 2) Optional: If you want an accounting journal entry for payouts, write to a dedicated table.
-        //    We no longer insert a negative row into payments to avoid schema/validation conflicts.
+            if ($affectedInvoiceId > 0) {
+                $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice($affectedInvoiceId);
+            }
 
-        $db->transComplete();
-
-        if ($db->transStatus() === false) {
+            $db->transCommit();
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            $db->transRollback();
+            log_message('error', 'updatePayment failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
             return $this->response->setJSON(['error' => 'Failed to update payment.']);
         }
 
@@ -770,6 +841,13 @@ class RefundController extends BaseController
             return $this->response->setJSON(['error' => 'Refund not found.']);
         }
 
+        $this->db->transBegin();
+
+        try {
+            if (!empty($refund['invoice_id'])) {
+                $this->db->query('SELECT id FROM invoices WHERE id = ? FOR UPDATE', [(int) $refund['invoice_id']]);
+            }
+
             $ok = $this->refundModel->update($refundId, [
                 'status'      => $status,
                 'reason'      => $reason,
@@ -779,7 +857,61 @@ class RefundController extends BaseController
                 'updated_by'  => session()->get('user_id'),
             ]);
 
+            if (!empty($refund['invoice_id'])) {
+                $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice((int) $refund['invoice_id']);
+            }
+
+            $this->db->transCommit();
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            $this->db->transRollback();
+            log_message('error', 'updateStatus failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
+            $ok = false;
+        }
+
         return $this->response->setJSON($ok ? ['success' => 'Refund status updated successfully.']
                                             : ['error'   => 'Failed to update refund status.']);
     }
+
+    public function serveRefundFile(int $refundId, string $mode = 'download')
+    {
+        $refund = $this->refundModel->find($refundId);
+        if (!$refund || empty($refund['check_file'])) {
+            throw PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound('Refund file not found.');
+        }
+
+        if (!$this->canViewRefund($refund)) {
+            return $this->response->setStatusCode(403);
+        }
+
+        $path = $this->financialAttachmentService->resolvePath('checks', (string) $refund['check_file']);
+        if ($path === null) {
+            throw PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound('Refund file not found.');
+        }
+
+        if ($mode === 'inline') {
+            return $this->response
+                ->setHeader('Content-Type', $this->financialAttachmentService->detectMime($path))
+                ->setHeader('Content-Disposition', 'inline; filename="' . basename($path) . '"')
+                ->setBody(file_get_contents($path));
+        }
+
+        return $this->response->download($path, null);
+    }
+
+    private function canViewRefund(array $refund): bool
+    {
+        $roles = array_map('strtolower', (array) (session()->get('roles') ?? []));
+        $activeRole = strtolower((string) (session()->get('role') ?? ''));
+        if ($activeRole !== '' && !in_array($activeRole, $roles, true)) {
+            $roles[] = $activeRole;
+        }
+
+        foreach (['administrator', 'administrative staff', 'principal', 'teacher', 'teacher_assistant'] as $role) {
+            if (in_array($role, $roles, true)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return in_array('parent', $roles, true) && (int) ($refund['parent_id'] ?? 0) === (int) session()->get('user_id');
+    }
 }

app/Controllers/View/ReimbursementController.php

@@ -611,14 +611,18 @@ class ReimbursementController extends BaseController
     }
 
     $expenseId = (int) $this->request->getPost('expense_id');
+
     $batchIdRaw = $this->request->getPost('batch_id');
     $batchId    = (int) $batchIdRaw;
+
     $fallbackBatchNumber = $this->request->getPost('batch_number');
     if ($batchId <= 0 && $fallbackBatchNumber !== null && trim((string) $fallbackBatchNumber) !== '') {
         $batchId = (int) $fallbackBatchNumber;
     }
+
     $adminIdRaw = $this->request->getPost('admin_id');
     $adminId    = ($adminIdRaw === '' || $adminIdRaw === null) ? null : (int) $adminIdRaw;
+
     $reimbursementId = (int) $this->request->getPost('reimbursement_id') ?: null;
 
     if ($expenseId <= 0) {
@@ -630,123 +634,185 @@ class ReimbursementController extends BaseController
 
     $now = date('Y-m-d H:i:s');
 
+    $newHashResponse = function (array $payload = []) {
+        $newHash = function_exists('csrf_hash') ? csrf_hash() : null;
+
+        return $this->response
+            ->setHeader('X-CSRF-HASH', (string) $newHash)
+            ->setJSON(array_merge($payload, [
+                'csrf_hash' => $newHash,
+            ]));
+    };
+
+    $this->db->transBegin();
+
+    try {
         $activeItem = $this->batchItemModel
             ->where('expense_id', $expenseId)
             ->where('unassigned_at IS NULL', null, false)
             ->first();
 
+        /**
+         * If no batch is provided, remove the item from active batch processing.
+         * This means "unassigned from batch", not "unassigned admin".
+         */
         if ($batchId <= 0) {
             if ($activeItem) {
-                $this->batchItemModel->update((int) $activeItem['id'], ['unassigned_at' => $now]);
+                $this->batchItemModel->update((int) $activeItem['id'], [
+                    'unassigned_at' => $now,
+                ]);
+
                 if (!$reimbursementId && !empty($activeItem['reimbursement_id'])) {
                     $reimbursementId = (int) $activeItem['reimbursement_id'];
                 }
             }
 
-            $newHash = function_exists('csrf_hash') ? csrf_hash() : null;
-            return $this->response
-                ->setHeader('X-CSRF-HASH', (string) $newHash)
-                ->setJSON([
+            if (!$this->db->transStatus()) {
+                throw new \RuntimeException('Transaction failed while unassigning batch item.');
+            }
+
+            $this->db->transCommit();
+
+            return $newHashResponse([
                 'success'          => true,
                 'batch_id'         => 0,
                 'admin_id'         => null,
                 'reimbursement_id' => $reimbursementId,
-                    'csrf_hash'        => $newHash,
             ]);
         }
 
         $batch = $this->batchModel->find($batchId);
         if (!$batch || strtolower((string) ($batch['status'] ?? 'open')) !== 'open') {
+            $this->db->transRollback();
+
             return $this->response->setStatusCode(404)->setJSON([
                 'success' => false,
                 'error'   => 'Batch not found or already closed.',
             ]);
         }
 
-        $currentAdmin = $activeItem ? (int) ($activeItem['admin_id'] ?? 0) : null;
+        if (!$reimbursementId) {
+            if ($activeItem && !empty($activeItem['reimbursement_id'])) {
+                $reimbursementId = (int) $activeItem['reimbursement_id'];
+            } else {
+                $reimbursementId = $this->lookupReimbursementId($expenseId);
+            }
+        }
+
         $activeSameBatch = $activeItem && (int) ($activeItem['batch_id'] ?? 0) === $batchId;
-        if ($activeSameBatch && ($currentAdmin === ($adminId ?? 0))) {
-            $newHash = function_exists('csrf_hash') ? csrf_hash() : null;
-            return $this->response
-                ->setHeader('X-CSRF-HASH', (string) $newHash)
-                ->setJSON([
+        $currentAdmin    = $activeItem ? (int) ($activeItem['admin_id'] ?? 0) : null;
+        $requestedAdmin  = $adminId ?? 0;
+
+        /**
+         * If the item is already active in the same batch/admin slot, just return success.
+         */
+        if ($activeSameBatch && $currentAdmin === $requestedAdmin) {
+            if (!$this->db->transStatus()) {
+                throw new \RuntimeException('Transaction failed while checking existing assignment.');
+            }
+
+            $this->db->transCommit();
+
+            return $newHashResponse([
                 'success'          => true,
                 'batch_id'         => $batchId,
                 'admin_id'         => $adminId,
-                    'reimbursement_id' => $activeItem['reimbursement_id'] ?? null,
-                    'csrf_hash'        => $newHash,
+                'reimbursement_id' => $activeItem['reimbursement_id'] ?? $reimbursementId,
             ]);
         }
 
+        /**
+         * If same batch but different admin, update the existing active row.
+         *
+         * Important:
+         * admin_id = null means active in the batch but not assigned to an admin.
+         * unassigned_at != null means removed from active batch processing.
+         */
         if ($activeSameBatch) {
-            if (!$reimbursementId) {
-                $reimbursementId = $activeItem['reimbursement_id'] ? (int) $activeItem['reimbursement_id'] : $this->lookupReimbursementId($expenseId);
-            }
-            $updatePayload = [
+            $this->batchItemModel->update((int) $activeItem['id'], [
                 'admin_id'         => $adminId,
                 'assigned_at'      => $now,
                 'reimbursement_id' => $reimbursementId,
-                'unassigned_at'    => $adminId === null ? $now : null,
-            ];
-            $this->batchItemModel->update((int) $activeItem['id'], $updatePayload);
-            $newHash = function_exists('csrf_hash') ? csrf_hash() : null;
-            return $this->response
-                ->setHeader('X-CSRF-HASH', (string) $newHash)
-                ->setJSON([
+                'unassigned_at'    => null,
+            ]);
+
+            if (!$this->db->transStatus()) {
+                throw new \RuntimeException('Transaction failed while updating existing assignment.');
+            }
+
+            $this->db->transCommit();
+
+            return $newHashResponse([
                 'success'          => true,
                 'batch_id'         => $batchId,
                 'admin_id'         => $adminId,
                 'reimbursement_id' => $reimbursementId,
-                    'csrf_hash'        => $newHash,
             ]);
         }
 
+        /**
+         * If the item is active in another batch, soft-unassign that row first.
+         */
         if ($activeItem) {
-            $this->batchItemModel->update((int) $activeItem['id'], ['unassigned_at' => $now]);
-            if (!$reimbursementId && !empty($activeItem['reimbursement_id'])) {
-                $reimbursementId = (int) $activeItem['reimbursement_id'];
-            }
+            $this->batchItemModel->update((int) $activeItem['id'], [
+                'unassigned_at' => $now,
+            ]);
         }
 
-        if (!$reimbursementId) {
-            $reimbursementId = $this->lookupReimbursementId($expenseId);
-        }
+        /**
+         * Critical fix:
+         * Check whether this expense was previously assigned to this batch.
+         * Because uq_batch_expense(batch_id, expense_id) blocks duplicate rows,
+         * we must reactivate/update the old row instead of inserting again.
+         */
+        $existingBatchItem = $this->batchItemModel
+            ->where('batch_id', $batchId)
+            ->where('expense_id', $expenseId)
+            ->first();
 
-        $insertData = [
+        $assignmentData = [
             'batch_id'         => $batchId,
             'expense_id'       => $expenseId,
             'reimbursement_id' => $reimbursementId,
             'admin_id'         => $adminId,
             'assigned_at'      => $now,
+            'unassigned_at'    => null,
             'school_year'      => $this->schoolYear,
             'semester'         => $this->semester,
         ];
 
-        try {
-            $this->batchItemModel->insert($insertData);
+        if ($existingBatchItem) {
+            $this->batchItemModel->update((int) $existingBatchItem['id'], $assignmentData);
+        } else {
+            $this->batchItemModel->insert($assignmentData);
+        }
+
+        if (!$this->db->transStatus()) {
+            throw new \RuntimeException('Transaction failed while saving assignment.');
+        }
+
+        $this->db->transCommit();
+
+        return $newHashResponse([
+            'success'          => true,
+            'batch_id'         => $batchId,
+            'admin_id'         => $adminId,
+            'reimbursement_id' => $reimbursementId,
+        ]);
     } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-            log_message('error', 'Failed to assign expense #{expense} to batch #{batch}: {msg}', [
+        $this->db->transRollback();
+
+        log_message('error', 'Failed to update batch assignment for expense #{expense}, batch #{batch}: {msg}', [
             'expense' => $expenseId,
             'batch'   => $batchId,
             'msg'     => $e->getMessage(),
         ]);
+
         return $this->response->setStatusCode(500)->setJSON([
             'success' => false,
             'error'   => 'Unable to update batch assignment right now.',
         ]);
     }
-
-        $newHash = function_exists('csrf_hash') ? csrf_hash() : null;
-
-        return $this->response
-            ->setHeader('X-CSRF-HASH', (string) $newHash)
-            ->setJSON([
-                'success'          => true,
-                'batch_id'         => $batchId,
-                'admin_id'         => $adminId,
-                'reimbursement_id' => $reimbursementId,
-                'csrf_hash'        => $newHash,
-            ]);
 }
 
     public function lockBatch()

app/Controllers/View/ReportCardsController.php

@@ -73,19 +73,6 @@ class ReportCardsController extends PrintablesBaseController
             $semesters = array_values(array_filter(array_map(static fn($r) => (string)($r['semester'] ?? ''), $rs)));
         } catch (\Throwable $e) {
         }
-        try {
-            $rs2 = $this->db->table('student_class')
-                ->select('DISTINCT semester', false)
-                ->where('school_year', $year)
-                ->where('semester IS NOT NULL', null, false)
-                ->orderBy('semester', 'ASC')
-                ->get()->getResultArray();
-            foreach ($rs2 as $r) {
-                $val = (string)($r['semester'] ?? '');
-                if ($val !== '' && !in_array($val, $semesters, true)) $semesters[] = $val;
-            }
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-        }
         // Ensure standard options are present even if data is missing (so Spring can be selected)
         $defaults = array_values(array_filter([(string)($this->semester ?? ''), 'Fall', 'Spring'], static fn($v) => $v !== ''));
         foreach ($defaults as $d) {
@@ -330,18 +317,27 @@ class ReportCardsController extends PrintablesBaseController
         $examCommentTypes = $isSecond
             ? ['final']
             : ($isFirst ? ['midterm'] : ['midterm', 'final']);
-        $commentTypes = array_merge($examCommentTypes, ['ptap', 'attendance', 'attendance_comment']);
+        $wantedCommentTypes = array_merge($examCommentTypes, ['ptap', 'attendance']);
         $hasCommentReview = $this->db->fieldExists('comment_review', 'score_comments');
-        $commentSelect = $hasCommentReview
-            ? 'student_id, score_type, comment, comment_review'
-            : 'student_id, score_type, comment';
+        $hasCommentSemester = $this->db->fieldExists('semester', 'score_comments');
+        $hasCommentUpdatedAt = $this->db->fieldExists('updated_at', 'score_comments');
+        $commentSelectParts = ['student_id', 'score_type', 'comment'];
+        if ($hasCommentReview) {
+            $commentSelectParts[] = 'comment_review';
+        }
+        if ($hasCommentSemester) {
+            $commentSelectParts[] = 'semester';
+        }
+
+        // Do NOT filter comments by score_type or semester here.
+        // A single bad row like "Attendance Comment", "attendance-comment", or a blank semester
+        // should not make one student look incomplete while the PDF can still print the comment.
         $commentBuilder = $this->scoreCommentModel
-            ->select($commentSelect)
+            ->select(implode(', ', $commentSelectParts))
             ->whereIn('student_id', $studentIds)
-            ->where('school_year', $year)
-            ->whereIn('score_type', $commentTypes);
-        if ($sem !== '') {
-            $this->applySemesterFilter($commentBuilder, $sem, 'semester');
+            ->where('school_year', $year);
+        if ($hasCommentUpdatedAt) {
+            $commentBuilder->orderBy('updated_at', 'DESC');
         }
         $commentRows = [];
         try {
@@ -349,25 +345,92 @@ class ReportCardsController extends PrintablesBaseController
         } catch (\Throwable $e) {
         }
 
+        $cleanComment = static function ($value): string {
+            $text = (string)($value ?? '');
+            $text = str_replace("\xc2\xa0", ' ', $text); // normalize non-breaking spaces
+            return trim($text);
+        };
+
+        $normalizeCommentType = static function ($value) use ($cleanComment): string {
+            $type = strtolower($cleanComment($value));
+            $type = preg_replace('/[^a-z0-9]+/', '_', $type);
+            $type = trim((string)$type, '_');
+
+            $map = [
+                'attendance_comment' => 'attendance',
+                'attendance_comments' => 'attendance',
+                'attendance' => 'attendance',
+                'attendence' => 'attendance',
+                'attendence_comment' => 'attendance',
+                'attendence_comments' => 'attendance',
+                'ptap_comment' => 'ptap',
+                'ptap_comments' => 'ptap',
+                'ptap' => 'ptap',
+                'midterm_comment' => 'midterm',
+                'midterm_comments' => 'midterm',
+                'midterm' => 'midterm',
+                'final_comment' => 'final',
+                'final_comments' => 'final',
+                'final' => 'final',
+            ];
+
+            return $map[$type] ?? $type;
+        };
+
+        $normalizeSemester = static function ($value) use ($cleanComment): string {
+            $v = strtolower($cleanComment($value));
+            $v = preg_replace('/[^a-z0-9]+/', ' ', $v);
+            $v = trim((string)$v);
+            if (in_array($v, ['fall', 'first', 'first semester', 'semester 1', '1'], true)) {
+                return 'fall';
+            }
+            if (in_array($v, ['spring', 'second', 'second semester', 'semester 2', '2'], true)) {
+                return 'spring';
+            }
+            return $v;
+        };
+        $wantedSemester = $normalizeSemester($sem);
+
         $commentsByStudent = [];
+        $commentPriorityByStudent = [];
         foreach ($commentRows as $row) {
             $sid = (int)($row['student_id'] ?? 0);
             if ($sid <= 0) {
                 continue;
             }
-            $typeRaw = strtolower(trim((string)($row['score_type'] ?? '')));
-            if ($typeRaw === '') {
+
+            $typeRaw = $normalizeCommentType($row['score_type'] ?? '');
+            if ($typeRaw === '' || !in_array($typeRaw, $wantedCommentTypes, true)) {
                 continue;
             }
-            if ($typeRaw === 'attendance_comment') {
-                $typeRaw = 'attendance';
+
+            $rawVal = $cleanComment($row['comment'] ?? '');
+            if ($typeRaw === 'attendance') {
+                // Attendance comments are stored in score_comments.comment.
+                // Do not use comment_review here, because it can be blank while the PDF comment exists.
+                $commentVal = $rawVal;
+            } else {
+                // For non-attendance comments, prefer reviewed text but fall back to the saved comment.
+                $reviewVal = $hasCommentReview ? $cleanComment($row['comment_review'] ?? '') : '';
+                $commentVal = $reviewVal !== '' ? $reviewVal : $rawVal;
             }
-            $reviewVal = $hasCommentReview ? trim((string)($row['comment_review'] ?? '')) : '';
-            $commentVal = $hasCommentReview ? $reviewVal : trim((string)($row['comment'] ?? ''));
             if ($commentVal === '') {
                 continue;
             }
+
+            $rowSemester = $hasCommentSemester ? $normalizeSemester($row['semester'] ?? '') : '';
+            $priority = 1;
+            if ($wantedSemester !== '' && $rowSemester === $wantedSemester) {
+                $priority = 3;
+            } elseif ($rowSemester === '') {
+                $priority = 2;
+            }
+
+            $existingPriority = $commentPriorityByStudent[$sid][$typeRaw] ?? 0;
+            if (!isset($commentsByStudent[$sid][$typeRaw]) || $priority >= $existingPriority) {
                 $commentsByStudent[$sid][$typeRaw] = $commentVal;
+                $commentPriorityByStudent[$sid][$typeRaw] = $priority;
+            }
         }
 
         $isNumeric = static fn($v) => $v !== null && $v !== '' && is_numeric($v);
@@ -480,6 +543,20 @@ class ReportCardsController extends PrintablesBaseController
             if (trim((string)($commentSet['ptap'] ?? '')) === '') {
                 $missing[] = 'PTAP comment';
             }
+
+            // Keep completeness consistent with the PDF report generation:
+            // the report can auto-generate an attendance comment from attendance_score.
+            if (trim((string)($commentSet['attendance'] ?? '')) === '' && $isNumeric($attendanceScore)) {
+                $autoAttendance = attendance_comment_from_score(
+                    (float)$attendanceScore,
+                    trim((string)($student['firstname'] ?? ''))
+                );
+                if ($autoAttendance !== null && trim((string)$autoAttendance) !== '') {
+                    $commentSet['attendance'] = $autoAttendance;
+                    $warnings[] = 'Attendance comment computed from attendance score';
+                }
+            }
+
             if (trim((string)($commentSet['attendance'] ?? '')) === '') {
                 $missing[] = 'Attendance comment';
             }
@@ -858,6 +935,7 @@ class ReportCardsController extends PrintablesBaseController
         $studentName = trim(($data['student']['firstname'] ?? '') . ' ' . ($data['student']['lastname'] ?? ''));
         $gradeLabel  = (string)($data['grade'] ?? ($data['class_section_name'] ?? 'N/A'));
         $today       = (string)($data['report_date_display'] ?? date('m-d-Y'));
+        $termRank    = trim((string)($data['term_rank_display'] ?? ''));
         $firstSemScore  = $data['first_semester_score'] ?? null;
         $secondSemScore = $data['second_semester_score'] ?? ($data['total_score'] ?? null);
         $finalAverage   = $data['final_average'] ?? null;
@@ -993,7 +1071,16 @@ class ReportCardsController extends PrintablesBaseController
         $gradeY = $pdf->GetY();
         $gradePad = max(0, 2 - (4 * 0.3528)); // reduce indentation by 4pt
 
-        $drawGradeCell = static function (\FPDF $pdf, float $x, float $y, float $w, float $h, string $label, string $value, float $pad) {
+        $drawGradeCell = static function (
+    \FPDF $pdf,
+    float $x,
+    float $y,
+    float $w,
+    float $h,
+    string $label,
+    string $value,
+    float $pad
+) {
     $pdf->Rect($x, $y, $w, $h);
     $pdf->SetXY($x + $pad, $y + 3);
     $pdf->SetFont('Helvetica', 'B', 11);
@@ -1003,43 +1090,71 @@ class ReportCardsController extends PrintablesBaseController
     $pdf->SetXY($x + 2 + $labelWidth, $y + 3);
     $pdf->Write(5, $value);
 };
+$drawRankCell = static function (
+    \FPDF $pdf,
+    float $x,
+    float $y,
+    float $w,
+    float $h,
+    string $rankValue,
+    float $pad
+) {
+    $rankValue = trim($rankValue) !== '' ? trim($rankValue) : 'N/A';
 
+    $pdf->Rect($x, $y, $w, $h);
+    $pdf->SetXY($x + $pad, $y + 3);
+    $pdf->SetFont('Helvetica', 'B', 11);
+    $pdf->Write(5, ' Class Rank: ');
+
+    $labelWidth = $pdf->GetStringWidth(' Class Rank: ');
+    $pdf->SetFont('Helvetica', '', 12);
+    $pdf->SetXY($x + 2 + $labelWidth, $y + 3);
+    $pdf->Write(5, $rankValue);
+};
 if ($semNum === 2) {
     $firstLabel = ' 1st Semester Grade:';
     $firstValue = $numFmt($firstSemScore) . '/100';
+
     $secondLabel = '  2nd Semester Grade:';
     $secondValue = $numFmt($effectiveSecond) . '/100';
+
     $drawGradeCell($pdf, $gradeX, $gradeY, $gradeCellWidth, $gradeCellHeight, $firstLabel, $firstValue, $gradePad);
     $drawGradeCell($pdf, $gradeX + $gradeCellWidth, $gradeY, $gradeCellWidth, $gradeCellHeight, $secondLabel, $secondValue, $gradePad);
 } else {
     $gradeLabel = ' 1st Semester Grade:';
     $gradeValue = $numFmt($effectiveSecond) . '/100';
+
     $drawGradeCell($pdf, $gradeX, $gradeY, $gradeCellWidth, $gradeCellHeight, $gradeLabel, $gradeValue, $gradePad);
+
+    // Fall: Ranking goes to the right of 1st Semester Grade.
+    $drawRankCell($pdf, $gradeX + $gradeCellWidth, $gradeY, $gradeCellWidth, $gradeCellHeight, $termRank, $gradePad);
 }
+
 $pdf->SetY($gradeY + $gradeCellHeight);
 
 $finalScoreRowHeight = 12;
 $finalScoreEndY = null;
-        // Show Final Score only for second semester / Spring
+
+// Show Final Score only for second semester / Spring.
 if ($semNum === 2) {
     $finalLabel = 'Final Score****:';
     $finalValue = (is_string($finalScoreVal) ? $finalScoreVal : $numFmt($finalScoreVal)) . '/100';
-            $finalCellWidth = 65; // match Total Semester Days column width
+
+    $finalCellWidth = 65;
     $finalCellHeight = $finalScoreRowHeight;
     $finalX = $pdf->GetX();
     $finalY = $pdf->GetY();
-            $pdf->Rect($finalX, $finalY, $finalCellWidth, $finalCellHeight);
-            $finalPad = max(0, 2 - (4 * 0.3528)); // reduce indentation by 4pt
-            $pdf->SetXY($finalX + $finalPad, $finalY + 3);
-            $pdf->SetFont('Helvetica', 'B', 11);
-            $pdf->Write(5, '  ' . $finalLabel . ' ');
-            $finalLabelWidth = $pdf->GetStringWidth('  ' . $finalLabel . ' ');
-            $pdf->SetFont('Helvetica', '', 12);
-            $pdf->SetXY($finalX + 2 + $finalLabelWidth, $finalY + 3);
-            $pdf->Write(5, $finalValue);
-            $pdf->Ln($finalCellHeight);
+    $finalPad = max(0, 2 - (4 * 0.3528));
+
+    $drawGradeCell($pdf, $finalX, $finalY, $finalCellWidth, $finalCellHeight, '  ' . $finalLabel, $finalValue, $finalPad);
+
+    // Spring: Ranking goes to the right of Final Score.
+    $drawRankCell($pdf, $finalX + $finalCellWidth, $finalY, $finalCellWidth, $finalCellHeight, $termRank, $finalPad);
+
+    $pdf->SetY($finalY + $finalCellHeight);
     $finalScoreEndY = $finalY + $finalCellHeight;
 }
+
 $scoresEndY = $pdf->GetY();
 
         // Legend anchored near bottom with a 3mm buffer (dynamic placement)
@@ -1506,10 +1621,16 @@ class ReportCardsController extends PrintablesBaseController
                 if ($typeRaw === 'attendance_comment') {
                     $typeRaw = 'attendance';
                 }
+                $rawComment = trim((string)($row['comment'] ?? ''));
+                if ($typeRaw === 'attendance') {
+                    // Attendance comments must come from score_comments.comment.
+                    $commentVal = $rawComment;
+                } else {
                     $reviewVal  = trim((string)($row['comment_review'] ?? ''));
-                $commentVal = $this->db->fieldExists('comment_review', 'score_comments')
+                    $commentVal = $this->db->fieldExists('comment_review', 'score_comments') && $reviewVal !== ''
                         ? $reviewVal
-                    : trim((string)($row['comment'] ?? ''));
+                        : $rawComment;
+                }
                 if ($commentVal === '') {
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -1559,6 +1680,20 @@ class ReportCardsController extends PrintablesBaseController
             $firstSemesterScore = $secondSemesterScore;
         }
 
