fix school year for all tables

app/Config/Routes.php

@@ -1146,6 +1146,7 @@ $routes->group('administrator/school-years', ['filter' => 'auth:admin'], static
     $routes->post('(:num)/archive', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::archive/$1');
     $routes->post('(:num)/reopen', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::reopen/$1');
     $routes->get('(:num)/closing/preview', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::preview/$1');
+    $routes->get('(:segment)/closing/preview', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::previewByName/$1');
     $routes->post('(:num)/closing/start', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::start/$1');
     $routes->post('(:num)/closing/execute', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::execute/$1');
     $routes->post('(:num)/closing/complete', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::complete/$1');

app/Controllers/Administrator/SchoolYearClosingController.php

@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@ class SchoolYearClosingController extends BaseController
             $targetId = $this->normalizeInt($this->request->getGet('target_school_year_id'));
             $preview = service('schoolYearClosing')->preview($id, $targetId);
             $promotionTable = $this->promotionTablePayload($preview['promotion']['rows'] ?? []);
+            $latestBatch = service('schoolYearClosing')->latestBatch($id);
 
             return view('school_years/closing_preview', [
                 'preview' => $preview,
                 'promotionTable' => $promotionTable,
-                'latestBatch' => service('schoolYearClosing')->latestBatch($id),
+                'latestBatch' => $latestBatch,
+                'missingCarryForwardInvoices' => $this->missingCarryForwardInvoiceCount($latestBatch),
                 'schoolYears' => (new SchoolYearModel())->orderBy('name', 'DESC')->findAll(),
             ]);
         } catch (Throwable $e) {
@@ -26,6 +28,23 @@ class SchoolYearClosingController extends BaseController
         }
     }
 
+    public function previewByName(string $name)
+    {
+        try {
+            $year = (new SchoolYearModel())
+                ->where('name', rawurldecode($name))
+                ->first();
+
+            if ($year === null) {
+                return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', 'School year was not found.');
+            }
+
+            return $this->preview((int) $year['id']);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
     public function start(int $id)
     {
         try {
@@ -76,6 +95,26 @@ class SchoolYearClosingController extends BaseController
         return is_numeric($value) && (int) $value > 0 ? (int) $value : null;
     }
 
+    private function missingCarryForwardInvoiceCount(?array $batch): int
+    {
+        if ($batch === null || ! in_array((string) ($batch['status'] ?? ''), ['executed', 'completed'], true)) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        $db = \Config\Database::connect();
+        if (! $db->tableExists('school_year_closing_items')) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        return $db->table('school_year_closing_items')
+            ->where('closing_batch_id', (int) $batch['id'])
+            ->groupStart()
+                ->where('target_invoice_id', null)
+                ->orWhere('target_invoice_id', 0)
+            ->groupEnd()
+            ->countAllResults();
+    }
+
     private function promotionTablePayload(array $rows): array
     {
         $allowedSorts = ['student', 'school_id', 'class', 'year_score', 'decision', 'source', 'queue', 'target', 'status'];

app/Controllers/View/LandingPageController.php

@@ -860,8 +860,13 @@ class LandingPageController extends BaseController
             ->get()
             ->getResultArray();
 
-        // Fetch latest invoice balance
-        $paymentBalance = $this->invoiceModel->getLatestInvoiceTotalAmount($parentId);
+        $paymentRow = $this->db->table('invoices')
+            ->select('COALESCE(SUM(balance), 0) AS account_balance')
+            ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
+            ->where('school_year', $this->schoolYear)
+            ->get()
+            ->getRowArray();
+        $paymentBalance = (float) ($paymentRow['account_balance'] ?? 0);
 
         // Pass data to the view, including the deadlines
         return view('/landing_page/parent_dashboard', [

app/Controllers/View/PaymentController.php

@@ -297,6 +297,8 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
         $payments   = [];
         $invoices   = [];
         $pager      = null;
+        $carryForwardPaymentRequired = false;
+        $carryForwardPaymentMessage = '';
 
         // Read the search term (email or phone)
         $searchTerm = trim((string) $this->request->getGet('search_term'));
@@ -351,6 +353,10 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             if ($parent && !empty($parent['id'])) {
                 $parentData = $parent;
                 $parentId   = (int) $parent['id'];
+                $carryForwardPaymentRequired = $this->parentHasActiveCarryForwardBalance($parentId, $this->schoolYear);
+                if ($carryForwardPaymentRequired) {
+                    $carryForwardPaymentMessage = 'This parent has a balance carried over from a previous school year. Manual payments must be paid in full; installments are not allowed.';
+                }
 
                 // Students
                 $students = $this->studentModel
@@ -461,6 +467,8 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             'searchTermUsedInSearch' => $searchTerm,
             'todayYmd'               => utc_now(),
             'installmentEndYmd'      => $installmentEndYmd, // SELECT will use this in data-end-date
+            'carryForwardPaymentRequired' => $carryForwardPaymentRequired,
+            'carryForwardPaymentMessage' => $carryForwardPaymentMessage,
         ]);
     }
 
@@ -952,6 +960,15 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             // Recompute invoice totals from tuition + events + additional charges
             $currentBalance = (float) $this->invoiceLedgerService->recalculateInvoice($invoiceId)['balance'];
 
+            $carryForwardPaymentRequired = $this->parentHasActiveCarryForwardBalance($parentId, $invYear);
+            if ($carryForwardPaymentRequired && $paymentType === 'installment') {
+                $this->db->transRollback();
+                return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with(
+                    'error',
+                    'This parent has a balance carried over from a previous school year. Installments are not allowed; payment must be made in full.'
+                );
+            }
+
             if ($amount > $currentBalance + 0.00001) {
                 $this->db->transRollback();
                 return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with(
@@ -960,6 +977,14 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
                 );
             }
 