+        $rankingScore = $secondSemesterScore;
+        if ($normSemester === 'spring' && is_numeric($firstSemesterScore) && is_numeric($secondSemesterScore)) {
+            $rankingScore = round(((float)$firstSemesterScore + (float)$secondSemesterScore) / 2, 1);
+        }
+
+        $termRanking = $this->calculateTermRanking(
+            $studentId,
+            $sectionCode,
+            $sectionId,
+            $refYear,
+            $refSemester !== '' ? $refSemester : (string)($score['semester'] ?? ''),
+            $rankingScore
+        );
+
         // Total semester days from attendance records (max total_attendance within same term)
         $totalSemesterDays = null;
 
@@ -1566,35 +1701,31 @@ class ReportCardsController extends PrintablesBaseController
             $semRange = $this->semesterRangeService->getSemesterRange($refYear, ucfirst($normSemester));
             if ($semRange) {
                 try {
-                    $events = $this->calendarModel->getEventsBySchoolYearAndSemester($refYear, $normSemester);
+                    // Fetch all events for the year (no semester filter) so that
+                    // no-school events stored with a different semester label or
+                    // NULL semester are still picked up. Date-range filtering below.
+                    $events = $this->calendarModel->getEventsBySchoolYearAndSemester($refYear, null);
                     $noSchoolDays = [];
                     foreach ($events as $event) {
                         if (empty($event['no_school'])) {
                             continue;
                         }
                         $dateStr = substr((string)($event['date'] ?? ''), 0, 10);
-                        if ($dateStr === '') {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        try {
-                            $eventDate = new \DateTime($dateStr);
-                        } catch (\Throwable) {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        if ($eventDate->format('N') !== '7') {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        if ($dateStr < $semRange[0] || $dateStr > $semRange[1]) {
+                        if ($dateStr === '' || $dateStr < $semRange[0] || $dateStr > $semRange[1]) {
                             continue;
                         }
                         $noSchoolDays[$dateStr] = true;
                     }
                     $sundays = $this->listSundays($semRange[0], $semRange[1]);
-                    $anchor = $this->resolveAnchorSunday();
                     $limit = $semRange[1];
+                    // Only cap at "today" while the semester is still in progress.
+                    // Once the semester end date has passed, count all its Sundays.
+                    if ($semRange[1] > date('Y-m-d')) {
+                        $anchor = $this->resolveAnchorSunday();
                         if ($anchor !== '' && $anchor >= $semRange[0]) {
                             $limit = min($anchor, $semRange[1]);
                         }
+                    }
                     $totalSemesterDays = 0;
                     foreach ($sundays as $date) {
                         if ($date > $limit) {
@@ -1689,12 +1820,254 @@ class ReportCardsController extends PrintablesBaseController
             'second_semester_score' => $secondSemesterScore,
             'first_semester_score'  => $firstSemesterScore,
             'final_average'         => $finalAverage,
+            'term_rank'             => $termRanking,
+            'term_rank_display'     => $termRanking['display'] ?? null,
             'comments'              => $commentMap,
             'total_score'         => $secondSemesterScore,
             'total_attendance_days' => $totalSemesterDays,
         ];
     }
 
+private function calculateTermRanking(
+    int $studentId,
+    int $sectionCode,
+    ?int $sectionId,
+    string $schoolYear,
+    ?string $semester,
+    ?float $studentScore
+): ?array {
+    if ($studentId <= 0 || $schoolYear === '' || $studentScore === null) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    $sectionIds = array_values(array_unique(array_filter([
+        $sectionCode > 0 ? $sectionCode : null,
+        $sectionId && $sectionId > 0 ? $sectionId : null,
+    ])));
+
+    if (empty($sectionIds)) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Rank must be limited to the actual selected class roster.
+     * Do NOT rank by every semester_scores row that happens to share class_section_id,
+     * because old/mismatched score rows can inflate the denominator (for example 18 students
+     * in 3-A showing as "out of 32"). The roster is the source of truth for class size.
+     */
+    $rosterRows = $this->fetchStudentsByClass($sectionCode, $schoolYear);
+    if (empty($rosterRows) && $sectionId && $sectionId !== $sectionCode) {
+        $rosterRows = $this->fetchStudentsByClass($sectionId, $schoolYear);
+    }
+
+    $rosterByStudent = [];
+    foreach ($rosterRows as $row) {
+        $sid = (int)($row['id'] ?? 0);
+        if ($sid <= 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        $rosterByStudent[$sid] = [
+            'firstname' => trim((string)($row['firstname'] ?? '')),
+            'lastname'  => trim((string)($row['lastname'] ?? '')),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    if (empty($rosterByStudent) || !isset($rosterByStudent[$studentId])) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    $rosterStudentIds = array_keys($rosterByStudent);
+
+    $semesterForRank  = trim((string)$semester);
+    $rankByFinalScore = $this->normalizeSemester($semesterForRank) === 'spring';
+
+    $builder = $this->db->table('semester_scores ss')
+        ->select('ss.student_id, ss.semester, ss.semester_score, ss.updated_at, ss.id')
+        ->where('ss.school_year', $schoolYear)
+        ->whereIn('ss.student_id', $rosterStudentIds)
+        ->orderBy('ss.updated_at', 'DESC')
+        ->orderBy('ss.id', 'DESC');
+
+    if ($semesterForRank !== '') {
+        $this->applySemesterFilter($builder, $semesterForRank, 'ss.semester');
+    }
+
+    $rows = $builder->get()->getResultArray();
+
+    if (empty($rows)) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    $scoresByStudent = [];
+
+    foreach ($rows as $row) {
+        $sid = (int)($row['student_id'] ?? 0);
+
+        if ($sid <= 0 || !isset($rosterByStudent[$sid]) || isset($scoresByStudent[$sid])) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        $scoreVal = $row['semester_score'] ?? null;
+
+        if (!is_numeric($scoreVal)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        $rawScore = (float)$scoreVal;
+
+        $scoresByStudent[$sid] = [
+            'student_id' => $sid,
+            'score'      => $rawScore,
+            'rank_score' => round($rawScore, 1),
+            'firstname'  => $rosterByStudent[$sid]['firstname'],
+            'lastname'   => $rosterByStudent[$sid]['lastname'],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    if (empty($scoresByStudent) || !isset($scoresByStudent[$studentId])) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // For Spring, rank by final year average:
+    // (first semester score + second semester score) / 2.
+    if ($rankByFinalScore) {
+        $studentIds = array_keys($scoresByStudent);
+
+        $firstRowsBuilder = $this->db->table('semester_scores ss')
+            ->select('ss.student_id, ss.semester, ss.semester_score, ss.updated_at, ss.id')
+            ->where('ss.school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->whereIn('ss.student_id', $studentIds)
+            ->orderBy('ss.updated_at', 'DESC')
+            ->orderBy('ss.id', 'DESC');
+
+        if ($semesterForRank !== '') {
+            $this->applySemesterExclusion($firstRowsBuilder, $semesterForRank, 'ss.semester');
+        }
+
+        $firstRows = $firstRowsBuilder->get()->getResultArray();
+
+        $firstScoresByStudent = [];
+
+        foreach ($firstRows as $row) {
+            $sid = (int)($row['student_id'] ?? 0);
+
+            if ($sid <= 0 || !isset($rosterByStudent[$sid]) || isset($firstScoresByStudent[$sid])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $scoreVal = $row['semester_score'] ?? null;
+
+            if (!is_numeric($scoreVal)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $firstScoresByStudent[$sid] = (float)$scoreVal;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($scoresByStudent as $sid => &$rankRow) {
+            if (!isset($firstScoresByStudent[$sid])) {
+                unset($scoresByStudent[$sid]);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $avg = ((float)$firstScoresByStudent[$sid] + (float)$rankRow['score']) / 2;
+
+            $rankRow['score']      = $avg;
+            $rankRow['rank_score'] = round($avg, 1);
+        }
+
+        unset($rankRow);
+
+        if (empty($scoresByStudent) || !isset($scoresByStudent[$studentId])) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Force the selected student to use the exact score already computed for the report.
+        // Then rank using the displayed precision: one decimal.
+        $scoresByStudent[$studentId]['score']      = (float)$studentScore;
+        $scoresByStudent[$studentId]['rank_score'] = round((float)$studentScore, 1);
+    } else {
+        // Fall: also force selected student to match the report-card computed score.
+        $scoresByStudent[$studentId]['score']      = (float)$studentScore;
+        $scoresByStudent[$studentId]['rank_score'] = round((float)$studentScore, 1);
+    }
+
+    $rankable = array_values($scoresByStudent);
+
+    usort($rankable, static function (array $a, array $b): int {
+        // Highest displayed/rank score first.
+        $scoreCmp = $b['rank_score'] <=> $a['rank_score'];
+
+        if ($scoreCmp !== 0) {
+            return $scoreCmp;
+        }
+
+        // Tie-breakers only control display order.
+        // They do NOT change rank.
+        $lastCmp = strcasecmp($a['lastname'], $b['lastname']);
+
+        if ($lastCmp !== 0) {
+            return $lastCmp;
+        }
+
+        $firstCmp = strcasecmp($a['firstname'], $b['firstname']);
+
+        if ($firstCmp !== 0) {
+            return $firstCmp;
+        }
+
+        return $a['student_id'] <=> $b['student_id'];
+    });
+
+    $position      = null;
+    $previousScore = null;
+
+    foreach ($rankable as $index => $row) {
+        $currentScore = (float)$row['rank_score'];
+
+        // Competition ranking:
+        // 1, 1, 3, 4...
+        // Same score = same rank.
+        if ($previousScore === null || abs($currentScore - $previousScore) > 0.0001) {
+            $position = $index + 1;
+            $previousScore = $currentScore;
+        }
+
+        if ((int)$row['student_id'] === $studentId) {
+            $total = count($rankable);
+
+            return [
+                'position' => $position,
+                'total'    => $total,
+                'score'    => $currentScore,
+                'display'  => $this->formatOrdinal($position) . ' out of ' . $total,
+            ];
+        }
+    }
+
+    return null;
+}
+
+    private function formatOrdinal(?int $value): string
+    {
+        $n = (int)$value;
+        if ($n <= 0) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        $mod100 = $n % 100;
+        if ($mod100 >= 11 && $mod100 <= 13) {
+            return $n . 'th';
+        }
+
+        return match ($n % 10) {
+            1 => $n . 'st',
+            2 => $n . 'nd',
+            3 => $n . 'rd',
+            default => $n . 'th',
+        };
+    }
+
     /**
      * Resolve teacher & TA names for a class section (by PK or code),
      * relaxing semester/year if needed. Returns ['teacher_name' => string, 'ta_names' => string[]].

app/Controllers/View/SchoolYearController.php

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers\View;
+
+/**
+ * Compatibility wrapper for older references.
+ *
+ * School-year lifecycle behavior lives in App\Controllers\Administrator,
+ * where status changes are exposed only as dedicated actions.
+ */
+class SchoolYearController extends \App\Controllers\Administrator\SchoolYearController
+{
+}

app/Controllers/View/ScoreCommentController.php

@@ -231,18 +231,36 @@ class ScoreCommentController extends BaseController
             $rawCommentsBuilder->groupEnd();
         }
 
+        if (!$isAllSections && $classSectionId > 0) {
+            // Prefer the exact class-section row over legacy NULL class-section rows.
+            // Without this, duplicate rows can overwrite each other unpredictably.
+            $rawCommentsBuilder
+                ->orderBy("CASE WHEN class_section_id = {$classSectionId} THEN 0 ELSE 1 END", '', false)
+                ->orderBy('id', 'DESC');
+        } else {
+            $rawCommentsBuilder->orderBy('id', 'DESC');
+        }
+
         $rawComments = $rawCommentsBuilder->findAll();
 
         $existingAttendance = [];
         foreach ($rawComments as $c) {
             $sid = (int) $c['student_id'];
-            $typ = (string)$c['score_type'];
+            $typ = strtolower(trim((string) $c['score_type']));
+
+            // The query is ordered with the best row first. Do not let legacy/older
+            // duplicate rows overwrite the selected comment/review.
+            if (isset($comments[$sid][$typ])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
             $comments[$sid][$typ] = [
                 'comment'        => $c['comment'] ?? null,
                 'comment_review' => $c['comment_review'] ?? null,
                 'commented_by'   => $c['commented_by'] ?? null,
                 'reviewed_by'    => $c['reviewed_by'] ?? null,
             ];
+
             if ($typ === 'attendance') {
                 $existingAttendance[$sid] = $c;
             }
@@ -435,6 +453,16 @@ class ScoreCommentController extends BaseController
                 $existingQuery->groupEnd();
             }
 
+            if (is_int($classSectionId) && $classSectionId > 0) {
+                // Prefer updating the real class-section row. If only a legacy NULL row
+                // exists, it will be picked next and migrated to the class section below.
+                $existingQuery
+                    ->orderBy("CASE WHEN class_section_id = {$classSectionId} THEN 0 ELSE 1 END", '', false)
+                    ->orderBy('id', 'DESC');
+            } else {
+                $existingQuery->orderBy('id', 'DESC');
+            }
+
             $existing = $existingQuery->first();
 
             $data = [

app/Controllers/View/TrophyController.php

@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers\View;
+
+use App\Controllers\BaseController;
+use App\Models\ConfigurationModel;
+
+class TrophyController extends BaseController
+{
+    private const PERCENTILE     = 75.0;
+
+    protected ConfigurationModel $configModel;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->configModel = new ConfigurationModel();
+    }
+
+    public function index()
+    {
+        $db = \Config\Database::connect();
+
+        $currentYear = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '';
+        $selectedYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $currentYear;
+
+        $percentile = (float) ($this->request->getGet('percentile') ?? 75);
+        $percentile = max(1.0, min(99.0, $percentile));
+
+        // Available school years from class assignments so the current year can
+        // still appear even if fall scores are not fully entered yet.
+        $years = $db->table('student_class')
+            ->select('school_year')
+            ->distinct()
+            ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+        $years = array_column($years, 'school_year');
+
+        // Build a fall-score-based projection. We start from class assignments so
+        // students without a recorded fall score still appear as "not yet
+        // projected" rather than disappearing from the page.
+        $rows = $db->table('student_class sc')
+            ->select([
+                'sc.student_id',
+                'sc.class_section_id',
+                'MAX(ss.semester_score) AS fall_score',
+                'cs.class_section_name',
+                'CONCAT(s.firstname, " ", s.lastname) AS student_name',
+                's.school_id',
+                's.gender',
+            ])
+            ->join('classSection cs', 'cs.class_section_id = sc.class_section_id', 'left')
+            ->join('students s', 's.id = sc.student_id', 'left')
+            ->join(
+                'semester_scores ss',
+                'ss.student_id = sc.student_id'
+                . ' AND ss.class_section_id = sc.class_section_id'
+                . ' AND ss.school_year = ' . $db->escape($selectedYear)
+                . ' AND LOWER(ss.semester) = "fall"',
+                'left'
+            )
+            ->where('sc.school_year', $selectedYear)
+            ->orderBy('cs.class_section_name', 'ASC')
+            ->orderBy('fall_score', 'DESC')
+            ->orderBy('student_name', 'ASC')
+            ->groupBy('sc.student_id, sc.class_section_id, cs.class_section_name, s.firstname, s.lastname, s.school_id')
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        // Group rows by class section
+        $sections = [];
+        foreach ($rows as $row) {
+            $sid  = (int) ($row['class_section_id'] ?? 0);
+            $name = $row['class_section_name'] ?? 'Section ' . $sid;
+            if (!isset($sections[$sid])) {
+                $sections[$sid] = ['name' => $name, 'students' => []];
+            }
+            $sections[$sid]['students'][] = [
+                'student_id'   => (int) $row['student_id'],
+                'name'         => $row['student_name'],
+                'school_id'    => $row['school_id'],
+                'gender'       => $row['gender'] ?? '',
+                'fall_score'   => is_numeric($row['fall_score']) ? (float) $row['fall_score'] : null,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        // Calculate trophy thresholds from fall scores only, then project who is
+        // currently on track for a year-end trophy.
+        $classResults = [];
+        foreach ($sections as $sid => $section) {
+            usort($section['students'], static function (array $a, array $b): int {
+                $aScore = $a['fall_score'];
+                $bScore = $b['fall_score'];
+
+                if ($aScore === null && $bScore === null) {
+                    return strcmp($a['name'], $b['name']);
+                }
+
+                if ($aScore === null) {
+                    return 1;
+                }
+
+                if ($bScore === null) {
+                    return -1;
+                }
+
+                return $bScore <=> $aScore ?: strcmp($a['name'], $b['name']);
+            });
+
+            $scores    = array_column($section['students'], 'fall_score');
+            $calc      = $this->calculateThreshold($scores, $percentile);
+            $threshold = $calc['threshold'];
+
+            $students = array_map(function (array $student) use ($threshold): array {
+                $student['projected_trophy'] = $threshold !== null
+                    && $student['fall_score'] !== null
+                    && $student['fall_score'] >= $threshold;
+                return $student;
+            }, $section['students']);
+
+            $scoredCount = count(array_filter(
+                array_column($students, 'fall_score'),
+                static fn ($score) => $score !== null
+            ));
+
+            $boys         = array_filter($students, static fn ($s) => strtolower($s['gender']) === 'male');
+            $girls        = array_filter($students, static fn ($s) => strtolower($s['gender']) === 'female');
+            $trophyBoys   = array_filter($boys,  static fn ($s) => $s['projected_trophy']);
+            $trophyGirls  = array_filter($girls, static fn ($s) => $s['projected_trophy']);
+            $nBoys        = count($boys);
+            $nGirls       = count($girls);
+            $nTrophyBoys  = count($trophyBoys);
+            $nTrophyGirls = count($trophyGirls);
+            $total        = count($students);
+
+            $classResults[] = [
+                'section_id'       => $sid,
+                'section_name'     => $section['name'],
+                'students'         => $students,
+                'threshold'        => $threshold,
+                'trophy_count'     => $calc['winners'],
+                'student_count'    => $total,
+                'scored_count'     => $scoredCount,
+                'method'           => $calc['method'],
+                'boys'             => $nBoys,
+                'girls'            => $nGirls,
+                'trophy_boys'      => $nTrophyBoys,
+                'trophy_girls'     => $nTrophyGirls,
+                'pct_boys'         => $total   > 0 ? round($nBoys  / $total * 100)        : 0,
+                'pct_girls'        => $total   > 0 ? round($nGirls / $total * 100)        : 0,
+                'pct_trophy_boys'  => $nBoys   > 0 ? round($nTrophyBoys  / $nBoys  * 100) : 0,
+                'pct_trophy_girls' => $nGirls  > 0 ? round($nTrophyGirls / $nGirls * 100) : 0,
+                'pct_trophy_total' => $total   > 0 ? round($calc['winners'] / $total * 100): 0,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return view('administrator/trophy', [
+            'classResults'      => $classResults,
+            'selectedYear'      => $selectedYear,
+            'selectedPercentile'=> $percentile,
+            'years'             => $years,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    public function winners()
+    {
+        $db = \Config\Database::connect();
+
+        $currentYear  = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '';
+        $selectedYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $currentYear;
+        $percentile   = (float) ($this->request->getGet('percentile') ?? 75);
+        $percentile   = max(1.0, min(99.0, $percentile));
+
+        $years = $db->table('student_class')
+            ->select('school_year')->distinct()
+            ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
+            ->get()->getResultArray();
+        $years = array_column($years, 'school_year');
+
+        $ey = $db->escape($selectedYear);
+
+        $rows = $db->table('student_class sc')
+            ->select([
+                'sc.student_id',
+                'sc.class_section_id',
+                'cs.class_section_name',
+                'CONCAT(s.firstname, " ", s.lastname) AS student_name',
+                's.school_id',
+                's.gender',
+                'MAX(sf.semester_score) AS fall_score',
+                'MAX(sp.semester_score) AS spring_score',
+            ])
+            ->join('classSection cs', 'cs.class_section_id = sc.class_section_id', 'left')
+            ->join('students s', 's.id = sc.student_id', 'left')
+            ->join('semester_scores sf',
+                'sf.student_id = sc.student_id AND sf.class_section_id = sc.class_section_id'
+                . ' AND sf.school_year = ' . $ey . ' AND LOWER(sf.semester) = "fall"', 'left')
+            ->join('semester_scores sp',
+                'sp.student_id = sc.student_id AND sp.class_section_id = sc.class_section_id'
+                . ' AND sp.school_year = ' . $ey . ' AND LOWER(sp.semester) = "spring"', 'left')
+            ->where('sc.school_year', $selectedYear)
+            ->orderBy('cs.class_section_name', 'ASC')
+            ->orderBy('student_name', 'ASC')
+            ->groupBy('sc.student_id, sc.class_section_id, cs.class_section_name, s.firstname, s.lastname, s.school_id, s.gender')
+            ->get()->getResultArray();
+
+        $sections = [];
+        foreach ($rows as $row) {
+            $sid  = (int) ($row['class_section_id'] ?? 0);
+            $name = $row['class_section_name'] ?? 'Section ' . $sid;
+            if (!isset($sections[$sid])) $sections[$sid] = ['name' => $name, 'students' => []];
+            $fall   = is_numeric($row['fall_score'])   ? (float) $row['fall_score']   : null;
+            $spring = is_numeric($row['spring_score']) ? (float) $row['spring_score'] : null;
+            $year   = ($fall !== null && $spring !== null)
+                        ? round(($fall + $spring) / 2, 1)
+                        : ($fall ?? $spring);
+            $sections[$sid]['students'][] = [
+                'name'         => $row['student_name'],
+                'school_id'    => $row['school_id'],
+                'gender'       => $row['gender'] ?? '',
+                'fall_score'   => $fall,
+                'spring_score' => $spring,
+                'year_score'   => $year,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $classResults = [];
+        foreach ($sections as $section) {
+            usort($section['students'], static function ($a, $b) {
+                if ($a['fall_score'] === null && $b['fall_score'] === null) return strcmp($a['name'], $b['name']);
+                if ($a['fall_score'] === null) return 1;
+                if ($b['fall_score'] === null) return -1;
+                return $b['fall_score'] <=> $a['fall_score'] ?: strcmp($a['name'], $b['name']);
+            });
+
+            $scores    = array_column($section['students'], 'fall_score');
+            $calc      = $this->calculateThreshold($scores, $percentile);
+            $threshold = $calc['threshold'];
+
+            $allStudents = $section['students'];
+            $winners = array_values(array_filter($allStudents, function ($s) use ($threshold) {
+                return $threshold !== null && $s['fall_score'] !== null && $s['fall_score'] >= $threshold;
+            }));
+
+            if (empty($winners)) continue;
+
+            $boys       = array_filter($allStudents, static fn($s) => strtolower($s['gender']) === 'male');
+            $girls      = array_filter($allStudents, static fn($s) => strtolower($s['gender']) === 'female');
+            $trophyBoys  = array_filter($winners,    static fn($s) => strtolower($s['gender']) === 'male');
+            $trophyGirls = array_filter($winners,    static fn($s) => strtolower($s['gender']) === 'female');
+            $n           = count($allStudents);
+            $nBoys       = count($boys);
+            $nGirls      = count($girls);
+            $nTB         = count($trophyBoys);
+            $nTG         = count($trophyGirls);
+
+            $classResults[] = [
+                'section_name'     => $section['name'],
+                'threshold'        => $threshold,
+                'winners'          => $winners,
+                'student_count'    => $n,
+                'boys'             => $nBoys,
+                'girls'            => $nGirls,
+                'trophy_boys'      => $nTB,
+                'trophy_girls'     => $nTG,
+                'pct_boys'         => $n    > 0 ? round($nBoys / $n    * 100) : 0,
+                'pct_girls'        => $n    > 0 ? round($nGirls / $n   * 100) : 0,
+                'pct_trophy_boys'  => $nBoys  > 0 ? round($nTB / $nBoys  * 100) : 0,
+                'pct_trophy_girls' => $nGirls > 0 ? round($nTG / $nGirls * 100) : 0,
+                'pct_trophy_total' => $n    > 0 ? round(count($winners) / $n * 100) : 0,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return view('administrator/trophy_winners', [
+            'classResults'       => $classResults,
+            'selectedYear'       => $selectedYear,
+            'selectedPercentile' => $percentile,
+            'years'              => $years,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    public function final()
+    {
+        $db = \Config\Database::connect();
+
+        $currentYear  = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '';
+        $selectedYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $currentYear;
+        $percentile   = (float) ($this->request->getGet('percentile') ?? 75);
+        $percentile   = max(1.0, min(99.0, $percentile));
+
+        $years = $db->table('student_class')
+            ->select('school_year')->distinct()
+            ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
+            ->get()->getResultArray();
+        $years = array_column($years, 'school_year');
+
+        $ey = $db->escape($selectedYear);
+
+        $rows = $db->table('student_class sc')
+            ->select([
+                'sc.student_id',
+                'sc.class_section_id',
+                'cs.class_section_name',
+                'CONCAT(s.firstname, " ", s.lastname) AS student_name',
+                's.school_id',
+                's.gender',
+                'MAX(sf.semester_score) AS fall_score',
+                'MAX(sp.semester_score) AS spring_score',
+            ])
+            ->join('classSection cs', 'cs.class_section_id = sc.class_section_id', 'left')
+            ->join('students s', 's.id = sc.student_id', 'left')
+            ->join('semester_scores sf',
+                'sf.student_id = sc.student_id AND sf.class_section_id = sc.class_section_id'
+                . ' AND sf.school_year = ' . $ey . ' AND LOWER(sf.semester) = "fall"', 'left')
+            ->join('semester_scores sp',
+                'sp.student_id = sc.student_id AND sp.class_section_id = sc.class_section_id'
+                . ' AND sp.school_year = ' . $ey . ' AND LOWER(sp.semester) = "spring"', 'left')
+            ->where('sc.school_year', $selectedYear)
+            ->orderBy('cs.class_section_name', 'ASC')
+            ->orderBy('student_name', 'ASC')
+            ->groupBy('sc.student_id, sc.class_section_id, cs.class_section_name, s.firstname, s.lastname, s.school_id, s.gender')
+            ->get()->getResultArray();
+
+        $sections = [];
+        foreach ($rows as $row) {
+            $sid  = (int) ($row['class_section_id'] ?? 0);
+            $name = $row['class_section_name'] ?? 'Section ' . $sid;
+            if (!isset($sections[$sid])) $sections[$sid] = ['name' => $name, 'students' => []];
+
+            $fall   = is_numeric($row['fall_score'])   ? (float) $row['fall_score']   : null;
+            $spring = is_numeric($row['spring_score']) ? (float) $row['spring_score'] : null;
+            $year   = ($fall !== null && $spring !== null)
+                        ? round(($fall + $spring) / 2, 1)
+                        : ($fall ?? $spring);
+
+            $sections[$sid]['students'][] = [
+                'name'         => $row['student_name'],
+                'school_id'    => $row['school_id'],
+                'gender'       => $row['gender'] ?? '',
+                'fall_score'   => $fall,
+                'spring_score' => $spring,
+                'year_score'   => $year,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $classResults = [];
+        foreach ($sections as $section) {
+            $students = $section['students'];
+
+            $fallCalc      = $this->calculateThreshold(array_column($students, 'fall_score'), $percentile);
+            $yearCalc      = $this->calculateThreshold(array_column($students, 'year_score'), $percentile);
+            $fallThreshold = $fallCalc['threshold'];
+            $yearThreshold = $yearCalc['threshold'];
+
+            $annotated = array_map(static function (array $s) use ($fallThreshold, $yearThreshold): array {
+                $predicted = $fallThreshold !== null && $s['fall_score'] !== null && $s['fall_score'] >= $fallThreshold;
+                $actual    = $yearThreshold !== null && $s['year_score'] !== null && $s['year_score'] >= $yearThreshold;
+                $status    = match (true) {
+                    $predicted && $actual   => 'confirmed',
+                    !$predicted && $actual  => 'surprise',
+                    $predicted && !$actual  => 'missed',
+                    default                 => 'none',
+                };
+                return $s + compact('predicted', 'actual', 'status');
+            }, $students);
+
+            usort($annotated, static function (array $a, array $b): int {
+                if ($a['year_score'] === null && $b['year_score'] === null) return strcmp($a['name'], $b['name']);
+                if ($a['year_score'] === null) return 1;
+                if ($b['year_score'] === null) return -1;
+                return $b['year_score'] <=> $a['year_score'] ?: strcmp($a['name'], $b['name']);
+            });
+
+            $nConfirmed = count(array_filter($annotated, static fn ($s) => $s['status'] === 'confirmed'));
+            $nSurprise  = count(array_filter($annotated, static fn ($s) => $s['status'] === 'surprise'));
+            $nMissed    = count(array_filter($annotated, static fn ($s) => $s['status'] === 'missed'));
+            $nPredicted = count(array_filter($annotated, static fn ($s) => $s['predicted']));
+            $nActual    = count(array_filter($annotated, static fn ($s) => $s['actual']));
+            $n          = count($annotated);
+
+            $classResults[] = [
+                'section_name'    => $section['name'],
+                'students'        => $annotated,
+                'student_count'   => $n,
+                'fall_threshold'  => $fallThreshold,
+                'year_threshold'  => $yearThreshold,
+                'predicted_count' => $nPredicted,
+                'actual_count'    => $nActual,
+                'confirmed'       => $nConfirmed,
+                'surprises'       => $nSurprise,
+                'missed'          => $nMissed,
+                'accuracy'        => $nPredicted > 0 ? round($nConfirmed / $nPredicted * 100) : ($nActual === 0 ? 100 : 0),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return view('administrator/trophy_final', [
+            'classResults'       => $classResults,
+            'selectedYear'       => $selectedYear,
+            'selectedPercentile' => $percentile,
+            'years'              => $years,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    private function calculateThreshold(array $scores, float $percentile = 75.0): array
+    {
+        $scores = array_values(array_filter(
+            $scores,
+            static fn ($v) => is_numeric($v) && $v !== null
+        ));
+        $scores = array_map('floatval', $scores);
+        sort($scores); // ascending
+        $n = count($scores);
+
+        if ($n === 0) {
+            return ['threshold' => null, 'winners' => 0, 'method' => 'empty'];
+        }
+
+        $minWinners = 3; // never fewer than 3, regardless of class size or score count
+        // Hard maximum: top (100 - percentile)% of class, but never below the minimum.
+        $maxWinners = max($minWinners, (int) floor($n * (1 - $percentile / 100)));
+
+        $threshold = $this->empiricalPercentile($scores, $percentile);
+        $winners   = $this->countAtOrAbove($scores, $threshold);
+
+        if ($winners < $minWinners) {
+            // Too few qualify — REDUCE the threshold down to the score of the
+            // 3rd-ranked student so the minimum of 3 is always met.
+            // If fewer than 3 students have scores, award all of them.
+            $target    = min($minWinners, $n);
+            $desc      = array_reverse($scores);          // descending
+            $threshold = $desc[$target - 1];              // score at rank $target
+            $winners   = $this->countAtOrAbove($scores, $threshold); // ties included
+            return ['threshold' => $threshold, 'winners' => $winners, 'method' => 'min3_reduced'];
+        }
+
+        if ($winners <= $maxWinners) {
+            return ['threshold' => $threshold, 'winners' => $winners, 'method' => 'empirical_percentile'];
+        }
+
+        // Too many winners — raise threshold to respect the cap.
+        $result = $this->capByRank($scores, $maxWinners);
+
+        // capByRank may overshoot and drop below the minimum (e.g. bimodal scores
+        // where only 2 students are in the top cluster). Enforce min=3 here too.
+        if ($result['winners'] < $minWinners) {
+            $target    = min($minWinners, $n);
+            $desc      = array_reverse($scores);
+            $threshold = $desc[$target - 1];
+            $winners   = $this->countAtOrAbove($scores, $threshold);
+            return ['threshold' => $threshold, 'winners' => $winners, 'method' => 'min3_after_cap'];
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Raise the threshold until at most $max students qualify.
+     * Returns the result without checking the minimum — caller must do that.
+     */
+    private function capByRank(array $sortedScores, int $max): array
+    {
+        $desc      = array_reverse($sortedScores);
+        $threshold = $desc[$max - 1];
+        $winners   = $this->countAtOrAbove($sortedScores, $threshold);
+
+        if ($winners <= $max) {
+            return ['threshold' => $threshold, 'winners' => $winners, 'method' => 'capped_25pct'];
+        }
+
+        // Ties push it over — walk up through distinct scores.
+        $unique = array_values(array_unique(array_filter(
+            $sortedScores,
+            static fn ($s) => $s > $threshold
+        )));
+        sort($unique);
+
+        foreach ($unique as $candidate) {
+            $w = $this->countAtOrAbove($sortedScores, $candidate);
+            if ($w <= $max) {
+                return ['threshold' => $candidate, 'winners' => $w, 'method' => 'capped_25pct'];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // All scores are equal.
+        return ['threshold' => $sortedScores[0], 'winners' => count($sortedScores), 'method' => 'all_equal'];
+    }
+
+    private function empiricalPercentile(array $sortedScores, float $p): float
+    {
+        $n = count($sortedScores);
+        if ($n === 0) return 0.0;
+        $index  = ($p / 100.0) * ($n - 1);
+        $lower  = (int) floor($index);
+        $upper  = (int) ceil($index);
+        if ($lower === $upper) return $sortedScores[$lower];
+        return $sortedScores[$lower] + ($index - $lower) * ($sortedScores[$upper] - $sortedScores[$lower]);
+    }
+
+    private function countAtOrAbove(array $scores, float $threshold): int
+    {
+        return count(array_filter($scores, static fn ($s) => $s >= $threshold));
+    }
+
+}

app/Controllers/View/TuitionForecastController.php

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers\View;
+
+use App\Controllers\BaseController;
+use App\Libraries\Tuition\TuitionForecastService;
+
+class TuitionForecastController extends BaseController
+{
+    protected TuitionForecastService $forecastService;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->forecastService = new TuitionForecastService();
+        helper(['url']);
+    }
+
+    public function index()
+    {
+        $schoolYear = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? ''));
+        $semester = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('semester') ?? ''));
+        $mode = (string) ($this->request->getGet('calculator_mode') ?? 'compare');
+        $filters = $this->buildOptionsFromRequest('get');
+        $result = $this->forecastService->calculate($schoolYear, $semester, $mode, $filters);
+
+        return view('administrator/tuition_forecast', [
+            'title' => 'Tuition Collection Forecast',
+            'schoolYears' => $this->forecastService->getAvailableSchoolYears(),
+            'semesters' => $this->forecastService->getAvailableSemesters(),
+            'filters' => [
+                'school_year' => $result['school_year'],
+                'semester' => $result['semester'],
+                'calculator_mode' => $result['calculator_mode'],
+            ] + $result['options'],
+            'result' => $result,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    public function calculate()
+    {
+        $schoolYear = trim((string) ($this->request->getPost('school_year') ?? ''));
+        $semester = trim((string) ($this->request->getPost('semester') ?? ''));
+        $mode = (string) ($this->request->getPost('calculator_mode') ?? 'compare');
+
+        return $this->response->setJSON(
+            $this->forecastService->calculate($schoolYear, $semester, $mode, $this->buildOptionsFromRequest('post'))
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function exportCsv()
+    {
+        $schoolYear = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? ''));
+        $semester = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('semester') ?? ''));
+        $mode = (string) ($this->request->getGet('calculator_mode') ?? 'compare');
+        $result = $this->forecastService->calculate($schoolYear, $semester, $mode, $this->buildOptionsFromRequest('get'));
+
+        $filename = sprintf(
+            'tuition_forecast_%s_%s_%s.csv',
+            preg_replace('/[^A-Za-z0-9_-]+/', '-', $result['school_year']) ?: 'school-year',
+            preg_replace('/[^A-Za-z0-9_-]+/', '-', $result['semester']) ?: 'all-year',
+            $result['calculator_mode']
+        );
+
+        $handle = fopen('php://temp', 'w+');
+        if ($handle === false) {
+            throw new \RuntimeException('Unable to create CSV export.');
+        }
+
+        fputcsv($handle, ['School Year', $result['school_year']]);
+        fputcsv($handle, ['Semester', $result['semester'] !== '' ? $result['semester'] : 'All Year']);
+        fputcsv($handle, ['Calculator Mode', $result['calculator_mode']]);
+        fputcsv($handle, []);
+        fputcsv($handle, ['Summary']);
+        fputcsv($handle, ['Families', 'Students', 'Billable Students', 'Grade Unit Price', 'Youth Unit Price', 'Old Projected Income', 'New Projected Income', 'Difference']);
+        fputcsv($handle, [
+            $result['summary']['family_count'],
+            $result['summary']['student_count'],
+            $result['summary']['billable_student_count'],
+            $result['summary']['unit_price'],
+            $result['summary']['youth_unit_price'],
+            $result['summary']['old_projected_income'] ?? $result['summary']['old_projected_tuition'],
+            $result['summary']['new_projected_income'] ?? $result['summary']['new_projected_tuition'],
+            $result['summary']['difference'],
+        ]);
+        fputcsv($handle, []);
+        fputcsv($handle, ['Families']);
+        fputcsv($handle, ['Parent/Family', 'Student Count', 'Billable Student Count', 'Old Tuition Total', 'New Tuition Total', 'Difference', 'Warnings']);
+
+        foreach ($result['families'] as $family) {
+            fputcsv($handle, [
+                $family['parent_name'] ?? '',
+                $family['student_count'] ?? 0,
+                $family['billable_student_count'] ?? 0,
+                $family['old_total'] ?? '0.00',
+                $family['new_total'] ?? '0.00',
+                $family['difference'] ?? '0.00',
+                implode(' | ', $family['warnings'] ?? []),
+            ]);
+
+            fputcsv($handle, ['Student Name', 'Grade', 'Billable', 'Excluded Reason', 'Old Rule', 'Old Amount', 'New Rule', 'New Amount']);
+            foreach ($family['student_details'] as $detail) {
+                fputcsv($handle, [
+                    $detail['student_name'] ?? '',
+                    $detail['grade_level'] ?? '',
+                    !empty($detail['billable']) ? 'Yes' : 'No',
+                    $detail['excluded_reason'] ?? '',
+                    $detail['old_rule'] ?? '',
+                    $detail['old_amount'] ?? '0.00',
+                    $detail['new_rule'] ?? '',
+                    $detail['new_amount'] ?? '0.00',
+                ]);
+            }
+            fputcsv($handle, []);
+        }
+
+        rewind($handle);
+        $csv = stream_get_contents($handle) ?: '';
+        fclose($handle);
+
+        return $this->response
+            ->setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/csv; charset=UTF-8')
+            ->setHeader('Content-Disposition', 'attachment; filename="' . $filename . '"')
+            ->setBody($csv);
+    }
+
+    protected function buildOptionsFromRequest(string $method): array
+    {
+        $source = $method === 'post' ? 'getPost' : 'getGet';
+
+        return [
+            'include_withdrawn_mode' => (string) ($this->request->{$source}('include_withdrawn_mode') ?? 'refund_deadline'),
+            'include_payment_pending' => $this->request->{$source}('include_payment_pending') ?? '0',
+            'include_event_only' => $this->request->{$source}('include_event_only') ?? '0',
+            'include_paid_invoices' => $this->request->{$source}('include_paid_invoices') ?? '0',
+            'unit_price' => $this->request->{$source}('unit_price') ?? '',
+            'youth_unit_price' => $this->request->{$source}('youth_unit_price') ?? '',
+        ];
+    }
+}

app/Controllers/View/WhatsappController.php

@@ -106,14 +106,12 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
         $existing = $this->linkModel->where([
             'class_section_id' => $sectionId,
             'school_year'      => $this->schoolYear,
-            'semester'         => $this->semester,
         ])->first();
 
         $payload = [
             'class_section_id'   => $sectionId,
             'class_section_name' => $sectionName,
             'school_year'        => $this->schoolYear,
-            'semester'           => $this->semester,
             'invite_link'        => trim($inviteLink),
             'active'             => $active,
         ];
@@ -434,8 +432,6 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
         sp.secondparent_lastname            AS sp_lastname,
         sp.secondparent_email               AS sp_email,
         sp.secondparent_phone               AS sp_phone,
-        sp.school_year                      AS sp_school_year,
-        sp.semester                         AS sp_semester,
 
         u.id                                AS u_id,
         u.firstname                         AS u_firstname,
@@ -448,14 +444,6 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
 
         $b->join('users u', 'u.id = sp.firstparent_id', 'left');
 
-        // Scope by term using parents table (authoritative for the pairing)
-        if ($schoolYear !== '') {
-            $b->where('sp.school_year', $schoolYear);
-        }
-        if ($semester !== '') {
-            $b->where('sp.semester', $semester);
-        }
-
         $rows = $b->get()->getResultArray();
 
         // Flatten into a single contacts list (primary + second parent as separate rows)
@@ -606,11 +594,10 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
         $pb->join('students s', 's.id = sc.student_id', 'inner');          // adjust if your table is named `student` (singular)
         $pb->join('users u',    'u.id = s.parent_id',   'inner');          // primary parent lives on students.parent_id
 
-        // Second parent row for the same term (allow NULL/'' semester if you sometimes omit it)
+        // Second parent row for the primary parent.
         $pb->join(
             'parents sp',
-            "sp.firstparent_id = u.id
-         AND sp.school_year = sc.school_year",
+            'sp.firstparent_id = u.id',
             'left'
         );
 
@@ -1202,7 +1189,7 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
 
     /**
      * Class mode:
-     * - Given classSectionId, find students (student_class) for the term
+     * - Given classSectionId, find students (student_class) for the year
      * - Map to primaries (users) and second-parents (parents)
      * - Return one bundle **per primary parent** (so each parent gets their own email)
      */
@@ -1215,7 +1202,6 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
         $stuRows = $this->db->table('student_class')
             ->select('student_id')
             ->where('school_year', $this->schoolYear)
-            ->where('semester', $this->semester)
             ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
             ->get()->getResultArray();
         if (empty($stuRows)) return [];
@@ -1302,7 +1288,7 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
 
     /**
      * All mode:
-     * - Iterate all distinct class_section_id in student_class (for the term)
+     * - Iterate all distinct class_section_id in student_class (for the year)
      * - Reuse class bundles per section and flatten
      */
     private function bundlesForAllParentsAllClasses(array $linkBySection): array
@@ -1310,7 +1296,6 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
         $secRows = $this->db->table('student_class')
             ->select('DISTINCT class_section_id', false)
             ->where('school_year', $this->schoolYear)
-            ->where('semester', $this->semester)
             ->orderBy('class_section_id', 'ASC')
             ->get()->getResultArray();
 

app/Database/Migrations/2026-05-17-000001_CreateCertificateRecords.php

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class CreateCertificateRecords extends Migration
+{
+    public function up()
+    {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('certificate_records')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->forge->addField([
+            'id' => [
+                'type'           => 'INT',
+                'constraint'     => 11,
+                'unsigned'       => true,
+                'auto_increment' => true,
+            ],
+            'certificate_number' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 30,
+            ],
+            'student_id' => [
+                'type'       => 'INT',
+                'constraint' => 11,
+                'unsigned'   => true,
+            ],
+            'student_name' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 200,
+            ],
+            'grade' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 100,
+                'null'       => true,
+            ],
+            'cert_date' => [
+                'type' => 'DATE',
+                'null' => true,
+            ],
+            'school_year' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 20,
+                'null'       => true,
+            ],
+            'class_section_id' => [
+                'type'       => 'INT',
+                'constraint' => 11,
+                'unsigned'   => true,
+                'null'       => true,
+            ],
+            'issued_by' => [
+                'type'       => 'INT',
+                'constraint' => 11,
+                'unsigned'   => true,
+                'null'       => true,
+            ],
+            'issued_at' => [
+                'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                'null' => true,
+            ],
+            'created_at' => [
+                'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                'null' => true,
+            ],
+            'updated_at' => [
+                'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                'null' => true,
+            ],
+        ]);
+
+        $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
+        $this->forge->addUniqueKey('certificate_number');
+        $this->forge->addKey(['school_year', 'student_id']);
+        $this->forge->createTable('certificate_records');
+    }
+
+    public function down()
+    {
+        $this->forge->dropTable('certificate_records', true);
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-05-25-000001_CreateBelowSixtyDecisions.php

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class CreateBelowSixtyDecisions extends Migration
+{
+    public function up()
+    {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('below_sixty_decisions')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->forge->addField([
+            'id' => [
+                'type'           => 'INT',
+                'constraint'     => 11,
+                'unsigned'       => true,
+                'auto_increment' => true,
+            ],
+            'student_id' => [
+                'type'       => 'INT',
+                'constraint' => 11,
+                'unsigned'   => true,
+            ],
+            'semester' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 20,
+            ],
+            'school_year' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 20,
+            ],
+            'decision' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 100,
+                'null'       => true,
+            ],
+            'notes' => [
+                'type' => 'TEXT',
+                'null' => true,
+            ],
+            'decided_by' => [
+                'type'       => 'INT',
+                'constraint' => 11,
+                'unsigned'   => true,
+                'null'       => true,
+            ],
+            'created_at' => [
+                'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                'null' => true,
+            ],
+            'updated_at' => [
+                'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                'null' => true,
+            ],
+        ]);
+
+        $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
+        $this->forge->addUniqueKey(['student_id', 'semester', 'school_year']);
+        $this->forge->addKey(['school_year', 'semester']);
+        $this->forge->createTable('below_sixty_decisions');
+    }
+
+    public function down()
+    {
+        $this->forge->dropTable('below_sixty_decisions', true);
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-05-25-000002_CreateStudentDecisions.php

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class CreateStudentDecisions extends Migration
+{
+    public function up()
+    {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('student_decisions')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->forge->addField([
+            'id' => [
+                'type'           => 'INT',
+                'constraint'     => 11,
+                'unsigned'       => true,
+                'auto_increment' => true,
+            ],
+            'student_id' => [
+                'type'       => 'INT',
+                'constraint' => 11,
+                'unsigned'   => true,
+            ],
+            'semester' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 20,
+            ],
+            'school_year' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 20,
+            ],
+            'class_section_name' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 100,
+                'null'       => true,
+            ],
+            'semester_score' => [
+                'type'       => 'DECIMAL',
+                'constraint' => '8,2',
+                'null'       => true,
+            ],
+            'decision' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 100,
+                'null'       => true,
+            ],
+            'source' => [
+                'type'       => 'ENUM',
+                'constraint' => ['auto', 'manual', 'pending'],
+                'default'    => 'auto',
+            ],
+            'notes' => [
+                'type' => 'TEXT',
+                'null' => true,
+            ],
+            'generated_by' => [
+                'type'       => 'INT',
+                'constraint' => 11,
+                'unsigned'   => true,
+                'null'       => true,
+            ],
+            'created_at' => [
+                'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                'null' => true,
+            ],
+            'updated_at' => [
+                'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                'null' => true,
+            ],
+        ]);
+
+        $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
+        $this->forge->addUniqueKey(['student_id', 'semester', 'school_year']);
+        $this->forge->addKey(['school_year', 'semester']);
+        $this->forge->createTable('student_decisions');
+    }
+
+    public function down()
+    {
+        $this->forge->dropTable('student_decisions', true);
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-05-27-000001_AddVerificationTokenToCertificateRecords.php

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class AddVerificationTokenToCertificateRecords extends Migration
+{
+    private const INDEX_NAME = 'uniq_certificate_verification_token';
+
+    public function up()
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('certificate_records')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!$this->db->fieldExists('verification_token', 'certificate_records')) {
+            $this->forge->addColumn('certificate_records', [
+                'verification_token' => [
+                    'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                    'constraint' => 64,
+                    'null'       => true,
+                    'after'      => 'certificate_number',
+                ],
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        $rows = $this->db->table('certificate_records')
+            ->select('id, verification_token')
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        foreach ($rows as $row) {
+            if (trim((string)($row['verification_token'] ?? '')) !== '') {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->db->table('certificate_records')
+                ->where('id', (int)$row['id'])
+                ->update(['verification_token' => $this->generateToken()]);
+        }
+
+        $this->forge->addUniqueKey('verification_token', self::INDEX_NAME);
+        $this->forge->processIndexes('certificate_records');
+    }
+
+    public function down()
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('certificate_records')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->db->fieldExists('verification_token', 'certificate_records')) {
+            $this->forge->dropKey('certificate_records', self::INDEX_NAME);
+            $this->forge->dropColumn('certificate_records', 'verification_token');
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function generateToken(): string
+    {
+        do {
+            $token = bin2hex(random_bytes(16));
+            $exists = $this->db->table('certificate_records')
+                ->select('id')
+                ->where('verification_token', $token)
+                ->limit(1)
+                ->get()
+                ->getRowArray();
+        } while ($exists);
+
+        return $token;
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-05-30-000001_FinancialSystemLedgerCleanup.php