+            if ($carryForwardPaymentRequired && (float)round($amount, 2) !== (float)round($currentBalance, 2)) {
+                $this->db->transRollback();
+                return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with(
+                    'error',
+                    'This parent has a balance carried over from a previous school year. Payment must equal the full remaining balance (' . number_format($currentBalance, 2) . ').'
+                );
+            }
+
             if ($paymentMethod === 'card' && (float)round($amount, 2) !== (float)round($currentBalance, 2)) {
                 $this->db->transRollback();
                 return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with(
@@ -1158,6 +1183,36 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
         }
     }
 
+    private function parentHasActiveCarryForwardBalance(int $parentId, ?string $schoolYear = null): bool
+    {
+        if ($parentId <= 0 || ! $this->db->tableExists('invoices')) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $builder = $this->db->table('invoices')
+            ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
+            ->where('balance >', 0);
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== null && $schoolYear !== '') {
+            $builder->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+        }
+
+        $builder->groupStart()
+            ->like('invoice_number', 'CF-', 'after')
+            ->orWhere('semester', 'Opening Balance');
+
+        if ($this->db->fieldExists('description', 'invoices')) {
+            $builder
+                ->orLike('description', 'carried over')
+                ->orLike('description', 'carry-forward')
+                ->orLike('description', 'previous school year');
+        }
+
+        $builder->groupEnd();
+
+        return $builder->countAllResults() > 0;
+    }
+
 
     /**
      * 🔄 Helper: Recalculate invoice totals and status based on all payments for current school year

app/Database/Migrations/2024-05-26-000000_AddEventCategoryToEvents.php

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ class AddEventCategoryToEvents extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('events')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $fields = $this->db->getFieldNames('events');
 
         if (!in_array('event_category', $fields, true)) {
@@ -25,6 +29,10 @@ class AddEventCategoryToEvents extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('events')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $fields = $this->db->getFieldNames('events');
 
         if (in_array('event_category', $fields, true)) {

app/Database/Migrations/2024-11-05-000700_AddBatchNumberToReimbursements.php

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ class AddBatchNumberToReimbursements extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('reimbursements') || $this->db->fieldExists('batch_number', 'reimbursements')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $fields = [
             'batch_number' => [
                 'type'       => 'INT',
@@ -24,7 +28,10 @@ class AddBatchNumberToReimbursements extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('reimbursements') || ! $this->db->fieldExists('batch_number', 'reimbursements')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $this->forge->dropColumn('reimbursements', 'batch_number');
     }
 }
-

app/Database/Migrations/2024-11-07-000800_AddYearlyBatchNumberToReimbursementBatches.php

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ class AddYearlyBatchNumberToReimbursementBatches extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('reimbursement_batches') || $this->db->fieldExists('yearly_batch_number', 'reimbursement_batches')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $fields = [
             'yearly_batch_number' => [
                 'type'       => 'INT',
@@ -26,6 +30,10 @@ class AddYearlyBatchNumberToReimbursementBatches extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('reimbursement_batches') || ! $this->db->fieldExists('yearly_batch_number', 'reimbursement_batches')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $this->forge->dropColumn('reimbursement_batches', 'yearly_batch_number');
     }
 

app/Database/Migrations/2025-09-27-000001_CreateStaffAttendance.php

@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@ class CreateStaffAttendance extends Migration
         ]);
         $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
         $this->forge->addUniqueKey(['user_id','date','semester','school_year']);
-        $this->forge->addForeignKey('user_id','users','id','CASCADE','CASCADE');
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('users')) {
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey('user_id','users','id','CASCADE','CASCADE');
+        }
         $this->forge->createTable('staff_attendance', true);
     }
 

app/Database/Migrations/2025-10-16-000200_CreateFamiliesTables.php

@@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ class CreateFamiliesTables extends Migration
         $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
         $this->forge->addUniqueKey(['family_id', 'student_id']);
         $this->forge->addForeignKey('family_id', 'families', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
-        $this->forge->addForeignKey('student_id', 'students', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('students')) {
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey('student_id', 'students', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
+        }
         $this->forge->createTable('family_students', true);
 
         // family_guardians
@@ -62,7 +64,9 @@ class CreateFamiliesTables extends Migration
         $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
         $this->forge->addUniqueKey(['family_id', 'user_id']);
         $this->forge->addForeignKey('family_id', 'families', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
-        $this->forge->addForeignKey('user_id', 'users', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('users')) {
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey('user_id', 'users', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
+        }
         $this->forge->createTable('family_guardians', true);
 
         // family_comm_prefs
@@ -90,4 +94,3 @@ class CreateFamiliesTables extends Migration
         $this->forge->dropTable('families', true);
     }
 }
-

app/Database/Migrations/2025-10-17-121500_AddNoSchoolToCalendarEvents.php

@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ class AddNoSchoolToCalendarEvents extends Migration
     public function up()
     {
         $db = \Config\Database::connect();
+        if (! $db->tableExists('calendar_events')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $cols = [];
         try {
             $cols = $db->getFieldNames('calendar_events');
@@ -31,6 +35,10 @@ class AddNoSchoolToCalendarEvents extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('calendar_events')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         try {
             $this->forge->dropColumn('calendar_events', 'no_school');
         } catch (\Throwable $e) {
@@ -38,4 +46,3 @@ class AddNoSchoolToCalendarEvents extends Migration
         }
     }
 }
-

app/Database/Migrations/2025-10-20-000500_CreateParentAttendanceReports.php

@@ -85,8 +85,12 @@ class CreateParentAttendanceReports extends Migration
         $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
         $this->forge->addKey(['report_date']);
         $this->forge->addKey(['student_id', 'report_date']);
-        $this->forge->addForeignKey('parent_id', 'users', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
-        $this->forge->addForeignKey('student_id', 'students', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('users')) {
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey('parent_id', 'users', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
+        }
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('students')) {
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey('student_id', 'students', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
+        }
         $this->forge->createTable('parent_attendance_reports', true);
     }
 