@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class FinancialSystemLedgerCleanup extends Migration
+{
+    public function up()
+    {
+        $this->addInstallmentSequenceColumn();
+        $this->backfillInstallmentSequence();
+        $this->ensurePaymentDateHasTime();
+        $this->ensureIndexes();
+        $this->repairPaymentInvoiceTerms();
+        $this->normalizePaymentStatuses();
+        $this->ensureConfigurationDefaults();
+        $this->archivePaypalTables();
+        $this->refreshFinancialNavItems();
+    }
+
+    public function down()
+    {
+        $this->restorePaypalTables();
+
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('payments') && $this->db->fieldExists('installment_seq', 'payments')) {
+            $this->forge->dropColumn('payments', 'installment_seq');
+        }
+
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('payments', 'idx_payments_invoice_id');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('payments', 'idx_payments_parent_year');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('payments', 'idx_payments_parent_year_semester');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('payments', 'uniq_payments_transaction_id');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('invoices', 'idx_invoices_parent_year_semester');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('discount_usages', 'idx_discount_usages_invoice_id');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('discount_usages', 'idx_discount_usages_parent_year_semester');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('refunds', 'idx_refunds_invoice_id');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('refunds', 'idx_refunds_parent_year_semester_status');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('additional_charges', 'idx_additional_charges_invoice_id');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('additional_charges', 'idx_additional_charges_parent_year_semester_status');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('invoice_event', 'idx_invoice_event_invoice_id');
+
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('nav_items')) {
+            $forecastRow = $this->db->table('nav_items')
+                ->select('id')
+                ->where('url', 'administrator/tuition-forecast')
+                ->get()
+                ->getRowArray();
+
+            if ($forecastRow && $this->db->tableExists('role_nav_items')) {
+                $this->db->table('role_nav_items')
+                    ->where('nav_item_id', (int) $forecastRow['id'])
+                    ->delete();
+            }
+
+            $this->db->table('nav_items')
+                ->where('url', 'administrator/tuition-forecast')
+                ->delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function addInstallmentSequenceColumn(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('payments') && !$this->db->fieldExists('installment_seq', 'payments')) {
+            $this->forge->addColumn('payments', [
+                'installment_seq' => [
+                    'type' => 'INT',
+                    'constraint' => 11,
+                    'null' => true,
+                    'after' => 'number_of_installments',
+                ],
+            ]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function backfillInstallmentSequence(): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('payments') || !$this->db->fieldExists('installment_seq', 'payments')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(
+            'UPDATE `payments`
+                SET `installment_seq` = `number_of_installments`
+              WHERE `installment_seq` IS NULL'
+        );
+    }
+
+    protected function ensurePaymentDateHasTime(): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('payments') || !$this->db->fieldExists('payment_date', 'payments')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query('ALTER TABLE `payments` MODIFY `payment_date` DATETIME NOT NULL');
+    }
+
+    protected function ensureIndexes(): void
+    {
+        $this->addIndexIfMissing('payments', 'idx_payments_invoice_id', ['invoice_id']);
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('payments', 'idx_payments_parent_year_semester');
+        $this->addIndexIfMissing('payments', 'idx_payments_parent_year', ['parent_id', 'school_year']);
+        $this->addIndexIfMissing('invoices', 'idx_invoices_parent_year_semester', ['parent_id', 'school_year', 'semester']);
+        $this->addIndexIfMissing('discount_usages', 'idx_discount_usages_invoice_id', ['invoice_id']);
+        $this->addIndexIfMissing('discount_usages', 'idx_discount_usages_parent_year_semester', ['parent_id', 'school_year', 'semester']);
+        $this->addIndexIfMissing('refunds', 'idx_refunds_invoice_id', ['invoice_id']);
+        $this->addIndexIfMissing('refunds', 'idx_refunds_parent_year_semester_status', ['parent_id', 'school_year', 'semester', 'status']);
+        $this->addIndexIfMissing('additional_charges', 'idx_additional_charges_invoice_id', ['invoice_id']);
+        $this->addIndexIfMissing('additional_charges', 'idx_additional_charges_parent_year_semester_status', ['parent_id', 'school_year', 'semester', 'status']);
+        $this->addIndexIfMissing('invoice_event', 'idx_invoice_event_invoice_id', ['invoice_id']);
+
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('payments') && $this->db->fieldExists('transaction_id', 'payments') && !$this->hasDuplicateTransactionIds()) {
+            $this->addIndexIfMissing('payments', 'uniq_payments_transaction_id', ['transaction_id'], true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function repairPaymentInvoiceTerms(): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('payments') || !$this->db->tableExists('invoices')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(
+            'UPDATE `payments` p
+                JOIN `invoices` i ON i.`id` = p.`invoice_id`
+                 SET p.`school_year` = i.`school_year`
+               WHERE COALESCE(p.`school_year`, \'\') <> COALESCE(i.`school_year`, \'\')'
+        );
+    }
+
+    protected function normalizePaymentStatuses(): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('payments') || !$this->db->fieldExists('status', 'payments')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(
+            "UPDATE `payments`
+                SET `status` = 'recorded'
+              WHERE LOWER(TRIM(`status`)) IN ('paid', 'partially paid', 'payment recorded', 'full', 'completed')"
+        );
+    }
+
+    protected function ensureConfigurationDefaults(): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('configuration')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $defaults = [
+            'tuition_calculator_version' => 'old',
+            'youth_fee' => '200.00',
+            'new_tuition_full_amount' => '370.00',
+            'new_tuition_youth_amount' => '200.00',
+            'new_tuition_second_student_discount' => '50.00',
+            'new_tuition_third_student_discount' => '50.00',
+            'new_tuition_fourth_plus_discount' => '100.00',
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($defaults as $key => $value) {
+            $row = $this->db->table('configuration')
+                ->select('id, config_value')
+                ->where('config_key', $key)
+                ->orderBy('id', 'ASC')
+                ->get()
+                ->getRowArray();
+
+            if (!$row) {
+                $this->db->table('configuration')->insert([
+                    'config_key' => $key,
+                    'config_value' => $value,
+                ]);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (trim((string) ($row['config_value'] ?? '')) === '') {
+                $this->db->table('configuration')
+                    ->where('config_key', $key)
+                    ->update(['config_value' => $value]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function archivePaypalTables(): void
+    {
+        $this->renameTableIfPresent('paypal_payments', 'archived_paypal_payments');
+        $this->renameTableIfPresent('paypal_transactions', 'archived_paypal_transactions');
+    }
+
+    protected function restorePaypalTables(): void
+    {
+        $this->renameTableIfPresent('archived_paypal_payments', 'paypal_payments');
+        $this->renameTableIfPresent('archived_paypal_transactions', 'paypal_transactions');
+    }
+
+    protected function refreshFinancialNavItems(): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('nav_items')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $parentColumn = null;
+        if ($this->db->fieldExists('menu_parent_id', 'nav_items')) {
+            $parentColumn = 'menu_parent_id';
+        } elseif ($this->db->fieldExists('parent_id', 'nav_items')) {
+            $parentColumn = 'parent_id';
+        }
+
+        if ($parentColumn === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->table('nav_items')
+            ->groupStart()
+                ->where('url', 'administrator/paypal_transactions')
+                ->orWhere('url', 'admin/paypal-transactions')
+                ->orWhere('label', 'PaypalTransactions')
+                ->orWhere('label', 'PayPal Transactions')
+            ->groupEnd()
+            ->delete();
+
+        $financialRow = $this->db->table('nav_items')
+            ->select('id')
+            ->where('label', 'Financial')
+            ->where($parentColumn, null)
+            ->get()
+            ->getRowArray();
+
+        if (!$financialRow) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $forecastUrl = 'administrator/tuition-forecast';
+        $existing = $this->db->table('nav_items')
+            ->select('id')
+            ->where('url', $forecastUrl)
+            ->get()
+            ->getRowArray();
+
+        if ($existing) {
+            $forecastId = (int) $existing['id'];
+        } else {
+            $this->db->table('nav_items')->insert([
+                $parentColumn => (int) $financialRow['id'],
+                'label' => 'Tuition Forecast',
+                'url' => $forecastUrl,
+                'sort_order' => 4,
+                'is_enabled' => 1,
+                'created_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+                'updated_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+            ]);
+            $forecastId = (int) $this->db->insertID();
+        }
+
+        if ($forecastId <= 0 || !$this->db->tableExists('role_nav_items') || !$this->db->tableExists('roles')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $roles = $this->db->table('roles')
+            ->select('id')
+            ->whereIn('name', ['administrator', 'administrative staff', 'principal', 'vice_principal', 'head of department (finance)'])
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        foreach ($roles as $role) {
+            $roleId = (int) ($role['id'] ?? 0);
+            if ($roleId <= 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $exists = $this->db->table('role_nav_items')
+                ->where('role_id', $roleId)
+                ->where('nav_item_id', $forecastId)
+                ->get()
+                ->getRowArray();
+
+            if ($exists) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->db->table('role_nav_items')->insert([
+                'role_id' => $roleId,
+                'nav_item_id' => $forecastId,
+                'created_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+                'updated_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+            ]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function renameTableIfPresent(string $from, string $to): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists($from) || $this->db->tableExists($to)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf('RENAME TABLE `%s` TO `%s`', $from, $to));
+    }
+
+    protected function addIndexIfMissing(string $table, string $indexName, array $columns, bool $unique = false): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists($table) || $this->indexExists($table, $indexName)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $quotedColumns = implode(', ', array_map(static fn (string $column): string => '`' . $column . '`', $columns));
+        $type = $unique ? 'UNIQUE INDEX' : 'INDEX';
+        $sql = sprintf('ALTER TABLE `%s` ADD %s `%s` (%s)', $table, $type, $indexName, $quotedColumns);
+        $this->db->query($sql);
+    }
+
+    protected function dropIndexIfExists(string $table, string $indexName): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists($table) || !$this->indexExists($table, $indexName)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf('ALTER TABLE `%s` DROP INDEX `%s`', $table, $indexName));
+    }
+
+    protected function indexExists(string $table, string $indexName): bool
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists($table)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $rows = $this->db->query(sprintf('SHOW INDEX FROM `%s`', $table))->getResultArray();
+        foreach ($rows as $row) {
+            if (($row['Key_name'] ?? null) === $indexName) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    protected function hasDuplicateTransactionIds(): bool
+    {
+        $row = $this->db->table('payments')
+            ->select('transaction_id')
+            ->where('transaction_id IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+            ->where('transaction_id !=', '')
+            ->groupBy('transaction_id')
+            ->having('COUNT(*) >', 1, false)
+            ->get(1)
+            ->getRowArray();
+
+        return $row !== null;
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-06-06-000001_UpdateYouthTuitionDefaults.php

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class UpdateYouthTuitionDefaults extends Migration
+{
+    public function up()
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('configuration')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->upsertConfig('youth_fee', '200.00', ['180', '180.00']);
+        $this->upsertConfig('new_tuition_youth_amount', '200.00', ['180', '180.00']);
+    }
+
+    public function down()
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('configuration')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->rollbackConfig('youth_fee', '180.00');
+        $this->rollbackConfig('new_tuition_youth_amount', '180.00');
+    }
+
+    protected function upsertConfig(string $key, string $value, array $legacyValues = []): void
+    {
+        $row = $this->db->table('configuration')
+            ->select('id, config_value')
+            ->where('config_key', $key)
+            ->orderBy('id', 'ASC')
+            ->get()
+            ->getRowArray();
+
+        if (!$row) {
+            $this->db->table('configuration')->insert([
+                'config_key' => $key,
+                'config_value' => $value,
+            ]);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $current = trim((string) ($row['config_value'] ?? ''));
+        if ($current === '' || in_array($current, $legacyValues, true)) {
+            $this->db->table('configuration')
+                ->where('config_key', $key)
+                ->update(['config_value' => $value]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function rollbackConfig(string $key, string $value): void
+    {
+        $this->db->table('configuration')
+            ->where('config_key', $key)
+            ->where('config_value', '200.00')
+            ->update(['config_value' => $value]);
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-040600_FixSchoolYearColumns.php

@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class FixSchoolYearColumns extends Migration
+{
+    /**
+     * Tables that directly own an academic year.
+     *
+     * school_year stays as text by design. Valid values use YYYY-YYYY and
+     * the second year must be exactly the first year + 1.
+     */
+    private array $yearOwnerTables = [
+        'additional_charges',
+        'archived_paypal_transactions',
+        'attendance_data',
+        'attendance_day',
+        'attendance_record',
+        'attendance_tracking',
+        'badge_print_logs',
+        'below_sixty_decisions',
+        'calendar_events',
+        'certificate_records',
+        'classSection',
+        'class_progress_reports',
+        'competitions',
+        'current_flag',
+        'discount_vouchers',
+        'early_dismissal_signatures',
+        'enrollments',
+        'events',
+        'exams',
+        'exam_drafts',
+        'expenses',
+        'final_exam',
+        'final_score',
+        'flag',
+        'grading_locks',
+        'homework',
+        'inventory_movements',
+        'invoices',
+        'late_slip_logs',
+        'manual_payments',
+        'midterm_exam',
+        'missing_score_overrides',
+        'parent_attendance_reports',
+        'parent_meeting_schedules',
+        'parent_notifications',
+        'participation',
+        'payments',
+        'placement_batches',
+        'print_requests',
+        'project',
+        'quiz',
+        'refunds',
+        'reimbursements',
+        'reimbursement_batches',
+        'report_card_acknowledgements',
+        'scan_log',
+        'score_comments',
+        'semester_scores',
+        'staff_attendance',
+        'student_class',
+        'student_decisions',
+        'teacher_attendance_data',
+        'teacher_class',
+        'teacher_submission_notification_history',
+        'whatsapp_group_links',
+        'whatsapp_group_memberships',
+    ];
+
+    /** Tables where school_year is redundant or conceptually incorrect. */
+    private array $tablesWithoutDirectYear = [
+        'chapters',
+        'classes',
+        'class_preparation_log',
+        'class_prep_adjustments',
+        'contactus',
+        'emergency_contacts',
+        'inventory_items',
+        'invoice_students_list',
+        'ip_attempts',
+        'login_activity',
+        'messages',
+        'notifications',
+        'notification_recipients',
+        'parents',
+        'paypal_transactions',
+        'placement_levels',
+        'preferences',
+        'staff',
+        'students',
+        'support_requests',
+        'users',
+        'user_notifications',
+    ];
+
+    /** Tables where semester is redundant or conceptually incorrect. */
+    private array $tablesWithoutDirectSemester = [
+        'badge_print_logs',
+        'classes',
+        'contactus',
+        'emergency_contacts',
+        'inventory_items',
+        'invoice_students_list',
+        'ip_attempts',
+        'notification_recipients',
+        'notifications',
+        'parents',
+        'support_requests',
+        'user_notifications',
+        'whatsapp_group_links',
+    ];
+
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver !== 'MySQLi') {
+            throw new \RuntimeException(
+                'This migration targets MySQL 8 because it uses enforced CHECK constraints.'
+            );
+        }
+
+        // These annual entities lacked a school_year column in the audited schema.
+        foreach (['class_progress_reports', 'exams', 'print_requests'] as $table) {
+            if ($this->db->tableExists($table) && ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                // Nullable avoids inventing a year for existing rows.
+                // Backfill it, then make it NOT NULL in a later migration.
+                $this->forge->addColumn($table, [
+                    'school_year' => [
+                        'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                        'constraint' => 9,
+                        'null'       => true,
+                    ],
+                ]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Validate and normalize every direct owner to VARCHAR(9).
+        foreach ($this->yearOwnerTables as $table) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->assertValidSchoolYears($table, 'school_year');
+            $this->normalizeYearColumn($table, 'school_year');
+            $this->ensureYearCheckConstraint($table, 'school_year');
+            $this->ensureYearIndex($table, 'school_year');
+        }
+
+        // Promotion is a transition and legitimately owns both source and target years.
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('promotion_queue')) {
+            foreach (['school_year_from', 'school_year_to'] as $column) {
+                if (! $this->db->fieldExists($column, 'promotion_queue')) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $this->assertValidSchoolYears('promotion_queue', $column);
+                $this->normalizeYearColumn('promotion_queue', $column);
+                $this->ensureYearCheckConstraint('promotion_queue', $column);
+                $this->ensureYearIndex('promotion_queue', $column);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Remove redundant columns. Dependent non-primary indexes are removed first.
+        foreach ($this->tablesWithoutDirectYear as $table) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->dropIndexesContainingColumn($table, 'school_year');
+            $this->dropChecksContainingColumn($table, 'school_year');
+            $this->forge->dropColumn($table, 'school_year');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->tablesWithoutDirectSemester as $table) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists('semester', $table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->dropIndexesContainingColumn($table, 'semester');
+            $this->dropChecksContainingColumn($table, 'semester');
+            $this->forge->dropColumn($table, 'semester');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->yearOwnerTables as $table) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->ensureYearIndex($table, 'school_year');
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        throw new \RuntimeException(
+            'This migration is intentionally irreversible because dropping school_year columns destroys data. Restore from backup instead of pretending rollback can resurrect it.'
+        );
+    }
+
+    private function assertValidSchoolYears(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $tableName = $this->quoteIdentifier($table);
+        $columnName = $this->quoteIdentifier($column);
+
+        $invalid = $this->db->query(
+            "SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM {$tableName}
+             WHERE {$columnName} IS NOT NULL
+               AND (
+                    {$columnName} NOT REGEXP '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}$'
+                    OR CAST(RIGHT({$columnName}, 4) AS UNSIGNED)
+                       <> CAST(LEFT({$columnName}, 4) AS UNSIGNED) + 1
+               )"
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($invalid->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            throw new \RuntimeException(
+                "Cannot migrate {$table}.{$column}: found {$invalid->aggregate} invalid school-year value(s). Expected YYYY-YYYY with consecutive years, for example 2025-2026."
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function normalizeYearColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $metadata = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT IS_NULLABLE, COLLATION_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.COLUMNS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ($metadata === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $nullable = $metadata->IS_NULLABLE === 'YES' ? 'NULL' : 'NOT NULL';
+        $collation = $metadata->COLLATION_NAME && preg_match('/^[A-Za-z0-9_]+$/', $metadata->COLLATION_NAME)
+            ? ' COLLATE ' . $metadata->COLLATION_NAME
+            : '';
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s MODIFY COLUMN %s VARCHAR(9)%s %s',
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($column),
+            $collation,
+            $nullable
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function ensureYearCheckConstraint(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $constraint = $this->objectName('chk_sy', $table, $column);
+
+        $exists = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
+             WHERE CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND CONSTRAINT_NAME = ?
+               AND CONSTRAINT_TYPE = \'CHECK\'',
+            [$table, $constraint]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($exists->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $columnName = $this->quoteIdentifier($column);
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            "ALTER TABLE %s ADD CONSTRAINT %s CHECK (
+                %s IS NULL OR (
+                    %s REGEXP '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}$'
+                    AND CAST(RIGHT(%s, 4) AS UNSIGNED)
+                        = CAST(LEFT(%s, 4) AS UNSIGNED) + 1
+                )
+            )",
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($constraint),
+            $columnName,
+            $columnName,
+            $columnName,
+            $columnName
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function ensureYearIndex(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $indexed = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($indexed->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $index = $this->objectName('idx_sy', $table, $column);
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s ADD INDEX %s (%s)',
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($index),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($column)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function dropIndexesContainingColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $indexes = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT DISTINCT INDEX_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?
+               AND INDEX_NAME <> \'PRIMARY\'',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getResult();
+
+        foreach ($indexes as $index) {
+            $this->db->query(sprintf(
+                'ALTER TABLE %s DROP INDEX %s',
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($index->INDEX_NAME)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function dropChecksContainingColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $checks = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc
+             INNER JOIN information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS cc
+                ON cc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = tc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
+               AND cc.CONSTRAINT_NAME = tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+             WHERE tc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND tc.TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = \'CHECK\'
+               AND cc.CHECK_CLAUSE LIKE ?',
+            [$table, '%' . $column . '%']
+        )->getResult();
+
+        foreach ($checks as $check) {
+            $this->db->query(sprintf(
+                'ALTER TABLE %s DROP CHECK %s',
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($check->CONSTRAINT_NAME)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function objectName(string $prefix, string $table, string $column): string
+    {
+        // MySQL identifiers are limited to 64 characters.
+        return substr($prefix . '_' . $table . '_' . $column . '_' . substr(sha1($table . '.' . $column), 0, 8), 0, 64);
+    }
+
+    private function quoteIdentifier(string $identifier): string
+    {
+        return '`' . str_replace('`', '``', $identifier) . '`';
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-041500_EnsureSchoolYearOnFinancialTables.php

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class EnsureSchoolYearOnFinancialTables extends Migration
+{
+    /** @var array<string, bool> table => nullable */
+    private array $tables = [
+        'discount_usages'            => false,
+        'event_charges'              => true,
+        'invoice_event'              => true,
+        'payment_error'              => true,
+        'payment_notification_logs'  => true,
+        'payment_transactions'       => true,
+        'reimbursement_batch_items'  => true,
+    ];
+
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver !== 'MySQLi') {
+            throw new RuntimeException('This migration requires MySQL/MariaDB through the MySQLi driver.');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->tables as $table => $nullable) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                $this->forge->addColumn($table, [
+                    'school_year' => [
+                        'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                        'constraint' => 9,
+                        'null'       => $nullable,
+                        'after'      => $this->afterColumn($table),
+                    ],
+                ]);
+            }
+
+            $this->backfillSchoolYear($table);
+            $this->assertValidYears($table);
+
+            $nullSql = $nullable ? 'NULL' : 'NOT NULL';
+            $this->db->query(
+                sprintf(
+                    'ALTER TABLE `%s` MODIFY `school_year` VARCHAR(9) %s',
+                    str_replace('`', '``', $table),
+                    $nullSql
+                )
+            );
+
+            $this->ensureIndex($table);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        // These columns are part of the business model and must not be dropped on rollback.
+    }
+
+    private function assertValidYears(string $table): void
+    {
+        $sql = sprintf(
+            "SELECT COUNT(*) AS invalid_count
+             FROM `%s`
+             WHERE `school_year` IS NOT NULL
+               AND (
+                    `school_year` NOT REGEXP '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}$'
+                    OR CAST(RIGHT(`school_year`, 4) AS UNSIGNED)
+                       <> CAST(LEFT(`school_year`, 4) AS UNSIGNED) + 1
+               )",
+            str_replace('`', '``', $table)
+        );
+
+        $row = $this->db->query($sql)->getRowArray();
+        $invalid = (int) ($row['invalid_count'] ?? 0);
+
+        if ($invalid > 0) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+                "Cannot normalize {$table}.school_year: {$invalid} invalid value(s). Expected YYYY-YYYY, for example 2025-2026."
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function backfillSchoolYear(string $table): void
+    {
+        if ($table === 'discount_usages' && $this->db->tableExists('invoices')) {
+            $this->db->query(
+                "UPDATE `discount_usages` du
+                 INNER JOIN `invoices` i ON i.`id` = du.`invoice_id`
+                 SET du.`school_year` = i.`school_year`
+                 WHERE (du.`school_year` IS NULL OR TRIM(du.`school_year`) = '')
+                   AND i.`school_year` REGEXP '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}$'
+                   AND CAST(RIGHT(i.`school_year`, 4) AS UNSIGNED)
+                       = CAST(LEFT(i.`school_year`, 4) AS UNSIGNED) + 1"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function ensureIndex(string $table): void
+    {
+        $indexName = 'idx_' . $table . '_school_year';
+        if (strlen($indexName) > 64) {
+            $indexName = 'idx_' . substr(hash('sha256', $table . '_school_year'), 0, 24);
+        }
+
+        $row = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS index_count
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?',
+            [$table, 'school_year']
+        )->getRowArray();
+
+        if ((int) ($row['index_count'] ?? 0) === 0) {
+            $this->db->query(sprintf(
+                'CREATE INDEX `%s` ON `%s` (`school_year`)',
+                str_replace('`', '``', $indexName),
+                str_replace('`', '``', $table)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function afterColumn(string $table): string
+    {
+        $preferred = ['semester', 'invoice_id', 'payment_id', 'batch_id'];
+        foreach ($preferred as $column) {
+            if ($this->db->fieldExists($column, $table)) {
+                return $column;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return 'id';
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-044500_ApplySchoolYearSemesterAuditCorrections.php

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class ApplySchoolYearSemesterAuditCorrections extends Migration
+{
+    private array $schoolYearIndexTables = [
+        'archived_paypal_transactions',
+        'class_progress_reports',
+        'exams',
+        'missing_score_overrides',
+        'payments',
+        'placement_batches',
+        'print_requests',
+        'report_card_acknowledgements',
+        'semester_scores',
+        'staff_attendance',
+        'teacher_attendance_data',
+        'whatsapp_group_links',
+    ];
+
+    private array $semesterDropTables = [
+        'badge_print_logs',
+        'classes',
+        'contactus',
+        'emergency_contacts',
+        'inventory_items',
+        'invoice_students_list',
+        'ip_attempts',
+        'notification_recipients',
+        'notifications',
+        'parents',
+        'support_requests',
+        'user_notifications',
+        'whatsapp_group_links',
+    ];
+
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver !== 'MySQLi') {
+            throw new RuntimeException('This migration requires MySQL/MariaDB through the MySQLi driver.');
+        }
+
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('archived_paypal_transactions')
+            && $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', 'archived_paypal_transactions')) {
+            $this->assertValidSchoolYears('archived_paypal_transactions', 'school_year');
+            $this->normalizeYearColumn('archived_paypal_transactions', 'school_year');
+            $this->ensureYearCheckConstraint('archived_paypal_transactions', 'school_year');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->schoolYearIndexTables as $table) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->ensureIndex($table, 'school_year');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->semesterDropTables as $table) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists('semester', $table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->dropIndexesContainingColumn($table, 'semester');
+            $this->dropChecksContainingColumn($table, 'semester');
+            $this->forge->dropColumn($table, 'semester');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->schoolYearIndexTables as $table) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->ensureIndex($table, 'school_year');
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        throw new RuntimeException(
+            'This migration is intentionally irreversible because dropping semester columns destroys data.'
+        );
+    }
+
+    private function assertValidSchoolYears(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $tableName = $this->quoteIdentifier($table);
+        $columnName = $this->quoteIdentifier($column);
+
+        $invalid = $this->db->query(
+            "SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM {$tableName}
+             WHERE {$columnName} IS NOT NULL
+               AND (
+                    {$columnName} NOT REGEXP '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}$'
+                    OR CAST(RIGHT({$columnName}, 4) AS UNSIGNED)
+                       <> CAST(LEFT({$columnName}, 4) AS UNSIGNED) + 1
+               )"
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($invalid->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+                "Cannot migrate {$table}.{$column}: found {$invalid->aggregate} invalid school-year value(s)."
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function normalizeYearColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $metadata = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT IS_NULLABLE, COLLATION_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.COLUMNS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ($metadata === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $nullable = $metadata->IS_NULLABLE === 'YES' ? 'NULL' : 'NOT NULL';
+        $collation = $metadata->COLLATION_NAME && preg_match('/^[A-Za-z0-9_]+$/', $metadata->COLLATION_NAME)
+            ? ' COLLATE ' . $metadata->COLLATION_NAME
+            : '';
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s MODIFY COLUMN %s VARCHAR(9)%s %s',
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($column),
+            $collation,
+            $nullable
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function ensureYearCheckConstraint(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $constraint = $this->objectName('chk_sy', $table, $column);
+
+        $exists = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
+             WHERE CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND CONSTRAINT_NAME = ?
+               AND CONSTRAINT_TYPE = \'CHECK\'',
+            [$table, $constraint]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($exists->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $columnName = $this->quoteIdentifier($column);
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            "ALTER TABLE %s ADD CONSTRAINT %s CHECK (
+                %s IS NULL OR (
+                    %s REGEXP '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}$'
+                    AND CAST(RIGHT(%s, 4) AS UNSIGNED)
+                        = CAST(LEFT(%s, 4) AS UNSIGNED) + 1
+                )
+            )",
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($constraint),
+            $columnName,
+            $columnName,
+            $columnName,
+            $columnName
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function ensureIndex(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $indexed = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($indexed->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s ADD INDEX %s (%s)',
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($this->objectName('idx_sy', $table, $column)),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($column)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function dropIndexesContainingColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $indexes = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT DISTINCT INDEX_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?
+               AND INDEX_NAME <> \'PRIMARY\'',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getResult();
+
+        foreach ($indexes as $index) {
+            $this->db->query(sprintf(
+                'ALTER TABLE %s DROP INDEX %s',
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($index->INDEX_NAME)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function dropChecksContainingColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $checks = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc
+             INNER JOIN information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS cc
+                ON cc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = tc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
+               AND cc.CONSTRAINT_NAME = tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+             WHERE tc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND tc.TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = \'CHECK\'
+               AND cc.CHECK_CLAUSE LIKE ?',
+            [$table, '%' . $column . '%']
+        )->getResult();
+
+        foreach ($checks as $check) {
+            $this->db->query(sprintf(
+                'ALTER TABLE %s DROP CHECK %s',
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($check->CONSTRAINT_NAME)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function objectName(string $prefix, string $table, string $column): string
+    {
+        return substr($prefix . '_' . $table . '_' . $column . '_' . substr(sha1($table . '.' . $column), 0, 8), 0, 64);
+    }
+
+    private function quoteIdentifier(string $identifier): string
+    {
+        return '`' . str_replace('`', '``', $identifier) . '`';
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-044700_EnsureWhatsappGroupLinksSchoolYearIndex.php

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class EnsureWhatsappGroupLinksSchoolYearIndex extends Migration
+{
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver !== 'MySQLi') {
+            throw new RuntimeException('This migration requires MySQL/MariaDB through the MySQLi driver.');
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('whatsapp_group_links')
+            || ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', 'whatsapp_group_links')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $indexed = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?',
+            ['whatsapp_group_links', 'school_year']
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($indexed->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(
+            'ALTER TABLE `whatsapp_group_links` ADD INDEX `idx_sy_whatsapp_group_links_school_year` (`school_year`)'
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('whatsapp_group_links')) {
+            $this->db->query('ALTER TABLE `whatsapp_group_links` DROP INDEX `idx_sy_whatsapp_group_links_school_year`');
+        }
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-050000_CreateSchoolYears.php