@@ -97,4 +101,3 @@ class CreateParentAttendanceReports extends Migration
         }
     }
 }
-

app/Database/Migrations/2025-11-23-011228_AddDonationCategoryToExpenses.php

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ class AddDonationCategoryToExpenses extends Migration
      */
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('expenses')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $this->forge->modifyColumn('expenses', [
             'category' => [
                 'type' => "ENUM('Expense','Purchase','Reimbursement','Donation')",
@@ -24,6 +28,10 @@ class AddDonationCategoryToExpenses extends Migration
      */
     public function down()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('expenses')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         // Convert any donation rows to Expense to keep rollback safe.
         $this->db->table('expenses')
             ->where('category', 'Donation')

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-05-215636_CreatePrintRequests.php

@@ -61,9 +61,13 @@ class CreatePrintRequests extends Migration
             ],
         ]);
         $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
-        $this->forge->addForeignKey('teacher_id', 'users', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
-        $this->forge->addForeignKey('admin_id', 'users', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'SET NULL');
-        $this->forge->addForeignKey('class_id', 'classes', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('users')) {
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey('teacher_id', 'users', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey('admin_id', 'users', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'SET NULL');
+        }
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('classes')) {
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey('class_id', 'classes', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
+        }
         $this->forge->createTable('print_requests');
     }
 

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-05-215851_FixPrintRequestsForeignKey.php

@@ -8,8 +8,16 @@ class FixPrintRequestsForeignKey extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('print_requests')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         // Drop the old foreign key if it exists
-        $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+        try {
+            $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            // Already absent.
+        }
 
         if (! $this->db->tableExists('class_sections')) {
             return;
@@ -24,8 +32,20 @@ class FixPrintRequestsForeignKey extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('print_requests')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         // Drop the new foreign key
-        $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+        try {
+            $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            // Already absent.
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('classes')) {
+            return;
+        }
 
         // Re-add the old foreign key
         $this->forge->addForeignKey('class_id', 'classes', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-06-195508_RevertPrintRequestsForeignKey.php

@@ -8,16 +8,28 @@ class RevertPrintRequestsForeignKey extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('print_requests')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         // Drop the old foreign key if it exists
         $db = \Config\Database::connect();
         $keys = $db->getForeignKeyData('print_requests');
         foreach ($keys as $key) {
             if ($key->constraint_name === 'print_requests_class_id_foreign') {
-                $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+                try {
+                    $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+                } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+                    // Already absent.
+                }
                 break;
             }
         }
 
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('classes')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         // Add the new foreign key
         $this->forge->addForeignKey('class_id', 'classes', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
         
@@ -27,8 +39,20 @@ class RevertPrintRequestsForeignKey extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('print_requests')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         // Drop the new foreign key
-        $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+        try {
+            $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            // Already absent.
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('class_sections')) {
+            return;
+        }
 
         // Re-add the old foreign key
         $this->forge->addForeignKey('class_id', 'class_sections', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-06-200210_DropPrintRequestsForeignKey.php

@@ -8,12 +8,24 @@ class DropPrintRequestsForeignKey extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('print_requests')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         // Drop the old foreign key if it exists
-        $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+        try {
+            $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            // Already absent.
+        }
     }
 
     public function down()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('print_requests') || ! $this->db->tableExists('class_sections')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         // Re-add the old foreign key
         $this->forge->addForeignKey('class_id', 'class_sections', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
 

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-06-201209_FixPrintRequestsForeignKeyOnceAndForAll.php

@@ -8,21 +8,41 @@ class FixPrintRequestsForeignKeyOnceAndForAll extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('print_requests')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $db = \Config\Database::connect();
         $keys = $db->getForeignKeyData('print_requests');
         foreach ($keys as $key) {
             if ($key->constraint_name === 'print_requests_class_id_foreign') {
-                $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+                try {
+                    $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+                } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+                    // Already absent.
+                }
                 break;
             }
         }
 
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('classSection')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $this->forge->addForeignKey('class_id', 'classSection', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
         $this->forge->processIndexes('print_requests');
     }
 
     public function down()
     {
-        $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('print_requests')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            // Already absent.
+        }
     }
 }

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-06-205621_FixPrintRequestsForeignKeyAgain.php

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ class FixPrintRequestsForeignKeyAgain extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('print_requests') || ! $this->db->tableExists('classSection')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $db = \Config\Database::connect();
         $keys = $db->getForeignKeyData('print_requests');
         foreach ($keys as $key) {
@@ -22,6 +26,14 @@ class FixPrintRequestsForeignKeyAgain extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
-        $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('print_requests')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            // Already absent.
+        }
     }
 }

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-27-092000_AddEventTypeToCalendarEvents.php

@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ class AddEventTypeToCalendarEvents extends Migration
     public function up()
     {
         $db = \Config\Database::connect();
+        if (! $db->tableExists('calendar_events')) {
+            return;
+        }
 
         if (!$db->fieldExists('event_type', 'calendar_events')) {
             $this->forge->addColumn('calendar_events', [
@@ -26,6 +29,10 @@ class AddEventTypeToCalendarEvents extends Migration
     public function down()
     {
         $db = \Config\Database::connect();
+        if (! $db->tableExists('calendar_events')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         if ($db->fieldExists('event_type', 'calendar_events')) {
             $this->forge->dropColumn('calendar_events', 'event_type');
         }

app/Database/Migrations/2026-02-16-000001_AddEventPaidFlagToCharges.php

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ class AddEventPaidFlagToCharges extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('event_charges')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $fields = [
             'event_paid' => [
                 'type' => 'TINYINT',
@@ -17,11 +21,15 @@ class AddEventPaidFlagToCharges extends Migration
             ],
         ];
 
-        $this->forge->addColumn('event_charges', $fields);
+        if (! $this->db->fieldExists('event_paid', 'event_charges')) {
+            $this->forge->addColumn('event_charges', $fields);
+        }
     }
 
     public function down()
     {
-        $this->forge->dropColumn('event_charges', 'event_paid');
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('event_charges') && $this->db->fieldExists('event_paid', 'event_charges')) {
+            $this->forge->dropColumn('event_charges', 'event_paid');
+        }
     }
 }

app/Database/Migrations/2026-04-13-000002_AddClassSectionToEventCharges.php

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ class AddClassSectionToEventCharges extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('event_charges')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $fields = [
             'class_section_id' => [
                 'type' => 'INT',
@@ -25,7 +29,7 @@ class AddClassSectionToEventCharges extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
-        if ($this->db->fieldExists('class_section_id', 'event_charges')) {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('event_charges') && $this->db->fieldExists('class_section_id', 'event_charges')) {
             $this->forge->dropColumn('event_charges', 'class_section_id');
         }
     }

app/Database/Migrations/2026-04-13-000003_AddEventPaymentRefToEventCharges.php

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ class AddEventPaymentRefToEventCharges extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('event_charges')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $fields = [
             'event_payment_id' => [
                 'type' => 'INT',
@@ -25,7 +29,7 @@ class AddEventPaymentRefToEventCharges extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
-        if ($this->db->fieldExists('event_payment_id', 'event_charges')) {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('event_charges') && $this->db->fieldExists('event_payment_id', 'event_charges')) {
             $this->forge->dropColumn('event_charges', 'event_payment_id');
         }
     }

app/Database/Migrations/2026-04-13-000004_AddExternalParticipantFieldsToEventCharges.php

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ class AddExternalParticipantFieldsToEventCharges extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('event_charges')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $fields = [
             'external_firstname' => [
                 'type' => 'VARCHAR',
@@ -34,6 +38,10 @@ class AddExternalParticipantFieldsToEventCharges extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('event_charges')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         foreach (['external_firstname', 'external_lastname', 'external_note'] as $field) {
             if ($this->db->fieldExists($field, 'event_charges')) {
                 $this->forge->dropColumn('event_charges', $field);

app/Database/Migrations/2026-04-13-000005_AddExternalParentInfoToEventCharges.php

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ class AddExternalParentInfoToEventCharges extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('event_charges')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $fields = [
             'external_parent_firstname' => [
                 'type' => 'VARCHAR',
@@ -34,6 +38,10 @@ class AddExternalParentInfoToEventCharges extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('event_charges')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         foreach (['external_parent_firstname', 'external_parent_lastname', 'external_parent_phone'] as $field) {
             if ($this->db->fieldExists($field, 'event_charges')) {
                 $this->forge->dropColumn('event_charges', $field);

app/Database/Migrations/2026-04-17-000001_AddExternalParentEmailToEventCharges.php

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ class AddExternalParentEmailToEventCharges extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('event_charges')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $fields = [
             'external_parent_email' => [
                 'type' => 'VARCHAR',
@@ -24,9 +28,8 @@ class AddExternalParentEmailToEventCharges extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
-        if ($this->db->fieldExists('external_parent_email', 'event_charges')) {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('event_charges') && $this->db->fieldExists('external_parent_email', 'event_charges')) {
             $this->forge->dropColumn('event_charges', 'external_parent_email');
         }
     }
 }
-

app/Database/Migrations/2026-04-19-000001_AddWaiverSignedToEventCharges.php

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ class AddWaiverSignedToEventCharges extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('event_charges')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         $fields = [
             'waiver_signed' => [
                 'type' => 'TINYINT',
@@ -24,7 +28,7 @@ class AddWaiverSignedToEventCharges extends Migration
 
     public function down()
     {
-        if ($this->db->fieldExists('waiver_signed', 'event_charges')) {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('event_charges') && $this->db->fieldExists('waiver_signed', 'event_charges')) {
             $this->forge->dropColumn('event_charges', 'waiver_signed');
         }
     }

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-17-000100_AddDescriptionToInvoices.php

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class AddDescriptionToInvoices extends Migration
+{
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('invoices') || $this->db->fieldExists('description', 'invoices')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->forge->addColumn('invoices', [
+            'description' => [
+                'type' => 'TEXT',
+                'null' => true,
+                'after' => 'status',
+            ],
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('invoices') && $this->db->fieldExists('description', 'invoices')) {
+            $this->forge->dropColumn('invoices', 'description');
+        }
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-18-000200_AlignSchemaToScoolViewDump.php