@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class CreateSchoolYears extends Migration
+{
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('school_years')) {
+            $this->forge->addField([
+                'id' => [
+                    'type' => 'INT',
+                    'constraint' => 11,
+                    'unsigned' => true,
+                    'auto_increment' => true,
+                ],
+                'name' => [
+                    'type' => 'VARCHAR',
+                    'constraint' => 9,
+                    'null' => false,
+                ],
+                'status' => [
+                    'type' => 'VARCHAR',
+                    'constraint' => 20,
+                    'null' => false,
+                    'default' => 'draft',
+                ],
+                'starts_on' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATE',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'ends_on' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATE',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'description' => [
+                    'type' => 'TEXT',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'registration_starts_on' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATE',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'registration_ends_on' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATE',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'previous_school_year_id' => [
+                    'type' => 'INT',
+                    'constraint' => 11,
+                    'unsigned' => true,
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'next_school_year_id' => [
+                    'type' => 'INT',
+                    'constraint' => 11,
+                    'unsigned' => true,
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'activated_at' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'closing_started_at' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'closed_at' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'archived_at' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'created_by' => [
+                    'type' => 'INT',
+                    'constraint' => 11,
+                    'unsigned' => true,
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'updated_by' => [
+                    'type' => 'INT',
+                    'constraint' => 11,
+                    'unsigned' => true,
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'created_at' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'updated_at' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+            ]);
+
+            $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
+            $this->forge->addKey('name', false, true);
+            $this->forge->addKey('status');
+            $this->forge->createTable('school_years');
+        } else {
+            $this->ensureSchoolYearColumns();
+        }
+
+        $this->createClosingTables();
+
+        $configuredYear = $this->configuredSchoolYear();
+
+        if ($configuredYear !== null && $this->isValidYearName($configuredYear)) {
+            $existing = $this->db->table('school_years')
+                ->where('name', $configuredYear)
+                ->get()
+                ->getRowArray();
+
+            if ($existing === null) {
+                $this->db->table('school_years')->insert([
+                    'name' => $configuredYear,
+                    'status' => 'active',
+                    'activated_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+                    'created_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+                    'updated_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+                ]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        $this->forge->dropTable('school_year_transition_logs', true);
+        $this->forge->dropTable('school_year_closing_items', true);
+        $this->forge->dropTable('school_year_closing_batches', true);
+        $this->forge->dropTable('school_years', true);
+    }
+
+    private function ensureSchoolYearColumns(): void
+    {
+        $fields = $this->db->getFieldNames('school_years');
+        $add = [];
+
+        $definitions = [
+            'description' => ['type' => 'TEXT', 'null' => true],
+            'registration_starts_on' => ['type' => 'DATE', 'null' => true],
+            'registration_ends_on' => ['type' => 'DATE', 'null' => true],
+            'previous_school_year_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+            'next_school_year_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+            'activated_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+            'closing_started_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+            'closed_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+            'archived_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+            'created_by' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+            'updated_by' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($definitions as $field => $definition) {
+            if (! in_array($field, $fields, true)) {
+                $add[$field] = $definition;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($add !== []) {
+            $this->forge->addColumn('school_years', $add);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function createClosingTables(): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('school_year_closing_batches')) {
+            $this->forge->addField([
+                'id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'auto_increment' => true],
+                'source_school_year_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true],
+                'target_school_year_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+                'status' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 30, 'null' => false, 'default' => 'preview'],
+                'preview_hash' => ['type' => 'CHAR', 'constraint' => 64, 'null' => true],
+                'total_families' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => false, 'default' => 0],
+                'total_positive_balance' => ['type' => 'DECIMAL', 'constraint' => '12,2', 'null' => false, 'default' => '0.00'],
+                'total_credit_balance' => ['type' => 'DECIMAL', 'constraint' => '12,2', 'null' => false, 'default' => '0.00'],
+                'started_by' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+                'completed_by' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+                'started_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+                'completed_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+                'failed_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+                'failure_message' => ['type' => 'TEXT', 'null' => true],
+                'created_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+                'updated_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+            ]);
+            $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
+            $this->forge->addKey(['source_school_year_id', 'status']);
+            $this->forge->createTable('school_year_closing_batches');
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('school_year_closing_items')) {
+            $this->forge->addField([
+                'id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'auto_increment' => true],
+                'closing_batch_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true],
+                'family_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true],
+                'source_balance' => ['type' => 'DECIMAL', 'constraint' => '12,2', 'null' => false, 'default' => '0.00'],
+                'credit_amount' => ['type' => 'DECIMAL', 'constraint' => '12,2', 'null' => false, 'default' => '0.00'],
+                'adjustment_amount' => ['type' => 'DECIMAL', 'constraint' => '12,2', 'null' => false, 'default' => '0.00'],
+                'carry_forward_amount' => ['type' => 'DECIMAL', 'constraint' => '12,2', 'null' => false, 'default' => '0.00'],
+                'target_invoice_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+                'target_adjustment_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+                'status' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 30, 'null' => false, 'default' => 'pending'],
+                'error_message' => ['type' => 'TEXT', 'null' => true],
+                'created_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+                'updated_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+            ]);
+            $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
+            $this->forge->addKey(['closing_batch_id', 'family_id'], false, true);
+            $this->forge->createTable('school_year_closing_items');
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('school_year_transition_logs')) {
+            $this->forge->addField([
+                'id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'auto_increment' => true],
+                'school_year_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true],
+                'from_status' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 20, 'null' => true],
+                'to_status' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 20, 'null' => true],
+                'action' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 80, 'null' => false],
+                'performed_by' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+                'metadata_json' => ['type' => 'TEXT', 'null' => true],
+                'created_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => false],
+            ]);
+            $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
+            $this->forge->addKey(['school_year_id', 'created_at']);
+            $this->forge->createTable('school_year_transition_logs');
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function configuredSchoolYear(): ?string
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('configuration')) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $row = $this->db->table('configuration')
+            ->select('config_value')
+            ->where('config_key', 'school_year')
+            ->orderBy('id', 'DESC')
+            ->get(1)
+            ->getRowArray();
+
+        $value = trim((string) ($row['config_value'] ?? ''));
+
+        return $value !== '' ? $value : null;
+    }
+
+    private function isValidYearName(string $value): bool
+    {
+        if (! preg_match('/^(\d{4})-(\d{4})$/', $value, $matches)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return (int) $matches[2] === (int) $matches[1] + 1;
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-051000_AddSchoolYearsNavItem.php

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class AddSchoolYearsNavItem extends Migration
+{
+    private string $url = 'administrator/school-years';
+
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('nav_items')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $parentColumn = $this->parentColumn();
+        $existingQuery = $this->db->table('nav_items')
+            ->where('url', $this->url)
+            ->get();
+
+        $existing = $existingQuery !== false ? $existingQuery->getRowArray() : null;
+
+        if ($existing !== null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $parentBuilder = $this->db->table('nav_items')
+            ->where('label', 'Configuration');
+
+        if ($parentColumn !== null) {
+            $parentBuilder->where($parentColumn, null);
+        }
+
+        $parentQuery = $parentBuilder->get();
+        $parent = $parentQuery !== false ? $parentQuery->getRowArray() : null;
+
+        $insert = [
+            'label' => 'School Years',
+            'url' => $this->url,
+            'sort_order' => 2,
+            'is_enabled' => 1,
+            'created_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+        ];
+
+        if ($parentColumn !== null) {
+            $insert[$parentColumn] = $parent['id'] ?? null;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->table('nav_items')->insert($insert);
+
+        $navItemId = (int) $this->db->insertID();
+
+        if (
+            $navItemId <= 0
+            || ! $this->db->tableExists('role_nav_items')
+            || ! $this->db->fieldExists('role', 'role_nav_items')
+            || ! $this->db->fieldExists('nav_item_id', 'role_nav_items')
+        ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach (['administrator', 'principal', 'vice_principal'] as $role) {
+            $this->db->table('role_nav_items')->insert([
+                'role' => $role,
+                'nav_item_id' => $navItemId,
+                'created_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+            ]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('nav_items')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $query = $this->db->table('nav_items')
+            ->where('url', $this->url)
+            ->get();
+
+        $row = $query !== false ? $query->getRowArray() : null;
+
+        if ($row === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('role_nav_items')) {
+            $this->db->table('role_nav_items')
+                ->where('nav_item_id', (int) $row['id'])
+                ->delete();
+        }
+
+        $this->db->table('nav_items')
+            ->where('id', (int) $row['id'])
+            ->delete();
+    }
+
+    private function parentColumn(): ?string
+    {
+        if ($this->db->fieldExists('parent_id', 'nav_items')) {
+            return 'parent_id';
+        }
+
+        if ($this->db->fieldExists('menu_parent_id', 'nav_items')) {
+            return 'menu_parent_id';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}

app/Database/Seeds/NavSeeder.php

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ class NavSeeder extends Seeder
 
             // Configuration
             ['parent'=>'Configuration','label'=>'Add/Edit Configuration','url'=>'configuration/configuration_view','sort_order'=>1],
+            ['parent'=>'Configuration','label'=>'School Years','url'=>'administrator/school-years','sort_order'=>2],
 
             // Staffing
             ['parent'=>'Staffing','label'=>'Staff Profile','url'=>'staff/index','sort_order'=>1],
@@ -86,9 +87,9 @@ class NavSeeder extends Seeder
             ['parent'=>'Financial','label'=>'Discount Management','url'=>'discounts/list','sort_order'=>1],
             ['parent'=>'Financial','label'=>'Expenses Management','url'=>'expenses/index','sort_order'=>2],
             ['parent'=>'Financial','label'=>'Financial Report','url'=>'payment/financial_report','sort_order'=>3],
-            ['parent'=>'Financial','label'=>'Invoices Management','url'=>'invoice_payment/invoice_management','sort_order'=>4],
-            ['parent'=>'Financial','label'=>'Manual Payment','url'=>'payment/manual_pay','sort_order'=>5],
-            ['parent'=>'Financial','label'=>'PaypalTransactions','url'=>'administrator/paypal_transactions','sort_order'=>6],
+            ['parent'=>'Financial','label'=>'Tuition Forecast','url'=>'administrator/tuition-forecast','sort_order'=>4],
+            ['parent'=>'Financial','label'=>'Invoices Management','url'=>'invoice_payment/invoice_management','sort_order'=>5],
+            ['parent'=>'Financial','label'=>'Manual Payment','url'=>'payment/manual_pay','sort_order'=>6],
             ['parent'=>'Financial','label'=>'Refund Management','url'=>'refunds/list','sort_order'=>7],
             ['parent'=>'Financial','label'=>'Reimbursement Management','url'=>'reimbursements/index','sort_order'=>8],
 

app/Filters/ApiAuthFilter.php

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ class ApiAuthFilter implements FilterInterface
 {
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
+        helper('security');
+
         $authorization = $request->getHeaderLine('Authorization');
         if (!$authorization || stripos($authorization, 'Bearer ') !== 0) {
             return $this->unauthorized('Missing or invalid Authorization header');
@@ -21,7 +23,12 @@ class ApiAuthFilter implements FilterInterface
             return $this->unauthorized('Bearer token is required');
         }
 
-        $secret = env('JWT_SECRET', 'change-me-in-env');
+        try {
+            $secret = require_env('JWT_SECRET');
+        } catch (\RuntimeException $e) {
+            return $this->unauthorized('JWT configuration is missing');
+        }
+
         $payload = jwt_decode($token, $secret);
 
         if (!$payload || empty($payload['sub'])) {

app/Filters/ApiDocsAuthFilter.php

@@ -13,13 +13,15 @@ class ApiDocsAuthFilter implements FilterInterface
 {
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
+        helper('security');
+
         $authHeader = $request->getHeaderLine('Authorization');
 
         if ($authHeader && str_starts_with($authHeader, 'Bearer ')) {
             $token = trim(substr($authHeader, 7));
 
             try {
-                $key = getenv('JWT_SECRET') ?: 'your_default_secret';
+                $key = require_env('JWT_SECRET');
                 $decoded = JWT::decode($token, new Key($key, 'HS256'));
 
                 if (!isset($decoded->roles) || empty($decoded->roles->admin)) {

app/Filters/ApiRateLimitFilter.php

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+
+class ApiRateLimitFilter implements FilterInterface
+{
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        $throttler = service('throttler');
+        $response = Services::response();
+
+        $maxRequests = isset($arguments[0]) ? max(1, (int) $arguments[0]) : 60;
+        $windowSeconds = isset($arguments[1]) ? max(1, (int) $arguments[1]) : MINUTE;
+
+        $userId = session()->get('user_id');
+        $identifier = $userId ? 'user:' . $userId : 'ip:' . $request->getIPAddress();
+        $route = trim($request->getUri()->getPath(), '/');
+        $key = 'api-rate-' . sha1($request->getMethod() . '|' . $route . '|' . $identifier);
+
+        if (! $throttler->check($key, $maxRequests, $windowSeconds)) {
+            return $response
+                ->setStatusCode(429)
+                ->setHeader('Retry-After', (string) $windowSeconds)
+                ->setJSON([
+                    'status' => false,
+                    'message' => 'Too many requests. Please try again later.',
+                ]);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        return $response;
+    }
+}

app/Filters/AuthFilter.php

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class AuthFilter implements FilterInterface
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
         $session   = session();
-        $userRoles = $session->get('roles');   // not used here, but keep if other code expects it
+        $userRoles = $session->get('roles');
         $userId    = $session->get('user_id');
         $loginTime = (int) $session->get('login_time');
 
@@ -66,35 +66,16 @@ class AuthFilter implements FilterInterface
             return $this->deny($request, "You don't have permission to use this feature.");
         }
 
-        // Route arguments: ['filter' => 'auth:permission_name|alt_permission,update']
-        // Route arguments patterns supported:
-        //   auth                  -> default 'read'
-        //   auth:read             -> CRUD only
-        //   auth:create           -> CRUD only
-        //   auth:update           -> CRUD only
-        //   auth:delete           -> CRUD only
-        //   auth:permA|permB,read -> permission + CRUD
-        $requiredPermission = null;
-        $crudAction = 'read';
+        [$requirements, $crudAction] = $this->parseRequirements($arguments);
 
-        if (!empty($arguments)) {
-            $arg0 = strtolower((string) $arguments[0]);
-
-            // If only one argument and it's a CRUD keyword, treat as CRUD-only
-            if (count($arguments) === 1 && in_array($arg0, ['create', 'read', 'update', 'delete'], true)) {
-                $crudAction = $arg0;
-            } else {
-                // Otherwise, first arg is permission(s); optional second is CRUD
-                $requiredPermission = $arguments[0]; // e.g., 'edit_student|manage_students'
-                $crudAction = isset($arguments[1]) ? strtolower((string) $arguments[1]) : 'read';
-                if (!in_array($crudAction, ['create', 'read', 'update', 'delete'], true)) {
-                    $crudAction = 'read';
-                }
-            }
+        if (!empty($requirements)) {
+            if ($this->matchesAnyRequirement($requirements, $crudAction, $roleIds, (array) $userRoles)) {
+                return;
             }
 
+            return $this->deny($request, "You don't have permission to use this feature.");
+        }
 
-        // No explicit route permission: fall back to menu rules
         if ($this->isAllowedByMenu($request, $roleIds)) {
             return; // ✅ allowed
         }
@@ -126,6 +107,78 @@ class AuthFilter implements FilterInterface
             ->with('error', 'Your session has expired. Please log in again.');
     }
 
+    private function parseRequirements(?array $arguments): array
+    {
+        if (empty($arguments)) {
+            return [[], 'read'];
+        }
+
+        $tokens = array_values(array_filter(array_map(static fn($value) => trim((string) $value), $arguments), static fn($value) => $value !== ''));
+        if (empty($tokens)) {
+            return [[], 'read'];
+        }
+
+        $crudAction = 'read';
+        $last = strtolower((string) end($tokens));
+        if (in_array($last, ['create', 'read', 'update', 'delete'], true)) {
+            $crudAction = array_pop($tokens);
+        }
+
+        if (count($tokens) === 1 && in_array(strtolower($tokens[0]), ['create', 'read', 'update', 'delete'], true)) {
+            return [[], strtolower($tokens[0])];
+        }
+
+        return [$tokens, strtolower((string) $crudAction)];
+    }
+
+    private function matchesAnyRequirement(array $requirements, string $crudAction, array $roleIds, array $sessionRoles): bool
+    {
+        $normalizedRoles = array_map(static fn($role) => strtolower(trim((string) $role)), $sessionRoles);
+
+        foreach ($requirements as $requirement) {
+            $alternatives = array_values(array_filter(array_map(static fn($value) => trim((string) $value), explode('|', (string) $requirement))));
+            if (empty($alternatives)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($alternatives as $alternative) {
+                $candidate = strtolower($alternative);
+                if (in_array($candidate, $normalizedRoles, true)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                if ($this->userHasNamedPermission($roleIds, $alternative, $crudAction)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private function userHasNamedPermission(array $roleIds, string $permissionName, string $crudAction): bool
+    {
+        if (empty($roleIds)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $rows = $this->db->table('role_permissions rp')
+            ->join('permissions p', 'p.id = rp.permission_id')
+            ->select('rp.*')
+            ->whereIn('rp.role_id', $roleIds)
+            ->where('LOWER(p.name)', strtolower($permissionName))
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        foreach ($rows as $row) {
+            if ($this->hasPermission($row, $crudAction)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
     public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
     {
         // No-op

app/Filters/RequireSchoolYearFilter.php

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Throwable;
+
+final class RequireSchoolYearFilter implements FilterInterface
+{
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearContext')->resolve($request);
+            return null;
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('warning', 'School-year request rejected: {message}', [
+                'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+
+            return service('response')
+                ->setStatusCode(400)
+                ->setJSON([
+                    'status' => 400,
+                    'error' => 'Invalid school year',
+                    'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+                ]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+}

app/Filters/SanitizeInputFilter.php

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+
+class SanitizeInputFilter implements FilterInterface
+{
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        helper('security');
+
+        $sanitizedGet = sanitize_request_value($request->getGet() ?? []);
+        $sanitizedPost = sanitize_request_value($request->getPost() ?? []);
+        $request->setGlobal('get', $sanitizedGet);
+        $request->setGlobal('post', $sanitizedPost);
+        $request->setGlobal('request', array_merge(is_array($sanitizedGet) ? $sanitizedGet : [], is_array($sanitizedPost) ? $sanitizedPost : []));
+        $request->setGlobal('cookie', sanitize_request_value($request->getCookie() ?? []));
+
+        $contentType = strtolower($request->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'));
+        $body = $request->getBody();
+
+        if (str_contains($contentType, 'application/json') && trim($body) !== '') {
+            $decoded = json_decode($body, true);
+
+            if (json_last_error() !== JSON_ERROR_NONE || ! is_array($decoded)) {
+                return Services::response()
+                    ->setStatusCode(400)
+                    ->setJSON([
+                        'status' => false,
+                        'message' => 'Malformed JSON payload.',
+                    ]);
+            }
+
+            $request->setBody((string) json_encode(sanitize_request_value($decoded), JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE | JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES));
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        return $response;
+    }
+}

app/Helpers/attendance_comment_helper.php

@@ -47,6 +47,28 @@ if (!function_exists('attendance_comment_template_for_score')) {
             }
         }
 
+        return attendance_comment_template_match($templates, $score);
+    }
+}
+
+if (!function_exists('attendance_comment_template_match')) {
+    function attendance_comment_template_match(array $templates, float $score): ?array
+    {
+        if ($templates === []) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Attendance scores are percentage values; clamp to the expected domain
+        // so minor calculation drift above 100 or below 0 does not skip a template.
+        $score = max(0.0, min(100.0, $score));
+
+        usort($templates, static function (array $a, array $b): int {
+            $aMin = isset($a['min_score']) ? (float) $a['min_score'] : 0.0;
+            $bMin = isset($b['min_score']) ? (float) $b['min_score'] : 0.0;
+
+            return $aMin <=> $bMin;
+        });
+
         foreach ($templates as $template) {
             $min = isset($template['min_score']) ? (float) $template['min_score'] : 0.0;
             $max = isset($template['max_score']) ? (float) $template['max_score'] : 100.0;
@@ -55,6 +77,18 @@ if (!function_exists('attendance_comment_template_for_score')) {
             }
         }
 
-        return null;
+        // Some configured bands use integer boundaries like 60-69 and 70-79,
+        // while attendance scores contain decimals like 69.23. When the score
+        // lands in that fractional gap, fall back to the nearest lower band.
+        $candidate = null;
+        foreach ($templates as $template) {
+            $min = isset($template['min_score']) ? (float) $template['min_score'] : 0.0;
+            if ($score < $min) {
+                break;
+            }
+            $candidate = $template;
+        }
+
+        return $candidate;
     }
 }

app/Helpers/security_helper.php

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+
+if (! function_exists('sanitize_request_value')) {
+    /**
+     * Recursively normalize request values without applying output encoding.
+     */
+    function sanitize_request_value($value)
+    {
+        if (is_array($value)) {
+            foreach ($value as $key => $item) {
+                $value[$key] = sanitize_request_value($item);
+            }
+
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($value)) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        $value = preg_replace('/[\x00-\x08\x0B\x0C\x0E-\x1F\x7F]/u', '', $value) ?? $value;
+
+        return trim($value);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('require_env')) {
+    /**
+     * Fetch an environment variable and fail closed when it is missing.
+     */
+    function require_env(string $key): string
+    {
+        $value = env($key);
+
+        if ($value === null || $value === '') {
+            throw new RuntimeException(sprintf('Missing required environment variable: %s', $key));
+        }
+
+        return (string) $value;
+    }
+}

app/Interfaces/TuitionCalculatorInterface.php

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Interfaces;
+
+interface TuitionCalculatorInterface
+{
+    public function calculateFamilyTuition(array $students, array $config): array;
+}

app/Libraries/FinancialAttachmentService.php

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Libraries;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Files\File;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Files\UploadedFile;
+
+final class FinancialAttachmentService
+{
+    private const MAX_BYTES = 5242880;
+    private const ALLOWED_MIMES = [
+        'application/pdf',
+        'image/jpeg',
+        'image/png',
+    ];
+    private const ALLOWED_EXTENSIONS = [
+        'jpg',
+        'jpeg',
+        'pdf',
+        'png',
+    ];
+
+    public function saveUploadedFile($file, string $subdir): ?string
+    {
+        if (!$file instanceof UploadedFile) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (!$file->isValid() || $file->hasMoved()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $size = (int) ($file->getSize() ?? 0);
+        if ($size <= 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $mime = strtolower((string) $file->getMimeType());
+        $ext = strtolower((string) $file->getClientExtension());
+
+        if (!in_array($mime, self::ALLOWED_MIMES, true) || !in_array($ext, self::ALLOWED_EXTENSIONS, true)) {
+            throw new \RuntimeException('Unsupported file type. Use PDF, JPG, or PNG.');
+        }
+
+        if ($size > self::MAX_BYTES) {
+            throw new \RuntimeException('File too large. Maximum size is 5 MB.');
+        }
+
+        $dir = $this->ensureSubdir($subdir);
+        $name = $file->getRandomName();
+        $file->move($dir, $name);
+
+        return $name;
+    }
+
+    public function resolvePath(string $subdir, string $filename): ?string
+    {
+        $safeName = basename($filename);
+        if ($safeName === '') {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $path = $this->ensureSubdir($subdir) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $safeName;
+
+        return is_file($path) ? $path : null;
+    }
+
+    public function ensureSubdir(string $subdir): string
+    {
+        $path = WRITEPATH . 'uploads' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . trim($subdir, '/');
+        if (!is_dir($path) && !mkdir($path, 0775, true) && !is_dir($path)) {
+            throw new \RuntimeException('Unable to prepare upload directory.');
+        }
+
+        return $path;
+    }
+
+    public function detectMime(string $path): string
+    {
+        if (function_exists('finfo_open')) {
+            $handle = finfo_open(FILEINFO_MIME_TYPE);
+            if ($handle) {
+                $mime = finfo_file($handle, $path);
+                finfo_close($handle);
+                if (is_string($mime) && $mime !== '') {
+                    return $mime;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (function_exists('mime_content_type')) {
+            $mime = mime_content_type($path);
+            if (is_string($mime) && $mime !== '') {
+                return $mime;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return 'application/octet-stream';
+    }
+}

app/Libraries/FinancialStatus.php

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Libraries;
+
+final class FinancialStatus
+{
+    public const INVOICE_UNPAID = 'unpaid';
+    public const INVOICE_PARTIALLY_PAID = 'partially_paid';
+    public const INVOICE_PAID = 'paid';
+    public const INVOICE_OVERPAID = 'overpaid';
+    public const INVOICE_CANCELLED = 'cancelled';
+
+    public const PAYMENT_RECORDED = 'recorded';
+    public const PAYMENT_VOIDED = 'voided';
+    public const PAYMENT_FAILED = 'failed';
+    public const PAYMENT_REFUNDED = 'refunded';
+    public const PAYMENT_CHARGEBACK = 'chargeback';
+    public const PAYMENT_DECLINED = 'declined';
+    public const PAYMENT_REVERSED = 'reversed';
+    public const PAYMENT_CANCELED = 'canceled';
+    public const PAYMENT_CANCELLED = 'cancelled';
+
+    public const PAYMENT_TRANSACTION_STATUSES = [
+        self::PAYMENT_RECORDED,
+        self::PAYMENT_VOIDED,
+        self::PAYMENT_REFUNDED,
+        self::PAYMENT_FAILED,
+        self::PAYMENT_REVERSED,
+        self::PAYMENT_CHARGEBACK,
+    ];
+
+    public const INVOICE_STATUSES = [
+        self::INVOICE_UNPAID,
+        self::INVOICE_PARTIALLY_PAID,
+        self::INVOICE_PAID,
+        self::INVOICE_OVERPAID,
+        self::INVOICE_CANCELLED,
+    ];
+
+    public const REFUND_PENDING = 'pending';
+    public const REFUND_APPROVED = 'approved';
+    public const REFUND_REJECTED = 'rejected';
+    public const REFUND_PARTIALLY_PAID = 'partially_paid';
+    public const REFUND_PAID = 'paid';
+    public const REFUND_VOIDED = 'voided';
+
+    public const ADDITIONAL_CHARGE_PENDING = 'pending';
+    public const ADDITIONAL_CHARGE_APPLIED = 'applied';
+    public const ADDITIONAL_CHARGE_VOIDED = 'voided';
+
+    public const EXCLUDED_PAYMENT_STATUSES = [
+        self::PAYMENT_VOIDED,
+        self::PAYMENT_FAILED,
+        self::PAYMENT_REFUNDED,
+        self::PAYMENT_CHARGEBACK,
+        self::PAYMENT_DECLINED,
+        self::PAYMENT_REVERSED,
+        self::PAYMENT_CANCELED,
+        self::PAYMENT_CANCELLED,
+        'void',
+    ];
+
+    public const REFUND_REDUCES_INVOICE_STATUSES = [
+        self::REFUND_PARTIALLY_PAID,
+        self::REFUND_PAID,
+        'partial',
+        'paid',
+        'Partial',
+        'Paid',
+    ];
+
+    public static function normalizeInvoiceStatus(?string $status): string
+    {
+        return match (self::normalize($status)) {
+            'paid', 'full' => self::INVOICE_PAID,
+            'partially paid', 'partially_paid', 'partial' => self::INVOICE_PARTIALLY_PAID,
+            'overpaid' => self::INVOICE_OVERPAID,
+            'cancelled', 'canceled', 'cancelled invoice', 'canceled invoice' => self::INVOICE_CANCELLED,
+            default => self::INVOICE_UNPAID,
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static function normalizePaymentStatus(?string $status): string
+    {
+        return match (self::normalize($status)) {
+            'completed', 'paid', 'full', 'recorded' => self::PAYMENT_RECORDED,
+            'void', 'voided' => self::PAYMENT_VOIDED,
+            'failed' => self::PAYMENT_FAILED,
+            'refunded' => self::PAYMENT_REFUNDED,
+            'chargeback' => self::PAYMENT_CHARGEBACK,
+            'declined' => self::PAYMENT_DECLINED,
+            'reversed' => self::PAYMENT_REVERSED,
+            'cancelled' => self::PAYMENT_CANCELLED,
+            'canceled' => self::PAYMENT_CANCELED,
+            default => self::normalize($status),
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static function normalizeRefundStatus(?string $status): string
+    {
+        return match (self::normalize($status)) {
+            'approved' => self::REFUND_APPROVED,
+            'rejected' => self::REFUND_REJECTED,
+            'partial', 'partially paid', 'partially_paid' => self::REFUND_PARTIALLY_PAID,
+            'paid', 'full' => self::REFUND_PAID,
+            'void', 'voided' => self::REFUND_VOIDED,
+            default => self::REFUND_PENDING,
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static function normalize(?string $status): string
+    {
+        $value = strtolower(trim((string) $status));
+        $value = str_replace('_', ' ', $value);
+        $value = preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', $value) ?? $value;
+
+        return $value;
+    }
+}