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class AlignSchemaToScoolViewDump extends Migration
+{
+    /**
+     * Columns present in school_prod.sql.zip but absent from scool_view.sql.zip.
+     *
+     * This migration intentionally makes the live database match the scool_view
+     * dump captured on 2026-07-17.
+     */
+    private array $columnsToDrop = [
+        'classSection' => ['semester'],
+        'contactus' => ['semester'],
+        'discount_vouchers' => ['semester'],
+        'emergency_contacts' => ['semester', 'school_year'],
+        'ip_attempts' => ['semester'],
+        'login_activity' => ['semester'],
+        'notification_recipients' => ['semester'],
+        'notifications' => ['semester'],
+        'parents' => ['semester', 'school_year'],
+        'payment_error' => ['semester'],
+        'payment_transactions' => ['semester'],
+        'payments' => ['semester'],
+        'paypal_transactions' => ['semester'],
+        'preferences' => ['school_year'],
+        'refunds' => ['semester'],
+        'reimbursement_batch_items' => ['semester'],
+        'reimbursement_batches' => ['semester'],
+        'reimbursements' => ['semester'],
+        'students' => ['semester', 'school_year'],
+        'support_requests' => ['semester'],
+        'user_notifications' => ['semester'],
+        'users' => ['semester', 'school_year'],
+        'whatsapp_group_links' => ['semester'],
+        'whatsapp_group_memberships' => ['semester'],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Tables that should own a required school_year value after aligning the schema.
+     *
+     * @var list<string>
+     */
+    private array $schoolYearTables = [
+        'admin_notification_subjects',
+        'attendance_comment_template',
+        'class_progress_attachments',
+        'competition_class_winners',
+        'competition_scores',
+        'competition_winners',
+        'inventory_categories',
+        'paypal_payments',
+        'placement_scores',
+        'promotion_queue',
+        'qcmquestions',
+        'school_year_closing_batches',
+        'school_year_closing_items',
+        'school_year_transition_logs',
+        'staff',
+        'whatsapp_group_links',
+        'whatsapp_invites_log',
+    ];
+
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver !== 'MySQLi') {
+            throw new RuntimeException('This migration requires MySQL/MariaDB through the MySQLi driver.');
+        }
+
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('competition_winners', 'competition_id_class_section_id_rank');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('refunds', 'idx_refunds_parent_year_semester_status');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('teacher_class', 'idx_sy_teacher_class_school_year_223511c0');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('whatsapp_group_links', 'uq_section_term');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('whatsapp_group_memberships', 'uniq_whatsapp_membership');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('whatsapp_group_memberships', 'class_section_id_school_year_semester');
+
+        foreach ($this->columnsToDrop as $table => $columns) {
+            foreach ($columns as $column) {
+                $this->dropColumnIfExists($table, $column);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->db->resetDataCache();
+
+        foreach ($this->schoolYearTables as $table) {
+            $this->ensureRequiredSchoolYearColumn($table);
+        }
+
+        $this->db->resetDataCache();
+
+        $this->ensureIndex(
+            'refunds',
+            'idx_refunds_parent_year_semester_status',
+            ['parent_id', 'school_year', 'status']
+        );
+
+        $this->ensureIndex(
+            'teacher_class',
+            'unique_teacher_assignment',
+            ['teacher_id', 'class_section_id', 'school_year'],
+            true
+        );
+
+        $this->ensureIndex(
+            'whatsapp_group_links',
+            'uq_section_term',
+            ['class_section_id'],
+            true
+        );
+
+        $this->ensureIndex(
+            'whatsapp_group_memberships',
+            'uniq_whatsapp_membership',
+            ['class_section_id', 'school_year', 'subject_type', 'subject_id'],
+            true
+        );
+
+        $this->ensureIndex(
+            'whatsapp_group_memberships',
+            'class_section_id_school_year_semester',
+            ['class_section_id', 'school_year']
+        );
+
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('whatsapp_group_links')) {
+            $this->db->query(
+                'ALTER TABLE `whatsapp_group_links` ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci'
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        throw new RuntimeException(
+            'This migration is intentionally irreversible because matching scool_view drops columns and their data.'
+        );
+    }
+
+    private function ensureRequiredSchoolYearColumn(string $table): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists($table)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+            $this->forge->addColumn($table, [
+                'school_year' => [
+                    'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                    'constraint' => 9,
+                    'null'       => true,
+                ],
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        $year = $this->currentSchoolYear();
+        $this->db->query(
+            sprintf(
+                'UPDATE %s SET `school_year` = ? WHERE `school_year` IS NULL OR TRIM(`school_year`) = \'\'',
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($table)
+            ),
+            [$year]
+        );
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s MODIFY `school_year` VARCHAR(9) NOT NULL',
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function currentSchoolYear(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('configuration')) {
+            $row = $this->db->table('configuration')
+                ->select('config_value')
+                ->whereIn('config_key', ['school_year', 'current_school_year'])
+                ->where('config_value IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+                ->where('TRIM(config_value) <>', '')
+                ->orderBy("FIELD(config_key, 'school_year', 'current_school_year')", '', false)
+                ->get(1)
+                ->getRowArray();
+
+            if (isset($row['config_value']) && preg_match('/^\d{4}-\d{4}$/', (string) $row['config_value'])) {
+                return (string) $row['config_value'];
+            }
+        }
+
+        $year = (int) date('Y');
+
+        return $year . '-' . ($year + 1);
+    }
+
+    private function dropColumnIfExists(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists($column, $table)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->dropForeignKeysContainingColumn($table, $column);
+        $this->dropIndexesContainingColumn($table, $column);
+        $this->dropChecksContainingColumn($table, $column);
+
+        $this->forge->dropColumn($table, $column);
+    }
+
+    private function ensureIndex(string $table, string $index, array $columns, bool $unique = false): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->hasColumns($table, $columns)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->indexExists($table, $index)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $keyword = $unique ? 'UNIQUE INDEX' : 'INDEX';
+        $columnList = implode(', ', array_map([$this, 'quoteIdentifier'], $columns));
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s ADD %s %s (%s)',
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $keyword,
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($index),
+            $columnList
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function dropIndexIfExists(string $table, string $index): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->indexExists($table, $index)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s DROP INDEX %s',
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($index)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function dropIndexesContainingColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $indexes = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT DISTINCT INDEX_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?
+               AND INDEX_NAME <> \'PRIMARY\'',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getResult();
+
+        foreach ($indexes as $index) {
+            $this->dropIndexIfExists($table, $index->INDEX_NAME);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function dropForeignKeysContainingColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $constraints = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT DISTINCT CONSTRAINT_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?
+               AND REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME IS NOT NULL',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getResult();
+
+        foreach ($constraints as $constraint) {
+            $this->db->query(sprintf(
+                'ALTER TABLE %s DROP FOREIGN KEY %s',
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($constraint->CONSTRAINT_NAME)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function dropChecksContainingColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $checks = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc
+             INNER JOIN information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS cc
+                ON cc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = tc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
+               AND cc.CONSTRAINT_NAME = tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+             WHERE tc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND tc.TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = \'CHECK\'
+               AND cc.CHECK_CLAUSE LIKE ?',
+            [$table, '%' . $column . '%']
+        )->getResult();
+
+        foreach ($checks as $check) {
+            $this->db->query(sprintf(
+                'ALTER TABLE %s DROP CHECK %s',
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($check->CONSTRAINT_NAME)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function indexExists(string $table, string $index): bool
+    {
+        $row = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND INDEX_NAME = ?',
+            [$table, $index]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        return (int) ($row->aggregate ?? 0) > 0;
+    }
+
+    private function hasColumns(string $table, array $columns): bool
+    {
+        foreach ($columns as $column) {
+            if (! $this->db->fieldExists($column, $table)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private function quoteIdentifier(string $identifier): string
+    {
+        return '`' . str_replace('`', '``', $identifier) . '`';
+    }
+}