app/Libraries/InvoiceLedgerService.php

@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Libraries;
+
+use App\Interfaces\TuitionCalculatorInterface;
+use App\Libraries\Tuition\NewTuitionCalculatorService;
+use App\Libraries\Tuition\OldTuitionCalculatorService;
+use App\Models\AdditionalChargeModel;
+use App\Models\ClassSectionModel;
+use App\Models\ConfigurationModel;
+use App\Models\DiscountUsageModel;
+use App\Models\EnrollmentModel;
+use App\Models\EventChargesModel;
+use App\Models\InvoiceEventModel;
+use App\Models\InvoiceModel;
+use App\Models\PaymentModel;
+use App\Models\RefundModel;
+use App\Models\StudentClassModel;
+use App\Models\StudentModel;
+
+class InvoiceLedgerService
+{
+    protected InvoiceModel $invoiceModel;
+    protected PaymentModel $paymentModel;
+    protected RefundModel $refundModel;
+    protected DiscountUsageModel $discountUsageModel;
+    protected AdditionalChargeModel $additionalChargeModel;
+    protected ConfigurationModel $configurationModel;
+    protected EnrollmentModel $enrollmentModel;
+    protected StudentClassModel $studentClassModel;
+    protected ClassSectionModel $classSectionModel;
+    protected EventChargesModel $eventChargesModel;
+    protected InvoiceEventModel $invoiceEventModel;
+    protected StudentModel $studentModel;
+    protected TuitionCalculatorInterface $oldCalculator;
+    protected TuitionCalculatorInterface $newCalculator;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->invoiceModel = new InvoiceModel();
+        $this->paymentModel = new PaymentModel();
+        $this->refundModel = new RefundModel();
+        $this->discountUsageModel = new DiscountUsageModel();
+        $this->additionalChargeModel = new AdditionalChargeModel();
+        $this->configurationModel = new ConfigurationModel();
+        $this->enrollmentModel = new EnrollmentModel();
+        $this->studentClassModel = new StudentClassModel();
+        $this->classSectionModel = new ClassSectionModel();
+        $this->eventChargesModel = new EventChargesModel();
+        $this->invoiceEventModel = new InvoiceEventModel();
+        $this->studentModel = new StudentModel();
+        $this->oldCalculator = new OldTuitionCalculatorService();
+        $this->newCalculator = new NewTuitionCalculatorService();
+    }
+
+    public function calculateInvoice(int $invoiceId): array
+    {
+        $invoice = $this->loadInvoice($invoiceId);
+        if ($invoice === null) {
+            throw new \RuntimeException('Invoice not found.');
+        }
+
+        $tuitionTotal = $this->calculateTuitionTotal($invoice);
+        $eventTotal = $this->calculateEventTotal($invoice);
+        $additionalTotal = $this->calculateAdditionalCharges($invoiceId);
+        $discountRawTotal = $this->calculateDiscounts($invoiceId);
+        $paidTotal = $this->calculateValidPayments($invoiceId);
+        $refundPaidTotal = $this->calculatePaidRefunds($invoiceId);
+
+        $tuitionCents = $this->toCents($tuitionTotal);
+        $eventCents = $this->toCents($eventTotal);
+        $additionalCents = $this->toCents($additionalTotal);
+        $discountRawCents = $this->toCents($discountRawTotal);
+        $paidCents = $this->toCents($paidTotal);
+        $refundPaidCents = $this->toCents($refundPaidTotal);
+
+        $discountBaseCents = max(0, $tuitionCents + $additionalCents);
+        $discountCents = min($discountRawCents, $discountBaseCents);
+        $totalAmountCents = $tuitionCents + $eventCents + $additionalCents;
+        $balanceCents = max(0, $totalAmountCents - $discountCents - $paidCents - $refundPaidCents);
+
+        if ($balanceCents === 0) {
+            $status = FinancialStatus::INVOICE_PAID;
+        } elseif ($paidCents > 0 || $discountCents > 0 || $refundPaidCents > 0) {
+            $status = FinancialStatus::INVOICE_PARTIALLY_PAID;
+        } else {
+            $status = FinancialStatus::INVOICE_UNPAID;
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'invoice_id' => $invoiceId,
+            'tuition_total' => $this->fromCents($tuitionCents),
+            'event_total' => $this->fromCents($eventCents),
+            'additional_total' => $this->fromCents($additionalCents),
+            'discount_total' => $this->fromCents($discountCents),
+            'discount_raw_total' => $this->fromCents($discountRawCents),
+            'paid_amount' => $this->fromCents($paidCents),
+            'refund_paid_total' => $this->fromCents($refundPaidCents),
+            'total_amount' => $this->fromCents($totalAmountCents),
+            'balance' => $this->fromCents($balanceCents),
+            'status' => $status,
+            'has_discount' => $discountCents > 0 ? 1 : 0,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public function recalculateInvoice(int $invoiceId): array
+    {
+        $calculation = $this->calculateInvoice($invoiceId);
+        $payload = [
+            'total_amount' => $calculation['total_amount'],
+            'paid_amount' => $calculation['paid_amount'],
+            'balance' => $calculation['balance'],
+            'status' => $calculation['status'],
+            'has_discount' => $calculation['has_discount'],
+            'updated_at' => utc_now(),
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->invoiceModel->db->fieldExists('discount', $this->invoiceModel->table)) {
+            $payload['discount'] = $calculation['discount_total'];
+        }
+
+        $this->invoiceModel->update($invoiceId, $payload);
+
+        return $calculation;
+    }
+
+    protected function loadInvoice(int $invoiceId): ?array
+    {
+        return $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId);
+    }
+
+    protected function calculateTuitionTotal(array $invoice): float
+    {
+        $parentId = (int) ($invoice['parent_id'] ?? 0);
+        $schoolYear = (string) ($invoice['school_year'] ?? '');
+        if ($parentId <= 0 || $schoolYear === '') {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+
+        $students = $this->loadTuitionStudents($parentId, $schoolYear);
+        $config = $this->getTuitionConfig();
+        $calculator = $this->resolveActiveCalculator();
+
+        return (float) ($calculator->calculateFamilyTuition($students, $config)['total'] ?? 0.0);
+    }
+
+    protected function calculateEventTotal(array $invoice): float
+    {
+        $invoiceId = (int) ($invoice['id'] ?? 0);
+        $invoiceEventRows = $this->invoiceEventModel
+            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(amount),0) AS total_amount')
+            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
+            ->findAll();
+
+        if (!empty($invoiceEventRows)) {
+            $total = (float) ($invoiceEventRows[0]['total_amount'] ?? 0);
+            if ($total > 0) {
+                return $total;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $rows = $this->eventChargesModel
+            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(charged),0) AS total_amount')
+            ->where('parent_id', (int) ($invoice['parent_id'] ?? 0))
+            ->where('school_year', (string) ($invoice['school_year'] ?? ''))
+            ->where('semester', (string) ($invoice['semester'] ?? ''))
+            ->findAll();
+
+        return (float) ($rows[0]['total_amount'] ?? 0);
+    }
+
+    protected function calculateAdditionalCharges(int $invoiceId): float
+    {
+        $rows = $this->additionalChargeModel
+            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(amount),0) AS total_amount')
+            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
+            ->whereNotIn('status', ['void', FinancialStatus::ADDITIONAL_CHARGE_VOIDED, 'cancelled', 'canceled'])
+            ->findAll();
+
+        return (float) ($rows[0]['total_amount'] ?? 0);
+    }
+
+    protected function calculateDiscounts(int $invoiceId): float
+    {
+        $row = $this->discountUsageModel
+            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(discount_amount),0) AS total_amount')
+            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
+            ->first();
+
+        return (float) ($row['total_amount'] ?? 0);
+    }
+
+    protected function calculateValidPayments(int $invoiceId): float
+    {
+        $query = $this->paymentModel
+            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(paid_amount),0) AS total_amount')
+            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId);
+
+        if ($this->paymentModel->db->fieldExists('status', $this->paymentModel->table)) {
+            $query->groupStart()
+                ->whereNotIn('status', FinancialStatus::EXCLUDED_PAYMENT_STATUSES)
+                ->orWhere('status IS NULL', null, false)
+            ->groupEnd();
+        }
+
+        if ($this->paymentModel->db->fieldExists('is_void', $this->paymentModel->table)) {
+            $query->groupStart()
+                ->where('is_void', 0)
+                ->orWhere('is_void IS NULL', null, false)
+            ->groupEnd();
+        }
+
+        $row = $query->first();
+
+        return (float) ($row['total_amount'] ?? 0);
+    }
+
+    protected function calculatePaidRefunds(int $invoiceId): float
+    {
+        $row = $this->refundModel
+            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(refund_paid_amount),0) AS total_amount')
+            ->where('invoice_id', $invoiceId)
+            ->whereIn('status', FinancialStatus::REFUND_REDUCES_INVOICE_STATUSES)
+            ->first();
+
+        return (float) ($row['total_amount'] ?? 0);
+    }
+
+    protected function loadTuitionStudents(int $parentId, string $schoolYear): array
+    {
+        $enrollments = $this->enrollmentModel
+            ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
+            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->findAll();
+
+        if (empty($enrollments)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $refundDeadline = (string) ($this->configurationModel->getConfig('refund_deadline') ?? '');
+        $includeWithdrawn = !$this->isWithinRefundWindow($refundDeadline);
+        $eligibleStatuses = ['enrolled', 'payment pending'];
+
+        if ($includeWithdrawn) {
+            array_push($eligibleStatuses, 'withdrawn', 'refund pending', 'withdraw under review');
+        }
+
+        $students = [];
+        foreach ($enrollments as $enrollment) {
+            $status = strtolower(trim((string) ($enrollment['enrollment_status'] ?? '')));
+            $studentId = (int) ($enrollment['student_id'] ?? 0);
+            if ($studentId <= 0 || !in_array($status, $eligibleStatuses, true)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!$this->studentClassModel->hasNonEventAssignment($studentId, $schoolYear)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $gradeName = $this->resolveGradeName($studentId, $schoolYear, $enrollment['class_section_id'] ?? null);
+            $student = $this->studentModel->find($studentId) ?? [];
+
+            $students[] = [
+                'student_id' => $studentId,
+                'student_name' => trim(((string) ($student['firstname'] ?? '')) . ' ' . ((string) ($student['lastname'] ?? ''))),
+                'grade_level' => $gradeName,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $students;
+    }
+
+    protected function resolveGradeName(int $studentId, string $schoolYear, $classSectionId = null): string
+    {
+        $sectionId = $classSectionId;
+        if (empty($sectionId)) {
+            $row = $this->studentClassModel
+                ->select('class_section_id')
+                ->where('student_id', $studentId)
+                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+                ->orderBy('updated_at', 'DESC')
+                ->first();
+            $sectionId = $row['class_section_id'] ?? null;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($sectionId)) {
+            return 'N/A';
+        }
+
+        $name = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSectionNameBySectionId($sectionId);
+
+        return is_string($name) && $name !== '' ? strtoupper(trim($name)) : 'N/A';
+    }
+
+    protected function resolveActiveCalculator(): TuitionCalculatorInterface
+    {
+        $version = strtolower(trim((string) ($this->configurationModel->getConfig('tuition_calculator_version') ?? 'old')));
+
+        return $version === 'new' ? $this->newCalculator : $this->oldCalculator;
+    }
+
+    protected function getTuitionConfig(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'grade_fee' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('grade_fee'),
+            'first_student_fee' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('first_student_fee'),
+            'second_student_fee' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('second_student_fee'),
+            'youth_fee' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('youth_fee'),
+            'new_tuition_full_amount' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('new_tuition_full_amount'),
+            'new_tuition_youth_amount' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('new_tuition_youth_amount'),
+            'new_tuition_second_student_discount' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('new_tuition_second_student_discount'),
+            'new_tuition_third_student_discount' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('new_tuition_third_student_discount'),
+            'new_tuition_fourth_plus_discount' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('new_tuition_fourth_plus_discount'),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    protected function isWithinRefundWindow(string $refundDeadline): bool
+    {
+        if ($refundDeadline === '') {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $timeZone = new \DateTimeZone((string) (config('School')->attendance['timezone'] ?? user_timezone()));
+            $today = new \DateTimeImmutable('today', $timeZone);
+            $deadline = new \DateTimeImmutable($refundDeadline, $timeZone);
+
+            return $today <= $deadline;
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function toCents($amount): int
+    {
+        return (int) round(((float) $amount) * 100);
+    }
+
+    protected function fromCents(int $cents): string
+    {
+        return number_format($cents / 100, 2, '.', '');
+    }
+}

app/Libraries/StaffTimeOffLinkService.php

@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@ class StaffTimeOffLinkService
     public function __construct(?string $secret = null, ?int $ttlSeconds = null)
     {
         helper('jwt');
+        helper('security');
 
-        $this->secret = $secret ?: (string)env('JWT_SECRET', 'change-me-in-env');
+        $this->secret = $secret ?: require_env('JWT_SECRET');
         $this->ttl = ($ttlSeconds !== null && $ttlSeconds > 0) ? $ttlSeconds : self::DEFAULT_TTL;
     }
 

app/Libraries/Tuition/GradeLevelParser.php

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Libraries\Tuition;
+
+final class GradeLevelParser
+{
+    public static function parse($grade, int $gradeFee = 9): int
+    {
+        if (is_numeric($grade)) {
+            return (int) $grade;
+        }
+
+        if (!is_string($grade)) {
+            return 999;
+        }
+
+        $value = strtoupper(trim($grade));
+        $value = preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', $value) ?? $value;
+        $value = str_replace(['.', '_', '-'], ['', '', ' '], $value);
+
+        if (in_array($value, ['K', 'KG', 'K G', 'KINDER', 'KINDERGARTEN'], true)) {
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        if (in_array($value, ['PK', 'P K', 'PREK', 'PRE K', 'PRE KINDER', 'PREKINDER'], true)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (preg_match('/^Y(?:OUTH)?\s*(\d+)?$/', $value, $matches)) {
+            $offset = isset($matches[1]) && $matches[1] !== '' ? max(1, (int) $matches[1]) : 1;
+            return $gradeFee + $offset;
+        }
+
+        if (preg_match('/^(?:GR?ADE\s*)?(\d{1,2})\s*([A-Z]*)$/', $value, $matches)) {
+            return (int) $matches[1];
+        }
+
+        return 999;
+    }
+}

app/Libraries/Tuition/NewTuitionCalculatorService.php

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Libraries\Tuition;
+
+use App\Interfaces\TuitionCalculatorInterface;
+
+final class NewTuitionCalculatorService implements TuitionCalculatorInterface
+{
+    public function calculateFamilyTuition(array $students, array $config): array
+    {
+        $gradeFee = (int) ($config['grade_fee'] ?? 9);
+        $fullAmountCents = $this->toCents($config['new_tuition_full_amount'] ?? 370);
+        $youthAmountCents = $this->toCents($config['new_tuition_youth_amount'] ?? $config['youth_fee'] ?? 200);
+        $secondDiscountCents = $this->toCents($config['new_tuition_second_student_discount'] ?? 50);
+        $thirdDiscountCents = $this->toCents($config['new_tuition_third_student_discount'] ?? 50);
+        $fourthPlusDiscountCents = $this->toCents($config['new_tuition_fourth_plus_discount'] ?? 100);
+
+        usort($students, function (array $left, array $right) use ($gradeFee): int {
+            $leftLevel = GradeLevelParser::parse($left['grade_level'] ?? null, $gradeFee);
+            $rightLevel = GradeLevelParser::parse($right['grade_level'] ?? null, $gradeFee);
+
+            return [$leftLevel, (int) ($left['student_id'] ?? 0)] <=> [$rightLevel, (int) ($right['student_id'] ?? 0)];
+        });
+
+        $details = [];
+        $regularPosition = 0;
+
+        foreach (array_values($students) as $student) {
+            $level = GradeLevelParser::parse($student['grade_level'] ?? null, $gradeFee);
+
+            if ($level > $gradeFee) {
+                $position = null;
+                $discountCents = 0;
+                $rule = 'new_youth_unit_price';
+                $baseAmountCents = $youthAmountCents;
+            } else {
+                $regularPosition++;
+                $position = $regularPosition;
+
+                if ($position === 1) {
+                    $discountCents = 0;
+                    $rule = 'new_first_student_full_amount';
+                } elseif ($position === 2) {
+                    $discountCents = $secondDiscountCents;
+                    $rule = 'new_second_student_discount';
+                } elseif ($position === 3) {
+                    $discountCents = $thirdDiscountCents;
+                    $rule = 'new_third_student_discount';
+                } else {
+                    $discountCents = $fourthPlusDiscountCents;
+                    $rule = 'new_fourth_plus_student_discount';
+                }
+
+                $baseAmountCents = $fullAmountCents;
+            }
+
+            $amountCents = max(0, $baseAmountCents - $discountCents);
+
+            $details[] = [
+                'student_id' => (int) ($student['student_id'] ?? 0),
+                'student_name' => (string) ($student['student_name'] ?? ''),
+                'grade_level' => $student['grade_level'] ?? null,
+                'family_position' => $position,
+                'full_amount' => $this->fromCents($baseAmountCents),
+                'discount' => $this->fromCents($discountCents),
+                'rule' => $rule,
+                'amount' => $this->fromCents($amountCents),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $total = array_sum(array_map(fn (array $detail): int => $this->toCents($detail['amount']), $details));
+
+        return [
+            'calculator' => 'new',
+            'total' => $this->fromCents($total),
+            'details' => $details,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function toCents($amount): int
+    {
+        return (int) round(((float) $amount) * 100);
+    }
+
+    private function fromCents(int $cents): string
+    {
+        return number_format($cents / 100, 2, '.', '');
+    }
+}

app/Libraries/Tuition/OldTuitionCalculatorService.php

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Libraries\Tuition;
+
+use App\Interfaces\TuitionCalculatorInterface;
+
+final class OldTuitionCalculatorService implements TuitionCalculatorInterface
+{
+    public function calculateFamilyTuition(array $students, array $config): array
+    {
+        $gradeFee = (int) ($config['grade_fee'] ?? 9);
+        $firstStudentFee = $this->toCents($config['first_student_fee'] ?? 370);
+        $secondStudentFee = $this->toCents($config['second_student_fee'] ?? 200);
+        $youthFee = $this->toCents($config['youth_fee'] ?? 200);
+
+        usort($students, function (array $left, array $right) use ($gradeFee): int {
+            $leftLevel = GradeLevelParser::parse($left['grade_level'] ?? null, $gradeFee);
+            $rightLevel = GradeLevelParser::parse($right['grade_level'] ?? null, $gradeFee);
+
+            return [$leftLevel, (int) ($left['student_id'] ?? 0)] <=> [$rightLevel, (int) ($right['student_id'] ?? 0)];
+        });
+
+        $regularCount = 0;
+        $details = [];
+
+        foreach ($students as $student) {
+            $level = GradeLevelParser::parse($student['grade_level'] ?? null, $gradeFee);
+
+            if ($level > $gradeFee) {
+                $amountCents = $youthFee;
+                $rule = 'old_youth_fee';
+            } else {
+                $regularCount++;
+                $amountCents = $regularCount === 1 ? $firstStudentFee : $secondStudentFee;
+                $rule = $regularCount === 1 ? 'old_first_student_fee' : 'old_second_student_fee';
+            }
+
+            $details[] = [
+                'student_id' => (int) ($student['student_id'] ?? 0),
+                'student_name' => (string) ($student['student_name'] ?? ''),
+                'grade_level' => $student['grade_level'] ?? null,
+                'rule' => $rule,
+                'amount' => $this->fromCents($amountCents),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $total = array_sum(array_map(fn (array $detail): int => $this->toCents($detail['amount']), $details));
+
+        return [
+            'calculator' => 'old',
+            'total' => $this->fromCents($total),
+            'details' => $details,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function toCents($amount): int
+    {
+        return (int) round(((float) $amount) * 100);
+    }
+
+    private function fromCents(int $cents): string
+    {
+        return number_format($cents / 100, 2, '.', '');
+    }
+}