app/Libraries/InvoiceLedgerService.php

@@ -74,9 +74,15 @@ class InvoiceLedgerService
         $paidCents = $this->toCents($paidTotal);
         $refundPaidCents = $this->toCents($refundPaidTotal);
 
-        $discountBaseCents = max(0, $tuitionCents + $additionalCents);
-        $discountCents = min($discountRawCents, $discountBaseCents);
-        $totalAmountCents = $tuitionCents + $eventCents + $additionalCents;
+        if ($this->isCarryForwardInvoice($invoice)) {
+            $totalAmountCents = $this->toCents((float) ($invoice['total_amount'] ?? 0));
+            $discountCents = 0;
+        } else {
+            $discountBaseCents = max(0, $tuitionCents + $additionalCents);
+            $discountCents = min($discountRawCents, $discountBaseCents);
+            $totalAmountCents = $tuitionCents + $eventCents + $additionalCents;
+        }
+
         $balanceCents = max(0, $totalAmountCents - $discountCents - $paidCents - $refundPaidCents);
 
         if ($balanceCents === 0) {
@@ -129,6 +135,24 @@ class InvoiceLedgerService
         return $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId);
     }
 
+    protected function isCarryForwardInvoice(array $invoice): bool
+    {
+        $invoiceNumber = (string) ($invoice['invoice_number'] ?? '');
+        if (str_starts_with($invoiceNumber, 'CF-')) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (strcasecmp((string) ($invoice['semester'] ?? ''), 'Opening Balance') === 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $description = strtolower((string) ($invoice['description'] ?? ''));
+
+        return str_contains($description, 'carried over')
+            || str_contains($description, 'carry-forward')
+            || str_contains($description, 'previous school year');
+    }
+
     protected function calculateTuitionTotal(array $invoice): float
     {
         $parentId = (int) ($invoice['parent_id'] ?? 0);

app/Models/AdditionalChargeModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class AdditionalChargeModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table         = 'additional_charges';
     protected $primaryKey    = 'id';
     protected $returnType    = 'array';
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ class AdditionalChargeModel extends Model
     protected $validationRules = [
         'parent_id'   => 'permit_empty|integer',
         'invoice_id'  => 'permit_empty|integer',
-        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[20]',
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
         'semester'    => 'required|string|max_length[20]',
         'charge_type' => 'required|in_list[add,deduct]',
         'title'       => 'required|string|min_length[2]|max_length[255]',

app/Models/AdminNotificationSubjectModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class AdminNotificationSubjectModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'admin_notification_subjects';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $returnType = 'array';
@@ -15,7 +18,12 @@ class AdminNotificationSubjectModel extends Model
         'subject',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField = 'created_at';

app/Models/AttendanceDataModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class AttendanceDataModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'attendance_data';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -42,7 +45,7 @@ class AttendanceDataModel extends Model
         'is_notified'     => 'required|in_list[no,yes]',
         'date'            => 'required|valid_date[Y-m-d]',
         'semester'        => 'required',
-        'school_year'     => 'required',
+        'school_year'     => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
     ];
     /**
      * Retrieve attendance by class and section for a specific date.

app/Models/AttendanceDayModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class AttendanceDayModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table         = 'attendance_day';
     protected $primaryKey    = 'id';
     protected $returnType    = 'array';
@@ -28,6 +31,10 @@ class AttendanceDayModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     /**
      * Legacy helper kept for compatibility.

app/Models/AttendanceRecordModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class AttendanceRecordModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'attendance_record';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $allowedFields = [
@@ -22,6 +25,10 @@ class AttendanceRecordModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField = 'created_at';

app/Models/AttendanceTrackingModel.php

@@ -3,10 +3,13 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
 
 class AttendanceTrackingModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'attendance_tracking';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -24,6 +27,10 @@ class AttendanceTrackingModel extends Model
         'school_year',
         'note',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField  = 'created_at';

app/Models/BadgePrintLogModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class BadgePrintLogModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'badge_print_logs';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $useTimestamps = false;
@@ -19,6 +22,10 @@ class BadgePrintLogModel extends Model
         'class_section_name',
         'copies',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     /**
      * Insert a batch of print logs. Swallows errors if table is missing.

app/Models/BelowSixtyDecisionModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class BelowSixtyDecisionModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table      = 'below_sixty_decisions';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -17,6 +20,10 @@ class BelowSixtyDecisionModel extends Model
         'notes',
         'decided_by',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps  = true;
     protected $createdField   = 'created_at';

app/Models/CalendarModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class CalendarModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'calendar_events';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected ?bool $hasEventTypeColumn = null;
@@ -22,6 +25,10 @@ class CalendarModel extends Model
         'notify_teacher',
         'no_school'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField = 'created_at';

app/Models/CertificateRecordModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class CertificateRecordModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table         = 'certificate_records';
     protected $primaryKey    = 'id';
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
@@ -22,6 +25,10 @@ class CertificateRecordModel extends Model
         'issued_by',
         'issued_at',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     /**
      * Generates the next certificate number for a given school year.