app/Libraries/Tuition/TuitionForecastService.php

@@ -0,0 +1,663 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Libraries\Tuition;
+
+use App\Libraries\FinancialStatus;
+use App\Models\ClassSectionModel;
+use App\Models\ConfigurationModel;
+use App\Models\EnrollmentModel;
+use App\Models\PaymentModel;
+use App\Models\RefundModel;
+use App\Models\StudentClassModel;
+use App\Models\UserModel;
+
+class TuitionForecastService
+{
+    protected ConfigurationModel $configurationModel;
+    protected EnrollmentModel $enrollmentModel;
+    protected StudentClassModel $studentClassModel;
+    protected ClassSectionModel $classSectionModel;
+    protected PaymentModel $paymentModel;
+    protected RefundModel $refundModel;
+    protected UserModel $userModel;
+    protected OldTuitionCalculatorService $oldCalculator;
+    protected NewTuitionCalculatorService $newCalculator;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->configurationModel = new ConfigurationModel();
+        $this->enrollmentModel = new EnrollmentModel();
+        $this->studentClassModel = new StudentClassModel();
+        $this->classSectionModel = new ClassSectionModel();
+        $this->paymentModel = new PaymentModel();
+        $this->refundModel = new RefundModel();
+        $this->userModel = new UserModel();
+        $this->oldCalculator = new OldTuitionCalculatorService();
+        $this->newCalculator = new NewTuitionCalculatorService();
+    }
+
+    public function calculate(string $schoolYear, string $semester, string $mode = 'compare', array $options = []): array
+    {
+        $schoolYear = trim($schoolYear) !== '' ? trim($schoolYear) : $this->getDefaultSchoolYear();
+        $semester = trim($semester) !== '' ? trim($semester) : $this->getDefaultSemester();
+        $mode = $this->normalizeMode($mode);
+        $options = $this->normalizeOptions($options);
+        $this->unitPriceOverride = $options['unit_price'];
+        $this->youthUnitPriceOverride = $options['youth_unit_price'];
+        $tuitionConfig = $this->getTuitionConfig();
+        $familyRows = [];
+        $summary = [
+            'family_count' => 0,
+            'student_count' => 0,
+            'billable_student_count' => 0,
+            'old_projected_tuition' => '0.00',
+            'new_projected_tuition' => '0.00',
+            'old_projected_income' => '0.00',
+            'new_projected_income' => '0.00',
+            'difference' => '0.00',
+            'projected_tuition' => '0.00',
+            'projected_income' => '0.00',
+            'unit_price' => '0.00',
+            'youth_unit_price' => '0.00',
+        ];
+
+        $oldProjectedCents = 0;
+        $newProjectedCents = 0;
+        $studentCount = 0;
+        $billableStudentCount = 0;
+
+        foreach ($this->loadFamilies($schoolYear, $semester) as $family) {
+            $parentId = (int) ($family['parent_id'] ?? 0);
+            if ($parentId <= 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $studentContext = $this->loadFamilyStudents($parentId, $schoolYear, $semester, $options);
+            $students = $studentContext['students'];
+            $allStudents = $studentContext['all_students'];
+            $warnings = $studentContext['warnings'];
+
+            if (empty($allStudents)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $oldResult = $this->oldCalculator->calculateFamilyTuition($students, $tuitionConfig);
+            $newResult = $this->newCalculator->calculateFamilyTuition($students, $tuitionConfig);
+
+            $oldTotalCents = $this->toCents($oldResult['total'] ?? 0);
+            $newTotalCents = $this->toCents($newResult['total'] ?? 0);
+
+            $mergedDetails = $this->mergeStudentDetails($allStudents, $oldResult['details'] ?? [], $newResult['details'] ?? []);
+            $studentCount += count($allStudents);
+            $billableStudentCount += count($students);
+            $oldProjectedCents += $oldTotalCents;
+            $newProjectedCents += $newTotalCents;
+
+            $familyRows[] = [
+                'parent_id' => $parentId,
+                'parent_name' => $family['parent_name'] ?? ('Parent #' . $parentId),
+                'student_count' => count($allStudents),
+                'billable_student_count' => count($students),
+                'old_total' => $this->fromCents($oldTotalCents),
+                'new_total' => $this->fromCents($newTotalCents),
+                'difference' => $this->fromCents($newTotalCents - $oldTotalCents),
+                'warnings' => array_values(array_unique($warnings)),
+                'student_details' => $mergedDetails,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        usort($familyRows, static fn (array $left, array $right): int => strcmp((string) ($left['parent_name'] ?? ''), (string) ($right['parent_name'] ?? '')));
+
+        $summary['family_count'] = count($familyRows);
+        $summary['student_count'] = $studentCount;
+        $summary['billable_student_count'] = $billableStudentCount;
+        $summary['old_projected_tuition'] = $this->fromCents($oldProjectedCents);
+        $summary['new_projected_tuition'] = $this->fromCents($newProjectedCents);
+        $summary['old_projected_income'] = $summary['old_projected_tuition'];
+        $summary['new_projected_income'] = $summary['new_projected_tuition'];
+        $summary['difference'] = $this->fromCents($newProjectedCents - $oldProjectedCents);
+        $summary['projected_tuition'] = $mode === 'old' ? $summary['old_projected_tuition'] : $summary['new_projected_tuition'];
+        $summary['projected_income'] = $mode === 'old' ? $summary['old_projected_income'] : $summary['new_projected_income'];
+        $summary['unit_price'] = number_format((float) ($tuitionConfig['new_tuition_full_amount'] ?? 0), 2, '.', '');
+        $summary['youth_unit_price'] = number_format((float) ($tuitionConfig['new_tuition_youth_amount'] ?? 0), 2, '.', '');
+
+        return [
+            'school_year' => $schoolYear,
+            'semester' => $semester,
+            'calculator_mode' => $mode,
+            'options' => $options,
+            'summary' => $summary,
+            'families' => $familyRows,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public function getAvailableSchoolYears(): array
+    {
+        $values = [];
+
+        if ($this->enrollmentModel->db->tableExists('enrollments')) {
+            $rows = $this->enrollmentModel->db->table('enrollments')
+                ->select('school_year')
+                ->where('school_year IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+                ->where('school_year !=', '')
+                ->groupBy('school_year')
+                ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
+
+            foreach ($rows as $row) {
+                $value = trim((string) ($row['school_year'] ?? ''));
+                if ($value !== '') {
+                    $values[$value] = $value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($this->paymentModel->db->tableExists('invoices')) {
+            $rows = $this->paymentModel->db->table('invoices')
+                ->select('school_year')
+                ->where('school_year IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+                ->where('school_year !=', '')
+                ->groupBy('school_year')
+                ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
+
+            foreach ($rows as $row) {
+                $value = trim((string) ($row['school_year'] ?? ''));
+                if ($value !== '') {
+                    $values[$value] = $value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($values === []) {
+            $default = $this->getDefaultSchoolYear();
+            if ($default !== '') {
+                $values[$default] = $default;
+            }
+        }
+
+        krsort($values);
+
+        return array_values($values);
+    }
+
+    public function getAvailableSemesters(): array
+    {
+        $values = [];
+
+        if ($this->enrollmentModel->db->tableExists('enrollments')) {
+            $rows = $this->enrollmentModel->db->table('enrollments')
+                ->select('semester')
+                ->where('semester IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+                ->where('semester !=', '')
+                ->groupBy('semester')
+                ->orderBy('semester', 'ASC')
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
+
+            foreach ($rows as $row) {
+                $value = trim((string) ($row['semester'] ?? ''));
+                if ($value !== '') {
+                    $values[$value] = $value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($values === []) {
+            $default = $this->getDefaultSemester();
+            if ($default !== '') {
+                $values[$default] = $default;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return array_values($values);
+    }
+
+    protected function normalizeMode(string $mode): string
+    {
+        $value = strtolower(trim($mode));
+
+        return in_array($value, ['old', 'new'], true) ? $value : 'compare';
+    }
+
+    protected function normalizeOptions(array $options): array
+    {
+        $includeWithdrawnMode = strtolower(trim((string) ($options['include_withdrawn_mode'] ?? 'refund_deadline')));
+        if (!in_array($includeWithdrawnMode, ['refund_deadline', 'include', 'exclude'], true)) {
+            $includeWithdrawnMode = 'refund_deadline';
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'include_withdrawn_mode' => $includeWithdrawnMode,
+            'include_payment_pending' => $this->toBool($options['include_payment_pending'] ?? true),
+            'include_event_only' => $this->toBool($options['include_event_only'] ?? false),
+            'include_paid_invoices' => $this->toBool($options['include_paid_invoices'] ?? true),
+            'unit_price' => $this->normalizeMoney($options['unit_price'] ?? null),
+            'youth_unit_price' => $this->normalizeMoney($options['youth_unit_price'] ?? null),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    protected function loadFamilies(string $schoolYear, string $semester): array
+    {
+        $builder = $this->enrollmentModel->db->table('enrollments e')
+            ->select("e.parent_id, CONCAT(COALESCE(u.lastname, ''), ', ', COALESCE(u.firstname, '')) AS parent_name", false)
+            ->join('users u', 'u.id = e.parent_id', 'left')
+            ->where('e.school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->groupBy('e.parent_id')
+            ->orderBy('parent_name', 'ASC');
+
+        $this->applyEnrollmentSemesterFilter($builder, 'e', $semester);
+
+        return $builder->get()->getResultArray();
+    }
+
+    protected function loadFamilyStudents(int $parentId, string $schoolYear, string $semester, array $options): array
+    {
+        $rows = $this->enrollmentModel->db->table('enrollments e')
+            ->select('e.*, s.firstname, s.lastname, s.is_active')
+            ->join('students s', 's.id = e.student_id', 'left')
+            ->where('e.parent_id', $parentId)
+            ->where('e.school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->orderBy('e.updated_at', 'DESC')
+            ->orderBy('e.id', 'DESC')
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        $latestByStudent = [];
+        foreach ($rows as $row) {
+            $studentId = (int) ($row['student_id'] ?? 0);
+            if ($studentId <= 0 || isset($latestByStudent[$studentId])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!$this->matchesEnrollmentSemester($row, $semester)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $latestByStudent[$studentId] = $row;
+        }
+
+        ksort($latestByStudent);
+
+        $withinRefundWindow = $this->isWithinRefundWindow((string) ($this->configurationModel->getConfig('refund_deadline') ?? ''));
+        $students = [];
+        $allStudents = [];
+        $warnings = [];
+        $eventOnlyCount = 0;
+        $missingClassCount = 0;
+        $inactiveCount = 0;
+        $pendingSkippedCount = 0;
+
+        foreach ($latestByStudent as $row) {
+            $studentId = (int) ($row['student_id'] ?? 0);
+            $studentName = trim(((string) ($row['firstname'] ?? '')) . ' ' . ((string) ($row['lastname'] ?? '')));
+            $studentLabel = $studentName !== '' ? $studentName : ('Student #' . $studentId);
+
+            if ((int) ($row['is_active'] ?? 1) === 0) {
+                $inactiveCount++;
+                $allStudents[] = [
+                    'student_id' => $studentId,
+                    'student_name' => $studentLabel,
+                    'grade_level' => 'N/A',
+                    'billable' => false,
+                    'excluded_reason' => 'inactive',
+                ];
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $inclusion = $this->resolveEnrollmentInclusion($row, $options, $withinRefundWindow);
+            if (!$inclusion['include']) {
+                if (($inclusion['reason'] ?? '') === 'payment_pending_excluded') {
+                    $pendingSkippedCount++;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $classFlags = $this->resolveStudentClassFlags($studentId, $schoolYear);
+            $gradeName = $this->resolveGradeName($studentId, $schoolYear, $row['class_section_id'] ?? null);
+            $studentBase = [
+                'student_id' => $studentId,
+                'student_name' => $studentLabel,
+                'grade_level' => $gradeName,
+                'billable' => false,
+                'excluded_reason' => null,
+            ];
+
+            if (!$classFlags['has_any_assignment']) {
+                $missingClassCount++;
+                $studentBase['excluded_reason'] = 'missing_class_assignment';
+                $allStudents[] = $studentBase;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!$classFlags['has_non_event_assignment']) {
+                $eventOnlyCount++;
+                $studentBase['excluded_reason'] = 'event_only';
+                $allStudents[] = $studentBase;
+                if ($options['include_event_only']) {
+                    $warnings[] = $studentLabel . ' is event-only and excluded from tuition billing.';
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ($gradeName === 'N/A') {
+                $warnings[] = $studentLabel . ' has no resolved class section grade.';
+            }
+
+            $studentBase['billable'] = true;
+            $allStudents[] = $studentBase;
+            $students[] = [
+                'student_id' => $studentId,
+                'student_name' => $studentLabel,
+                'grade_level' => $gradeName,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        if ($eventOnlyCount > 0) {
+            $warnings[] = $eventOnlyCount . ' event-only student(s) excluded from tuition.';
+        }
+
+        if ($missingClassCount > 0) {
+            $warnings[] = $missingClassCount . ' student(s) missing class assignments.';
+        }
+
+        if ($inactiveCount > 0) {
+            $warnings[] = $inactiveCount . ' inactive student(s) skipped.';
+        }
+
+        if ($pendingSkippedCount > 0) {
+            $warnings[] = $pendingSkippedCount . ' payment-pending student(s) skipped by filter.';
+        }
+
+        if ($this->toCents($this->configurationModel->getConfig('new_tuition_full_amount') ?? 0) <= 0) {
+            $warnings[] = 'New tuition full amount is missing or zero.';
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'students' => $students,
+            'all_students' => $allStudents,
+            'warnings' => array_values(array_unique($warnings)),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    protected function resolveEnrollmentInclusion(array $row, array $options, bool $withinRefundWindow): array
+    {
+        $admissionStatus = strtolower(trim((string) ($row['admission_status'] ?? '')));
+        $enrollmentStatus = strtolower(trim((string) ($row['enrollment_status'] ?? '')));
+
+        if ($admissionStatus === 'denied' || $enrollmentStatus === 'admission under review') {
+            return ['include' => false, 'reason' => 'not_admitted'];
+        }
+
+        if ($enrollmentStatus === 'payment pending') {
+            return ['include' => $options['include_payment_pending'], 'reason' => 'payment_pending_excluded'];
+        }
+
+        if ($enrollmentStatus === 'enrolled') {
+            return ['include' => true, 'reason' => null];
+        }
+
+        if (in_array($enrollmentStatus, ['withdrawn', 'refund pending', 'withdraw under review'], true)) {
+            if ($options['include_withdrawn_mode'] === 'include') {
+                return ['include' => true, 'reason' => null];
+            }
+
+            if ($options['include_withdrawn_mode'] === 'exclude') {
+                return ['include' => false, 'reason' => 'withdrawn_excluded'];
+            }
+
+            return ['include' => !$withinRefundWindow, 'reason' => 'refund_deadline_excluded'];
+        }
+
+        return ['include' => $admissionStatus === 'accepted', 'reason' => 'accepted_only'];
+    }
+
+    protected function resolveStudentClassFlags(int $studentId, string $schoolYear): array
+    {
+        $rows = $this->studentClassModel->where('student_id', $studentId)
+            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->findAll();
+
+        $hasAnyAssignment = !empty($rows);
+        $hasNonEventAssignment = false;
+        $hasEventOnlyAssignment = false;
+
+        foreach ($rows as $row) {
+            $isEventOnly = (int) ($row['is_event_only'] ?? 0) === 1;
+            $hasEventOnlyAssignment = $hasEventOnlyAssignment || $isEventOnly;
+            $hasNonEventAssignment = $hasNonEventAssignment || !$isEventOnly;
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'has_any_assignment' => $hasAnyAssignment,
+            'has_non_event_assignment' => $hasNonEventAssignment,
+            'has_event_only_assignment' => $hasEventOnlyAssignment,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    protected function resolveGradeName(int $studentId, string $schoolYear, $classSectionId = null): string
+    {
+        $sectionId = $classSectionId;
+
+        if (empty($sectionId)) {
+            $row = $this->studentClassModel
+                ->select('class_section_id')
+                ->where('student_id', $studentId)
+                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+                ->where('is_event_only', 0)
+                ->orderBy('updated_at', 'DESC')
+                ->first();
+            $sectionId = $row['class_section_id'] ?? null;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($sectionId)) {
+            return 'N/A';
+        }
+
+        $name = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSectionNameBySectionId($sectionId);
+
+        return is_string($name) && trim($name) !== '' ? strtoupper(trim($name)) : 'N/A';
+    }
+
+    protected function calculateAlreadyCollected(int $parentId, string $schoolYear, string $semester): int
+    {
+        $paymentBuilder = $this->paymentModel->db->table('payments')
+            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(paid_amount),0) AS total_amount')
+            ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
+            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+
+        if ($semester !== '') {
+            $paymentBuilder->where('semester', $semester);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->paymentModel->db->fieldExists('status', 'payments')) {
+            $paymentBuilder->groupStart()
+                ->whereNotIn('status', FinancialStatus::EXCLUDED_PAYMENT_STATUSES)
+                ->orWhere('status IS NULL', null, false)
+                ->groupEnd();
+        }
+
+        if ($this->paymentModel->db->fieldExists('is_void', 'payments')) {
+            $paymentBuilder->groupStart()
+                ->where('is_void', 0)
+                ->orWhere('is_void IS NULL', null, false)
+                ->groupEnd();
+        }
+
+        $paymentRow = $paymentBuilder->get()->getRowArray();
+        $paidCents = $this->toCents($paymentRow['total_amount'] ?? 0);
+
+        $refundBuilder = $this->refundModel->db->table('refunds')
+            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(refund_paid_amount),0) AS total_amount')
+            ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
+            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->whereIn('status', FinancialStatus::REFUND_REDUCES_INVOICE_STATUSES);
+
+        if ($semester !== '' && $this->refundModel->db->fieldExists('semester', 'refunds')) {
+            $refundBuilder->where('semester', $semester);
+        }
+
+        $refundRow = $refundBuilder->get()->getRowArray();
+        $refundCents = $this->toCents($refundRow['total_amount'] ?? 0);
+
+        return max(0, $paidCents - $refundCents);
+    }
+
+    protected function mergeStudentDetails(array $allStudents, array $oldDetails, array $newDetails): array
+    {
+        $oldMap = [];
+        foreach ($oldDetails as $detail) {
+            $oldMap[(int) ($detail['student_id'] ?? 0)] = $detail;
+        }
+
+        $newMap = [];
+        foreach ($newDetails as $detail) {
+            $newMap[(int) ($detail['student_id'] ?? 0)] = $detail;
+        }
+
+        $rows = [];
+        foreach ($allStudents as $student) {
+            $studentId = (int) ($student['student_id'] ?? 0);
+            $old = $oldMap[$studentId] ?? null;
+            $new = $newMap[$studentId] ?? null;
+
+            $rows[] = [
+                'student_id' => $studentId,
+                'student_name' => $student['student_name'] ?? '',
+                'grade_level' => $student['grade_level'] ?? 'N/A',
+                'billable' => (bool) ($student['billable'] ?? false),
+                'excluded_reason' => $student['excluded_reason'] ?? null,
+                'old_rule' => $old['rule'] ?? null,
+                'old_amount' => $old['amount'] ?? '0.00',
+                'new_rule' => $new['rule'] ?? null,
+                'new_amount' => $new['amount'] ?? '0.00',
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $rows;
+    }
+
+    protected function getTuitionConfig(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'grade_fee' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('grade_fee'),
+            'first_student_fee' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('first_student_fee'),
+            'second_student_fee' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('second_student_fee'),
+            'youth_fee' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('youth_fee') ?? '200.00',
+            'new_tuition_full_amount' => $this->normalizedUnitPriceOverride(),
+            'new_tuition_youth_amount' => $this->normalizedYouthUnitPriceOverride(),
+            'new_tuition_second_student_discount' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('new_tuition_second_student_discount'),
+            'new_tuition_third_student_discount' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('new_tuition_third_student_discount'),
+            'new_tuition_fourth_plus_discount' => $this->configurationModel->getConfig('new_tuition_fourth_plus_discount'),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    protected ?string $unitPriceOverride = null;
+    protected ?string $youthUnitPriceOverride = null;
+
+    protected function normalizedUnitPriceOverride(): string
+    {
+        return $this->unitPriceOverride
+            ?? (string) ($this->configurationModel->getConfig('new_tuition_full_amount') ?? '0.00');
+    }
+
+    protected function normalizedYouthUnitPriceOverride(): string
+    {
+        return $this->youthUnitPriceOverride
+            ?? (string) (
+                $this->configurationModel->getConfig('new_tuition_youth_amount')
+                ?? $this->configurationModel->getConfig('youth_fee')
+                ?? '200.00'
+            );
+    }
+
+    protected function normalizeMoney($value): ?string
+    {
+        if ($value === null || trim((string) $value) === '') {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $normalized = preg_replace('/[^0-9.]+/', '', (string) $value);
+        if ($normalized === '' || !is_numeric($normalized)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $amount = (float) $normalized;
+
+        return $amount > 0 ? number_format($amount, 2, '.', '') : null;
+    }
+
+    protected function isWithinRefundWindow(string $refundDeadline): bool
+    {
+        if ($refundDeadline === '') {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $timeZone = new \DateTimeZone((string) (config('School')->attendance['timezone'] ?? user_timezone()));
+            $today = new \DateTimeImmutable('today', $timeZone);
+            $deadline = new \DateTimeImmutable($refundDeadline, $timeZone);
+
+            return $today <= $deadline;
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function getDefaultSchoolYear(): string
+    {
+        return (string) ($this->configurationModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+    }
+
+    protected function getDefaultSemester(): string
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    protected function applyEnrollmentSemesterFilter($builder, string $alias, string $semester): void
+    {
+        if ($semester === '') {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $builder->groupStart()
+            ->where($alias . '.semester', $semester)
+            ->orWhere($alias . '.semester', '')
+            ->orWhere($alias . '.semester IS NULL', null, false)
+            ->groupEnd();
+    }
+
+    protected function matchesEnrollmentSemester(array $row, string $semester): bool
+    {
+        if ($semester === '') {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $value = trim((string) ($row['semester'] ?? ''));
+
+        return $value === '' || strcasecmp($value, $semester) === 0;
+    }
+
+    protected function toBool($value): bool
+    {
+        if (is_bool($value)) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        $normalized = strtolower(trim((string) $value));
+
+        return in_array($normalized, ['1', 'true', 'yes', 'on'], true);
+    }
+
+    protected function toCents($amount): int
+    {
+        return (int) round(((float) $amount) * 100);
+    }
+
+    protected function fromCents(int $cents): string
+    {
+        return number_format($cents / 100, 2, '.', '');
+    }
+}

app/Listeners/DecisionEmailListener.php

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Listeners;
+
+use Config\Services;
+
+class DecisionEmailListener
+{
+    public static function handle(array $payload): void
+    {
+        $studentId   = (int)($payload['student_id'] ?? 0);
+        $studentName = (string)($payload['student_name'] ?? '');
+        $classSection= (string)($payload['class_section_name'] ?? '');
+        $semester    = (string)($payload['semester'] ?? '');
+        $schoolYear  = (string)($payload['school_year'] ?? '');
+        $decision     = (string)($payload['decision'] ?? '');
+        $notes        = (string)($payload['notes'] ?? '');
+        $scores       = is_array($payload['scores'] ?? null) ? $payload['scores'] : [];
+        $allSemesters = is_array($payload['all_semesters'] ?? null) ? $payload['all_semesters'] : [];
+
+        if ($studentId <= 0) {
+            log_message('warning', 'DecisionEmail: missing student_id');
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $db = \Config\Database::connect();
+        $rows = $db->query(
+            "SELECT u.firstname, u.lastname, u.email, fg.is_primary
+               FROM family_students fs
+               JOIN family_guardians fg ON fg.family_id = fs.family_id
+               JOIN users u ON u.id = fg.user_id
+              WHERE fs.student_id = ?
+                AND fg.receive_emails = 1
+                AND u.email IS NOT NULL AND u.email != ''
+              ORDER BY fg.is_primary DESC, u.lastname, u.firstname",
+            [$studentId]
+        )->getResultArray();
+
+        if (empty($rows)) {
+            log_message('warning', 'DecisionEmail: no guardian emails for student_id=' . $studentId);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $emails = [];
+        foreach ($rows as $row) {
+            $em = trim((string)($row['email'] ?? ''));
+            if ($em !== '') $emails[$em] = true;
+        }
+        $emails = array_keys($emails);
+
+        $primary    = $rows[0] ?? [];
+        $parentName = trim((string)($primary['firstname'] ?? '') . ' ' . (string)($primary['lastname'] ?? ''));
+
+        $subject = (string)($payload['subject'] ?? '');
+        if ($subject === '') {
+            $subject = 'Academic Decision';
+            if ($studentName !== '') $subject .= ' — ' . $studentName;
+            if ($semester !== '' || $schoolYear !== '') {
+                $subject .= ' (' . trim($semester . ' ' . $schoolYear) . ')';
+            }
+        }
+
+        $emailData = [
+            'title'              => $subject,
+            'parent_name'        => $parentName !== '' ? $parentName : 'Parent/Guardian',
+            'student_name'       => $studentName !== '' ? $studentName : 'your student',
+            'class_section_name' => $classSection,
+            'school_year'        => $schoolYear,
+            'decision'           => $decision,
+            'notes'              => $notes,
+            'scores'             => $scores,
+            'all_semesters'      => $allSemesters,
+        ];
+
+        $html = trim((string)($payload['html'] ?? ''));
+        if ($html === '') {
+            $html = view('emails/below_sixty_decision', $emailData, ['saveData' => true]);
+        }
+
+        $okAny = false;
+        foreach ($emails as $to) {
+            $ok = self::sendViaEmailService($to, $subject, $html);
+            if (!$ok) {
+                $ok = self::sendViaCiEmail($to, $subject, $html);
+            }
+            $okAny = $okAny || $ok;
+        }
+
+        if ($okAny) {
+            log_message('info', 'DecisionEmail: sent for student_id=' . $studentId);
+        } else {
+            log_message('error', 'DecisionEmail: failed for student_id=' . $studentId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static function sendViaEmailService(string $to, string $subject, string $html): bool
+    {
+        try {
+            $svc = function_exists('service') ? service('emailService') : null;
+            if (!$svc && method_exists(Services::class, 'emailService')) {
+                $svc = Services::emailService();
+            }
+            if (!$svc) return false;
+            return (bool)$svc->send($to, $subject, $html, 'general');
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('debug', 'DecisionEmail sendViaEmailService failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static function sendViaCiEmail(string $to, string $subject, string $html): bool
+    {
+        try {
+            $email = Services::email();
+            $cfg   = config('Email');
+            $fromEmail = $cfg->fromEmail ?? $cfg->SMTPUser ?? 'no-reply@example.com';
+            $fromName  = $cfg->fromName  ?? 'Al Rahma Sunday School';
+
+            $email->setTo($to);
+            $email->setFrom($fromEmail, $fromName);
+            $email->setSubject($subject);
+            $email->setMessage($html);
+            $email->setMailType('html');
+            $ok = $email->send();
+            if (!$ok) {
+                $dbg = method_exists($email, 'printDebugger') ? $email->printDebugger(['headers', 'subject']) : 'no debugger';
+                log_message('debug', 'DecisionEmail CI send failed: ' . print_r($dbg, true));
+            }
+            return $ok;
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('debug', 'DecisionEmail sendViaCiEmail exception: ' . $e->getMessage());
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}

app/Models/AdditionalChargeModel.php

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class AdditionalChargeModel extends Model
         'description' => 'permit_empty|string',
         'amount'      => 'required|decimal',
         'due_date'    => 'permit_empty|valid_date',
-        'status'      => 'required|in_list[pending,applied]',
+        'status'      => 'required|in_list[pending,applied,voided]',
         'created_by'  => 'permit_empty|integer',
     ];
 

app/Models/AttendanceDataModel.php

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ class AttendanceDataModel extends Model
         'date',
         'status',
         'reason',
-        'reported',
         'is_reported',          
         'is_notified',      
         'semester',

app/Models/BelowSixtyDecisionModel.php

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+
+class BelowSixtyDecisionModel extends Model
+{
+    protected $table      = 'below_sixty_decisions';
+    protected $primaryKey = 'id';
+
+    protected $allowedFields = [
+        'student_id',
+        'semester',
+        'school_year',
+        'decision',
+        'notes',
+        'decided_by',
+    ];
+
+    protected $useTimestamps  = true;
+    protected $createdField   = 'created_at';
+    protected $updatedField   = 'updated_at';
+}

app/Models/CertificateRecordModel.php

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+
+class CertificateRecordModel extends Model
+{
+    protected $table         = 'certificate_records';
+    protected $primaryKey    = 'id';
+    protected $useTimestamps = true;
+
+    protected $allowedFields = [
+        'certificate_number',
+        'verification_token',
+        'student_id',
+        'student_name',
+        'grade',
+        'cert_date',
+        'school_year',
+        'class_section_id',
+        'issued_by',
+        'issued_at',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the next certificate number for a given school year.
+     * Format: ARSS-{school_year}-{4-digit sequence}  e.g. ARSS-2025-2026-0003
+     * Uses a transaction + row count to guarantee uniqueness within a request.
+     * Academic Records and Student Services (ARSS)
+     */
+    public function nextNumber(string $schoolYear): string
+    {
+        $db = \Config\Database::connect();
+        $db->transStart();
+
+        $count = $db->table($this->table)
+            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->countAllResults();
+
+        $seq = str_pad($count + 1, 4, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT);
+
+        $db->transComplete();
+
+        return 'ARSS-' . $schoolYear . '-' . $seq;
+    }
+
+    public function generateVerificationToken(): string
+    {
+        $db = \Config\Database::connect();
+
+        do {
+            $token = bin2hex(random_bytes(16));
+            $exists = $db->table($this->table)
+                ->select('id')
+                ->where('verification_token', $token)
+                ->limit(1)
+                ->get()
+                ->getRowArray();
+        } while ($exists);
+
+        return $token;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns paginated records with the issuing admin's name joined. */
+    public function getAuditLog(?string $schoolYear = null, int $perPage = 50): array
+    {
+        $builder = $this->db->table($this->table . ' cr')
+            ->select('cr.*, u.firstname AS admin_firstname, u.lastname AS admin_lastname')
+            ->join('users u', 'u.id = cr.issued_by', 'left')
+            ->orderBy('cr.issued_at', 'DESC');
+
+        if ($schoolYear) {
+            $builder->where('cr.school_year', $schoolYear);
+        }
+
+        return $builder->get()->getResultArray();
+    }
+
+    /** Total certificates issued per school year, ordered by year DESC. */
+    public function yearSummary(): array
+    {
+        return $this->db->table($this->table)
+            ->select('school_year, COUNT(*) AS total')
+            ->groupBy('school_year')
+            ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
+            ->get()->getResultArray();
+    }
+}

app/Models/ClassPrepAdjustmentModel.php

@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ class ClassPrepAdjustmentModel extends Model
 {
     protected $table = 'class_prep_adjustments';
     protected $allowedFields = [
-        'class_section_id', 'item_name', 'adjustment', 'school_year', 'created_at'
+        'class_section_id', 'item_name', 'adjustment', 'adjustable', 'created_at'
     ];
 }

app/Models/ClassPreparationLogModel.php

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ class ClassPreparationLogModel extends Model
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'class_section_id',
         'class_section',
-        'school_year',
         'prep_data',
         'created_at',
     ];

app/Models/Concerns/SchoolYearScopedModelTrait.php

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models\Concerns;
+
+use App\Support\SchoolYear\SchoolYearContext;
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+
+trait SchoolYearScopedModelTrait
+{
+    public function forSchoolYear(SchoolYearContext|string|int $schoolYear): Model
+    {
+        if ($schoolYear instanceof SchoolYearContext) {
+            if ($this->fieldExists('school_year_id')) {
+                return $this->where($this->table . '.school_year_id', $schoolYear->id());
+            }
+
+            return $this->where($this->table . '.school_year', $schoolYear->yearName());
+        }
+
+        if (is_int($schoolYear)) {
+            return $this->where($this->table . '.school_year_id', $schoolYear);
+        }
+
+        return $this->where($this->table . '.school_year', $schoolYear);
+    }
+
+    private function fieldExists(string $field): bool
+    {
+        return in_array($field, $this->db->getFieldNames($this->table), true);
+    }
+}

app/Models/ContactUsModel.php

@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@ class ContactUsModel extends Model
         'reciever_id',
         'subject',
         'message',
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];
@@ -35,8 +33,6 @@ class ContactUsModel extends Model
         'reciever_id'  => 'required|integer',
         'subject'      => 'required|string|max_length[255]',
         'message'      => 'required|string',
-        'semester'     => 'required|string|max_length[255]',
-        'school_year'  => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[9]'
     ];
 
     protected $validationMessages = [];
@@ -51,10 +47,7 @@ class ContactUsModel extends Model
      */
     public function getMessagesBySemesterAndYear($semester, $school_year)
     {
-        return $this->where([
-            'semester' => $semester,
-            'school_year' => $school_year
-        ])->findAll();
+        return $this->findAll();
     }
 