app/Models/ClassModel.php

@@ -3,17 +3,25 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ClassModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'classes'; // The table name
     protected $primaryKey = 'id'; // The correct primary key for the classes table
 
+    // Fields that are allowed to be manipulated.
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'class_name', 
         'schedule', 
-        'capacity'
-    ]; // Fields that are allowed to be manipulated
+        'capacity',
+        'school_year',
+    ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
 
     protected $useTimestamps = false; 
 

app/Models/ClassPrepAdjustmentModel.php

@@ -2,11 +2,19 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ClassPrepAdjustmentModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'class_prep_adjustments';
     protected $allowedFields = [
-        'class_section_id', 'item_name', 'adjustment', 'adjustable', 'created_at'
+        'class_section_id', 'item_name', 'adjustment', 'adjustable', 'created_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[16]',
+    ];
+
 }

app/Models/ClassPreparationLogModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ClassPreparationLogModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table      = 'class_preparation_log';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $allowedFields = [
@@ -13,6 +16,11 @@ class ClassPreparationLogModel extends Model
         'class_section',
         'prep_data',
         'created_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
     public $useTimestamps = false;
 }

app/Models/ClassProgressAttachmentModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ClassProgressAttachmentModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'class_progress_attachments';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $returnType = 'array';
@@ -16,6 +19,11 @@ class ClassProgressAttachmentModel extends Model
         'mime_type',
         'file_size',
         'created_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
     protected $useTimestamps = false;
 }

app/Models/ClassProgressReportModel.php

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 /**
  * Weekly class progress reports (one row per subject per week).
@@ -15,6 +16,8 @@ use CodeIgniter\Model;
  */
 class ClassProgressReportModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'class_progress_reports';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $returnType = 'array';
@@ -51,7 +54,7 @@ class ClassProgressReportModel extends Model
     protected $validationRules = [
         'class_section_id' => 'required|integer',
         'teacher_id' => 'required|integer',
-        'school_year' => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[9]',
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
         'week_start' => 'required|valid_date[Y-m-d]',
         'week_end' => 'required|valid_date[Y-m-d]',
         'subject' => 'required|string|max_length[160]',

app/Models/ClassSectionModel.php

@@ -2,9 +2,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ClassSectionModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'classSection'; // Correct table name
     protected $primaryKey = 'id'; // Specify the primary key field
 
@@ -14,7 +17,12 @@ class ClassSectionModel extends Model
         'class_section_name',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField = 'created_at';

app/Models/CompetitionClassWinnerModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class CompetitionClassWinnerModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table      = 'competition_class_winners';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -20,7 +23,12 @@ class CompetitionClassWinnerModel extends Model
         'prize_4',
         'prize_5',
         'prize_6',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField  = 'created_at';

app/Models/CompetitionModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class CompetitionModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table          = 'competitions';
     protected $primaryKey     = 'id';
     protected $useSoftDeletes = true;
@@ -26,6 +29,10 @@ class CompetitionModel extends Model
         'locked_by',
         'created_by',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField  = 'created_at';

app/Models/CompetitionScoreModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class CompetitionScoreModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table      = 'competition_scores';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -15,7 +18,12 @@ class CompetitionScoreModel extends Model
         'class_section_id',
         'score',
         'notes',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField  = 'created_at';

app/Models/CompetitionWinnerModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class CompetitionWinnerModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table      = 'competition_winners';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -17,7 +20,12 @@ class CompetitionWinnerModel extends Model
         'score',
         'prize_amount',
         'created_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = false;
 }