     /**

app/Models/EmailTemplateModel.php

@@ -6,12 +6,19 @@ use CodeIgniter\Model;
 class EmailTemplateModel extends Model {
     protected $table = 'email_templates';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
-    protected $allowedFields = ['template_key','name','subject','body','is_active'];
+    protected $allowedFields = ['code', 'variant', 'subject', 'body_html', 'is_active', 'updated_by', 'updated_at'];
 
     public function getActiveTemplates(): array {
-        return $this->where('is_active', 1)->orderBy('template_key','asc')->findAll();
+        return $this->select('email_templates.*, code AS template_key, code AS name, body_html AS body')
+            ->where('is_active', 1)
+            ->orderBy('code', 'asc')
+            ->findAll();
     }
+
     public function findByKey(string $key): ?array {
-        return $this->where('template_key', $key)->where('is_active', 1)->first();
+        return $this->select('email_templates.*, code AS template_key, code AS name, body_html AS body')
+            ->where('code', $key)
+            ->where('is_active', 1)
+            ->first();
     }
 }

app/Models/EmergencyContactModel.php

@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ class EmergencyContactModel extends Model
         'cellphone',
         'email',
         'relation',
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];

app/Models/EnrollmentModel.php

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class EnrollmentModel extends Model
     /**
      * Get all enrolled students (full student info) for a given parent.
      */
-    public function getEnrolledStudents(int $parentId, string $schoolYear = null, string $semester = null): array
+    public function getEnrolledStudents(int $parentId, ?string $schoolYear = null, ?string $semester = null): array
     {
         $builder = $this->select('students.*')
                         ->join('students', 'students.id = enrollments.student_id')
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class EnrollmentModel extends Model
     /**
      * Get student basic info (ID, name, grade) for a given parent where status is enrolled or Payment pending.
      */
-    public function getenrolledStudentDetails(int $parentId, string $schoolYear = null): array
+    public function getenrolledStudentDetails(int $parentId, ?string $schoolYear = null): array
     {
         $builder = $this->db->table('enrollments')
             ->select('students.id, students.firstname, students.lastname, students.grade_level')

app/Models/EventChargesModel.php

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ class EventChargesModel extends Model
         'external_parent_email',
         'semester',
         'school_year',
-        'created_by',
         'updated_by',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'

app/Models/ExamDraftModel.php

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ class ExamDraftModel extends Model
     ];
 
     protected $allowedFields = [
-        'teacher_id',
         'author_id',
         'class_section_id',
         'semester',
@@ -40,20 +39,14 @@ class ExamDraftModel extends Model
         'exam_type',
         'draft_title',
         'author_comment',
-        'description',
-        'teacher_file',
-        'teacher_filename',
         'author_file',
         'author_filename',
         'status',
         'acceptance_type',
         'review_revision',
         'reviewer_id',
-        'admin_id',
         'is_legacy',
-        'reviewer_comment',
         'reviewer_comments',
-        'admin_comments',
         'reviewed_at',
         'final_file',
         'final_filename',
@@ -87,11 +80,9 @@ class ExamDraftModel extends Model
      * @var array<string, string>
      */
     protected array $casts = [
-        'teacher_id' => 'int',
         'author_id' => 'int',
         'class_section_id' => 'int',
         'reviewer_id' => '?int',
-        'admin_id' => '?int',
         'review_revision' => 'int',
         'version' => 'int',
         'previous_draft_id' => '?int',

app/Models/ExamModel.php

@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@ class ExamModel extends Model
 
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'student_id',
-        'school_id',
+        'student_school_id',
         'class_section_id',
         'exam_name',
+        'school_year',
         'created_at'
     ];
 

app/Models/FinalExamModel.php

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ class FinalExamModel extends Model
         'class_section_id', 
         'updated_by', 
         'score', 
-        'comment', 
         'semester', 
         'school_year', 
         'created_at', 

app/Models/FinalScoreModel.php

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class FinalScoreModel extends Model
         'student_id',
         'school_id',
         'class_section_id',
-        'teacher_id',
+        'updated_by',
         'score',
         'score_letter',
         'comment',

app/Models/InventoryItemModel.php

@@ -30,10 +30,6 @@ protected $table      = 'inventory_items';
         'sku',
         'notes',
 
-        // academic tags
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
-
         // audit
         'updated_by',
 
@@ -50,7 +46,5 @@ protected $table      = 'inventory_items';
         'name'        => 'required|min_length[2]',
         'quantity'    => 'permit_empty|integer',
         'unit_price'  => 'permit_empty|decimal',
-        'semester'    => 'permit_empty|in_list[Spring,Fall]',
-        'school_year' => 'permit_empty|max_length[16]', // e.g. 2025-2026
     ];
 }

app/Models/InvoiceStudentListModel.php

@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ class InvoiceStudentListModel extends Model
         'student_lastname',
         'school_id',
         'enrolled',
-        'school_year',
-        'semester',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];

app/Models/IpAttemptModel.php

@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ class IpAttemptModel extends Model
         'ip_address',
         'attempts',
         'last_attempt_at',
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
         'blocked_until'
     ];
 

app/Models/LoginActivityModel.php

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ class LoginActivityModel extends Model
         'logout_time', 
         'ip_address', 
         'user_agent',
-        'school_year',
         'semester',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'

app/Models/MessageModel.php

@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ class MessageModel extends Model
         'priority',
         'attachment',
         'status',
-        'semester',      // Added field
-        'school_year'    // Added field
+        'semester'
     ];
 
     protected $useTimestamps = false; // Since you're manually handling date fields
@@ -150,10 +149,8 @@ class MessageModel extends Model
      */
     public function getMessagesBySemesterAndYear($semester, $school_year = null)
     {
-        $builder = $this->where('semester', $semester);
-        if ($school_year) {
-            $builder->where('school_year', $school_year);
-        }
-        return $builder->orderBy('sent_datetime', 'DESC')->findAll();
+        return $this->where('semester', $semester)
+            ->orderBy('sent_datetime', 'DESC')
+            ->findAll();
     }
 }

app/Models/NotificationModel.php

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ class NotificationModel extends Model
         'status', 
         'action_url', 
         'attachment_path', 
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
+        'expires_at',
+        'sent_at',
         'scheduled_at'
     ];
     protected $useTimestamps = true;

app/Models/ParentModel.php

@@ -15,7 +15,5 @@ class ParentModel extends Model
         'secondparent_email',
         'secondparent_phone',
         'firstparent_id',
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
     ];
 }

app/Models/PayPalPaymentModel.php

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-namespace App\Models;
-
-use CodeIgniter\Model;
-
-
-class PayPalPaymentModel extends Model
-{
-    protected $table = 'paypal_payments';
-    protected $primaryKey = 'id';
-    protected $allowedFields = [
-        'webhook_id', 
-        'parent_school_id', 
-        'order_id', 
-        'transaction_id',
-        'status', 
-        'amount', 
-        'currency', 
-        'paypal_fee', 
-        'net_amount',
-        'payer_email', 
-        'merchant_id', 
-        'event_type', 
-        'summary', 
-        'raw_payload',
-        'synced',
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
-        'sync_attempts'
-    ];
-
-    // Enable timestamps
-    protected $useTimestamps = true;
-    protected $createdField  = 'created_at';
-    protected $updatedField  = ''; // not used; leave empty if not needed
-}
-

app/Models/PaymentModel.php

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 namespace App\Models;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
 
 class PaymentModel extends Model
 {
@@ -10,39 +12,68 @@ class PaymentModel extends Model
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $returnType = 'array';
 
+    /**
+     * Keep this list broad, then filter it in __construct() against the real DB schema.
+     * This prevents CI from trying to insert/update columns that do not exist, such as `balance`.
+     */
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'parent_id',
         'invoice_id',
+
+        // Legacy invoice snapshot fields. Do not use these as source of truth.
         'total_amount',
+
+        // Actual payment fields.
         'paid_amount',
         'balance',
+        'balance_amount',
+        'balance_after_payment',
         'number_of_installments',
+        'installment_seq',
         'transaction_id',
         'check_file',
         'check_number',
         'payment_method',
         'payment_date',
         'school_year',
-        'semester',
         'status',
-        'updated_by'
+        'updated_by',
     ];
 
     protected $useTimestamps = false;
-    // ❗ Your DB handles created_at / updated_at with default CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-    // Remove CI4 auto timestamp management unless you modify your DB schema
+
+    /**
+     * Let DB defaults handle created_at / updated_at.
+     * Keep validation strict for actual payment data, but do not require legacy snapshot columns.
+     */
+    protected $cleanValidationRules = true;
 
     protected $validationRules = [
         'parent_id' => 'required|integer',
         'invoice_id' => 'required|integer',
-        'total_amount' => 'required|decimal',
-        'paid_amount' => 'required|decimal',
-        'balance' => 'required|decimal',
-        'number_of_installments' => 'required|integer',
-        'payment_method' => 'required|max_length[50]', // ✅ Removed 'string'
-        'payment_date' => 'required|valid_date[Y-m-d H:i:s]',
-        'status' => 'required|max_length[50]', // ✅ Removed 'string'
+
+        // Legacy snapshot. Optional because invoice total belongs to invoices table.
+        'total_amount' => 'permit_empty|decimal',
+
+        'paid_amount' => 'required|decimal|greater_than[0]',
+
+        // These are optional because not every live schema has a balance snapshot column.
+        'balance' => 'permit_empty|decimal|greater_than_equal_to[0]',
+        'balance_amount' => 'permit_empty|decimal|greater_than_equal_to[0]',
+        'balance_after_payment' => 'permit_empty|decimal|greater_than_equal_to[0]',
+
+        // Legacy/current sequence columns.
+        'number_of_installments' => 'permit_empty|integer|greater_than[0]',
+        'installment_seq' => 'permit_empty|integer|greater_than[0]',
+
+        'transaction_id' => 'permit_empty|max_length[100]',
+        'payment_method' => 'required|in_list[cash,check,card]',
+        'payment_date' => 'required|valid_date',
+        'school_year' => 'permit_empty|max_length[20]',
+        'status' => 'required|max_length[50]',
+        'check_file' => 'permit_empty|max_length[255]',
         'check_number' => 'permit_empty|max_length[100]',
+        'updated_by' => 'permit_empty|integer',
     ];
 
     protected $validationMessages = [
@@ -55,111 +86,225 @@ class PaymentModel extends Model
             'integer' => 'Invoice ID must be an integer.',
         ],
         'total_amount' => [
-            'required' => 'Total amount is required.',
             'decimal' => 'Total amount must be a valid decimal.',
         ],
         'paid_amount' => [
             'required' => 'Paid amount is required.',
             'decimal' => 'Paid amount must be a valid decimal.',
+            'greater_than' => 'Paid amount must be greater than zero.',
         ],
         'balance' => [
-            'required' => 'Balance is required.',
             'decimal' => 'Balance must be a valid decimal.',
+            'greater_than_equal_to' => 'Balance must not be negative.',
+        ],
+        'balance_amount' => [
+            'decimal' => 'Balance amount must be a valid decimal.',
+            'greater_than_equal_to' => 'Balance amount must not be negative.',
+        ],
+        'balance_after_payment' => [
+            'decimal' => 'Balance after payment must be a valid decimal.',
+            'greater_than_equal_to' => 'Balance after payment must not be negative.',
         ],
         'payment_date' => [
             'required' => 'Payment date is required.',
-            'valid_date' => 'Payment date must be a valid date (Y-m-d H:i:s).',
+            'valid_date' => 'Payment date must be a valid date.',
         ],
         'payment_method' => [
             'required' => 'Payment method is required.',
-            'max_length' => 'Payment method must not exceed 50 characters.',
+            'in_list' => 'Payment method must be cash, check, or card.',
         ],
         'status' => [
             'required' => 'Status is required.',
             'max_length' => 'Status must not exceed 50 characters.',
         ],
         'number_of_installments' => [
-            'required' => 'Number of installments is required.',
             'integer' => 'Number of installments must be an integer.',
+            'greater_than' => 'Number of installments must be greater than zero.',
+        ],
+        'installment_seq' => [
+            'integer' => 'Installment sequence must be an integer.',
+            'greater_than' => 'Installment sequence must be greater than zero.',
         ],
         'check_number' => [
             'max_length' => 'Check number must not exceed 100 characters.',
-        ]
+        ],
     ];
 
-    /**
-     * Get payments by parent ID.
-     *
-     * @param int $parentId
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function getPaymentsByParentId(int $parentId): array
+    private array $paymentColumns = [];
+
+    private array $excludedPaymentStatuses = [
+        'void',
+        'voided',
+        'refunded',
+        'failed',
+        'chargeback',
+        'declined',
+        'reversed',
+        'canceled',
+        'cancelled',
+    ];
+
+    public function __construct(?ConnectionInterface $db = null, ?ValidationInterface $validation = null)
     {
-        return $this->where('parent_id', $parentId)
-            ->orderBy('payment_date', 'DESC')
-            ->findAll();
+        parent::__construct($db, $validation);
+
+        $this->paymentColumns = $this->getTableColumns($this->table);
+
+        // Remove fields that do not exist in the live DB.
+        // This prevents errors like "Unknown column balance".
+        $this->allowedFields = array_values(array_filter(
+            $this->allowedFields,
+            fn (string $field): bool => in_array($field, $this->paymentColumns, true)
+        ));
+
+        // Remove validation rules for columns that do not exist.
+        foreach (array_keys($this->validationRules) as $field) {
+            if (!in_array($field, $this->allowedFields, true)) {
+                unset($this->validationRules[$field]);
+                unset($this->validationMessages[$field]);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /**
-     * Calculate the total paid amount for a specific parent.
+     * Get payments by parent ID with invoice context.
      *
-     * @param int $parentId
-     * @return float
+     * The source of truth for invoice total/status/balance is invoices, not payments.
+     */
+    public function getPaymentsByParentId(int $parentId, ?string $schoolYear = null): array
+    {
+        return $this->parentPaymentHistoryQuery($parentId, $schoolYear)->findAll();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build parent payment history query with invoice context.
+     *
+     * Kept public so controllers can paginate without duplicating select/join logic.
+     */
+    public function parentPaymentHistoryQuery(int $parentId, ?string $schoolYear = null): self
+    {
+        $paymentBalanceSelect = $this->getPaymentBalanceSelectExpression('payments');
+
+        $invoiceBalanceSelect = $this->columnExists('invoices', 'balance')
+            ? 'invoices.balance AS invoice_current_balance'
+            : '0.00 AS invoice_current_balance';
+
+        $select = [
+            'payments.id',
+            'payments.invoice_id',
+            'invoices.invoice_number',
+            'payments.transaction_id',
+            'payments.paid_amount',
+            'payments.payment_method',
+            'payments.check_number',
+            'payments.check_file',
+            'payments.payment_date',
+            'payments.installment_seq',
+            'payments.number_of_installments',
+            $paymentBalanceSelect,
+            'payments.status AS payment_status',
+            'invoices.total_amount AS invoice_total',
+            $invoiceBalanceSelect,
+            'invoices.status AS invoice_status',
+            'invoices.school_year',
+        ];
+
+        $model = new self($this->db);
+        $builder = $model->select(implode(', ', $select), false)
+            ->join('invoices', 'invoices.id = payments.invoice_id', 'inner')
+            ->where('payments.parent_id', $parentId);
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== null && $schoolYear !== '') {
+            $builder->where('invoices.school_year', $schoolYear);
+        }
+
+        return $builder
+            ->orderBy('payments.payment_date', 'DESC')
+            ->orderBy('payments.id', 'DESC');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate the total paid amount for a parent in a school year.
+     *
+     * Uses invoices.school_year so old poisoned payment term data does not corrupt totals.
      */
     public function getTotalPaidByParentId(int $parentId, string $schoolYear): float
     {
-        $db = \Config\Database::connect();
-
-        $result = $db->table('payments')
-            ->selectSum('paid_amount', 'total_paid')
-            ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
-            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+        $result = $this->db->table('payments p')
+            ->selectSum('p.paid_amount', 'total_paid')
+            ->join('invoices i', 'i.id = p.invoice_id', 'inner')
+            ->where('p.parent_id', $parentId)
+            ->where('i.school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->where($this->successfulPaymentWhereSql('p.status'), null, false)
             ->get()
             ->getRowArray();
 
-        return $result && isset($result['total_paid']) ? (float) $result['total_paid'] : 0.00;
+        return $result && isset($result['total_paid'])
+            ? (float) $result['total_paid']
+            : 0.00;
     }
 
-
     /**
-     * Update balance for a specific payment.
+     * Legacy method.
      *
-     * @param int $paymentId
-     * @param float $amountPaid
-     * @return bool
+     * This should not be used for new payment recording.
+     * New payments should be inserted as immutable payment rows and invoices recalculated by InvoiceLedgerService.
      */
     public function updateBalance(int $paymentId, float $amountPaid): bool
     {
+        if ($amountPaid <= 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
         $payment = $this->find($paymentId);
         if (!$payment) {
             return false;
         }
 
-        $newBalance = $payment['balance'] - $amountPaid;
+        $updateData = [
+            'paid_amount' => round((float) ($payment['paid_amount'] ?? 0) + $amountPaid, 2),
+        ];
 
-        return $this->update($paymentId, [
-            'paid_amount' => $payment['paid_amount'] + $amountPaid,
-            'balance' => $newBalance
-        ]);
+        $balanceField = $this->getPaymentBalanceField();
+        if ($balanceField !== null && array_key_exists($balanceField, $payment)) {
+            $updateData[$balanceField] = max(
+                0.00,
+                round((float) ($payment[$balanceField] ?? 0) - $amountPaid, 2)
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $this->update($paymentId, $updateData);
     }
 
     /**
      * Get payments by school year.
      *
-     * @param string $schoolYear
-     * @return array
+     * Uses invoice school year when possible because payment.school_year may have old bad data.
      */
     public function getPaymentsByYear(string $schoolYear): array
     {
-        return $this->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-            ->orderBy('payment_date', 'DESC')
+        $paymentBalanceSelect = $this->getPaymentBalanceSelectExpression('payments');
+
+        $select = [
+            'payments.*',
+            'invoices.invoice_number',
+            'invoices.total_amount AS invoice_total',
+            'invoices.status AS invoice_status',
+            $paymentBalanceSelect,
+        ];
+
+        return $this->select(implode(', ', $select), false)
+            ->join('invoices', 'invoices.id = payments.invoice_id', 'inner')
+            ->where('invoices.school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->orderBy('payments.payment_date', 'DESC')
+            ->orderBy('payments.id', 'DESC')
             ->findAll();
     }
 
     /**
-     * Generate a new transaction ID.
+     * Generate a transaction ID.
      *
-     * @return string
+     * This is okay for legacy/manual use, but a DB UNIQUE KEY on transaction_id is still required.
      */
     public function generateNewTransactionId(): string
     {
@@ -171,41 +316,115 @@ class PaymentModel extends Model
             ->first();
 
         if ($latest && isset($latest['transaction_id'])) {
-            $lastNumber = (int) str_replace($prefix, '', $latest['transaction_id']);
+            $lastNumber = (int) str_replace($prefix, '', (string) $latest['transaction_id']);
             $newNumber = $lastNumber + 1;
         } else {
             $newNumber = 1;
         }
 
-        return $prefix . str_pad($newNumber, 6, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT);
+        return $prefix . str_pad((string) $newNumber, 6, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Get latest successful payment per invoice.
+     *
+     * Uses latest payment ID instead of latest date only.
+     * Date-only matching can return duplicates when several payments happen on the same day.
+     */
     public function getPaymentsByInvoice($invoiceIds): array
     {
-        // Normalize input
         if (!is_array($invoiceIds)) {
             $invoiceIds = [$invoiceIds];
         }
+
+        $invoiceIds = array_values(array_filter(array_map('intval', $invoiceIds)));
+
         if (empty($invoiceIds)) {
             return [];
         }
 
-        // Subquery: latest payment_date per invoice (Full/Partial only)
         $latestSub = $this->db->table('payments')
-            ->select('invoice_id, MAX(payment_date) AS max_date')
-            ->whereIn('status', ['Full', 'Paid', 'Partially Paid'])
+            ->select('invoice_id, MAX(id) AS max_id')
+            ->whereIn('invoice_id', $invoiceIds)
+            ->where('paid_amount >', 0)
+            ->where($this->successfulPaymentWhereSql('status'), null, false)
             ->groupBy('invoice_id')
             ->getCompiledSelect();
 
-        // Main query: join payments to the latest per invoice
-        $rows = $this->db->table('payments p')
-            ->select('p.invoice_id, p.paid_amount AS last_paid_amount, p.payment_date AS last_payment_date, p.status AS last_payment_status')
-            ->join("($latestSub) latest", 'latest.invoice_id = p.invoice_id AND latest.max_date = p.payment_date', 'inner', false) // <-- escape=false
+        return $this->db->table('payments p')
+            ->select([
+                'p.invoice_id',
+                'p.id AS payment_id',
+                'p.paid_amount AS last_paid_amount',
+                'p.payment_date AS last_payment_date',
+                'p.status AS last_payment_status',
+                'p.transaction_id',
+                'p.payment_method',
+                'p.check_number',
+            ])
+            ->join(
+                "($latestSub) latest",
+                'latest.invoice_id = p.invoice_id AND latest.max_id = p.id',
+                'inner',
+                false
+            )
             ->whereIn('p.invoice_id', $invoiceIds)
-            ->whereIn('p.status', ['Full', 'Paid', 'Partially Paid'])
             ->get()
             ->getResultArray();
+    }
 
-        return $rows;
+    private function getPaymentBalanceField(): ?string
+    {
+        foreach (['balance_after_payment', 'balance', 'balance_amount'] as $field) {
+            if (in_array($field, $this->paymentColumns, true)) {
+                return $field;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private function getPaymentBalanceSelectExpression(string $alias = 'payments'): string
+    {
+        $field = $this->getPaymentBalanceField();
+
+        if ($field === null) {
+            return '0.00 AS balance_after_payment';
+        }
+
+        return "{$alias}.{$field} AS balance_after_payment";
+    }
+
+    private function successfulPaymentWhereSql(string $column): string
+    {
+        $escapedStatuses = array_map(
+            fn (string $status): string => $this->db->escape($status),
+            $this->excludedPaymentStatuses
+        );
+
+        return 'LOWER(COALESCE(' . $column . ', \'\')) NOT IN (' . implode(', ', $escapedStatuses) . ')';
+    }
+
+    private function getTableColumns(string $table): array
+    {
+        try {
+            return $this->db->getFieldNames($table);
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('error', '[PaymentModel] Could not read table columns for {table}: {error}', [
+                'table' => $table,
+                'error' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+
+            return [];
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function columnExists(string $table, string $column): bool
+    {
+        try {
+            return $this->db->fieldExists($column, $table);
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 }

app/Models/PaymentTransactionModel.php

@@ -18,18 +18,11 @@ class PaymentTransactionModel extends Model
         'payment_method',
         'payment_status',
         'transaction_fee',
-        'payment_reference',
         'semester',
-        'school_year',
-        'is_full_payment',          // Flag to track full payment status
-        'created_at',
-        'updated_at'
+        'school_year'
     ];
 
-    // Set automatic timestamps
-    protected $useTimestamps = true;
-    protected $createdField  = 'created_at';
-    protected $updatedField  = 'updated_at';
+    protected $useTimestamps = false;
 
     // Validation rules
     protected $validationRules = [
@@ -38,8 +31,8 @@ class PaymentTransactionModel extends Model
         'amount' => 'required|decimal',
         'payment_method' => 'required|string|max_length[50]',
         'payment_status' => 'required|string|max_length[50]',
-        'payment_reference' => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[255]',
-        'is_full_payment' => 'required|in_list[0,1]', // 0 for installment, 1 for full payment
+        'semester' => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[30]',
+        'school_year' => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[9]',
     ];
 
     // Custom error messages
@@ -64,13 +57,6 @@ class PaymentTransactionModel extends Model
             'required' => 'The payment status is required.',
             'max_length' => 'The payment status must not exceed 50 characters.',
         ],
-        'payment_reference' => [
-            'max_length' => 'The payment reference must not exceed 255 characters.',
-        ],
-        'is_full_payment' => [
-            'required' => 'The full payment flag is required.',
-            'in_list' => 'The full payment flag must be either 0 (installment) or 1 (full payment).',
-        ],
     ];
 
     /**
@@ -106,7 +92,9 @@ class PaymentTransactionModel extends Model
      */
     public function updateTransactionStatus($transactionId, $status)
     {
-        return $this->update($transactionId, ['payment_status' => $status]);
+        return $this->where('transaction_id', $transactionId)
+            ->set(['payment_status' => $status])
+            ->update();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -130,7 +118,9 @@ class PaymentTransactionModel extends Model
      */
     public function updateTransactionFee($transactionId, $transactionFee)
     {
-        return $this->update($transactionId, ['transaction_fee' => $transactionFee]);
+        return $this->where('transaction_id', $transactionId)
+            ->set(['transaction_fee' => $transactionFee])
+            ->update();
     }
 
     /**

app/Models/PaypalTransactionModel.php

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-namespace App\Models;
-
-use CodeIgniter\Model;
-
-class PaypalTransactionModel extends Model
-{
-    protected $table      = 'paypal_transactions';
-    protected $primaryKey = 'id';
-
-    protected $allowedFields = [
-        'transaction_id',
-        'payment_id',
-        'firstname',
-        'lastname',
-        'event_type',
-        'payer_email',
-        'amount',
-        'currency',
-        'status',
-        'payment_method',
-        'transaction_fee',
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
-        'raw_data'
-    ];
-
-    protected $useTimestamps = true;
-}

app/Models/PlacementLevelModel.php

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ class PlacementLevelModel extends Model
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'student_id',
         'level',
-        'school_year',
         'created_by',
         'updated_by',
         'created_at',

app/Models/PreferencesModel.php

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ class PreferencesModel extends Model
     // Allowed fields to enable mass assignment
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'user_id',                      // Foreign key linking preferences to a user
-        'receive_email_notifications',  // Email notifications preference
-        'receive_sms_notifications',    // SMS notifications preference
+        'notification_email',           // Email notifications preference
+        'notification_sms',             // SMS notifications preference
         'theme',                        // Theme preference (e.g., light or dark)
         'language',                     // Language preference
         'timezone',                     // Timezone preference
@@ -22,11 +22,6 @@ class PreferencesModel extends Model
         'menu_custom_bg',               // Custom menu background color
         'menu_custom_text',             // Custom menu text color
         'menu_custom_mode',             // Custom menu mode: light|dark
-        'receive_push_notifications',   // Push notifications preference
-        'daily_summary_email',          // Daily summary email preference
-        'privacy_mode',                 // Privacy mode setting
-        'marketing_emails',             // Marketing emails preference
-        'account_activity_alerts',      // Account activity alerts preference
         'created_at',                   // Timestamp of when the record was created
         'updated_at'                    // Timestamp of when the record was last updated
     ];