app/Models/Concerns/SchoolYearAutoFillTrait.php

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models\Concerns;
+
+trait SchoolYearAutoFillTrait
+{
+    public function insert($row = null, bool $returnID = true)
+    {
+        if (isset($this->tempData['data'])) {
+            if ($row === null) {
+                $row = $this->tempData['data'];
+            } else {
+                $row = array_merge($this->tempData['data'], $this->transformDataToArray($row, 'insert'));
+            }
+
+            $this->escape = $this->tempData['escape'] ?? [];
+            $this->tempData = [];
+        }
+
+        return parent::insert($this->withDefaultSchoolYear($row), $returnID);
+    }
+
+    public function insertBatch(?array $set = null, ?bool $escape = null, int $batchSize = 100, bool $testing = false)
+    {
+        if (is_array($set)) {
+            foreach ($set as $index => $row) {
+                $set[$index] = $this->withDefaultSchoolYear($row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return parent::insertBatch($set, $escape, $batchSize, $testing);
+    }
+
+    protected function withDefaultSchoolYear($row)
+    {
+        if (! is_array($row)) {
+            return $row;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->hasNonEmptySchoolYear($row)) {
+            return $row;
+        }
+
+        $schoolYear = $this->deriveSchoolYearForRow($row) ?? $this->currentSchoolYearName();
+        if ($schoolYear !== '') {
+            $row['school_year'] = $schoolYear;
+        }
+
+        return $row;
+    }
+
+    protected function deriveSchoolYearForRow(array $row): ?string
+    {
+        foreach (['school_year_from', 'school_year_to', 'previous_school_year'] as $field) {
+            $value = trim((string)($row[$field] ?? ''));
+            if ($this->isValidSchoolYear($value)) {
+                return $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach (['source_school_year_id', 'target_school_year_id', 'school_year_id'] as $field) {
+            $id = (int)($row[$field] ?? 0);
+            if ($id <= 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $year = $this->schoolYearNameById($id);
+            if ($year !== null) {
+                return $year;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $batchId = (int)($row['closing_batch_id'] ?? 0);
+        if ($batchId > 0) {
+            return $this->schoolYearNameByClosingBatchId($batchId);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private function hasNonEmptySchoolYear(array $row): bool
+    {
+        return array_key_exists('school_year', $row) && trim((string)$row['school_year']) !== '';
+    }
+
+    private function currentSchoolYearName(): string
+    {
+        try {
+            if ($this->db->tableExists('school_years')) {
+                $row = $this->db->table('school_years')
+                    ->select('name')
+                    ->where('status', 'active')
+                    ->orderBy('id', 'DESC')
+                    ->get(1)
+                    ->getRowArray();
+
+                $name = trim((string)($row['name'] ?? ''));
+                if ($this->isValidSchoolYear($name)) {
+                    return $name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ($this->db->tableExists('configuration')) {
+                foreach (['school_year', 'current_school_year'] as $key) {
+                    $row = $this->db->table('configuration')
+                        ->select('config_value')
+                        ->where('config_key', $key)
+                        ->orderBy('id', 'DESC')
+                        ->get(1)
+                        ->getRowArray();
+
+                    $value = trim((string)($row['config_value'] ?? ''));
+                    if ($this->isValidSchoolYear($value)) {
+                        return $value;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (\Throwable) {
+            return $this->calendarYearFallback();
+        }
+
+        return $this->calendarYearFallback();
+    }
+
+    private function schoolYearNameById(int $id): ?string
+    {
+        try {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists('school_years')) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            $row = $this->db->table('school_years')
+                ->select('name')
+                ->where('id', $id)
+                ->get(1)
+                ->getRowArray();
+
+            $name = trim((string)($row['name'] ?? ''));
+
+            return $this->isValidSchoolYear($name) ? $name : null;
+        } catch (\Throwable) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function schoolYearNameByClosingBatchId(int $id): ?string
+    {
+        try {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists('school_year_closing_batches')) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            $row = $this->db->table('school_year_closing_batches')
+                ->select('school_year')
+                ->where('id', $id)
+                ->get(1)
+                ->getRowArray();
+
+            $year = trim((string)($row['school_year'] ?? ''));
+
+            return $this->isValidSchoolYear($year) ? $year : null;
+        } catch (\Throwable) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function calendarYearFallback(): string
+    {
+        $year = (int) date('Y');
+
+        return $year . '-' . ($year + 1);
+    }
+
+    private function isValidSchoolYear(string $value): bool
+    {
+        return preg_match('/^\d{4}-\d{4}$/', $value) === 1;
+    }
+}

app/Models/ContactUsModel.php

@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ContactUsModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'contactus';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -20,7 +23,8 @@ class ContactUsModel extends Model
         'subject',
         'message',
         'created_at',
-        'updated_at'
+        'updated_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
 
     // Timestamps (set manually or use auto timestamps below)
@@ -33,6 +37,7 @@ class ContactUsModel extends Model
         'reciever_id'  => 'required|integer',
         'subject'      => 'required|string|max_length[255]',
         'message'      => 'required|string',
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
     ];
 
     protected $validationMessages = [];

app/Models/CurrentFlagModel.php

@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class CurrentFlagModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'current_flag';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $allowedFields = [
@@ -28,6 +31,10 @@ class CurrentFlagModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     // Fields that are allowed to be inserted or updated
 

app/Models/DiscountUsageModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class DiscountUsageModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'discount_usages';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     
@@ -30,7 +33,8 @@ class DiscountUsageModel extends Model
         'voucher_id' => 'required|is_natural_no_zero',
         'invoice_id' => 'required|is_natural_no_zero',
         'user_id'    => 'permit_empty|is_natural_no_zero',
-        'used_at'    => 'valid_date'
+        'used_at'    => 'valid_date',
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
     ];
 
     protected $validationMessages = [

app/Models/DiscountVoucherModel.php

@@ -2,9 +2,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class DiscountVoucherModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table      = 'discount_vouchers';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -38,7 +41,8 @@ class DiscountVoucherModel extends Model
         'valid_from'     => 'permit_empty|valid_date[Y-m-d]',
         'valid_until'    => 'permit_empty|valid_date[Y-m-d]',
         'is_active'      => 'in_list[0,1]',
-        'description'    => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[1000]', // <-- NEW
+        'description'    => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[1000]', // <-- NEW,
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
     ];
 
     protected $validationMessages = [

app/Models/EarlyDismissalSignatureModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class EarlyDismissalSignatureModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'early_dismissal_signatures';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ class EarlyDismissalSignatureModel extends Model
     protected $validationRules = [
         'report_date' => 'required|valid_date[Y-m-d]',
         'filename'    => 'required|string',
-        'school_year' => 'permit_empty|string',
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
         'semester'    => 'permit_empty|string',
     ];
 }

app/Models/EnrollmentModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class EnrollmentModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'enrollments';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ class EnrollmentModel extends Model
         'student_id'        => 'required|integer',
         'class_section_id'  => 'permit_empty|integer',
         'parent_id'         => 'required|integer',
-        'school_year'       => 'required|string|max_length[25]',
+        'school_year'       => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
         'enrollment_date'   => 'required|valid_date',
         'withdrawal_date'   => 'permit_empty|valid_date',
         'is_withdrawn'      => 'permit_empty|in_list[0,1]',
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ class EnrollmentModel extends Model
         'school_year' => [
             'required'    => 'School year is required',
             'string'      => 'School year must be a string',
-            'max_length'  => 'School year must not exceed 25 characters',
+            'max_length'  => 'School year must not exceed 9 characters',
         ],
         'enrollment_date' => [
             'required'   => 'Enrollment date is required',

app/Models/EventChargesModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class EventChargesModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'event_charges';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -32,6 +35,10 @@ class EventChargesModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField  = 'created_at';

app/Models/EventModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class EventModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'events';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -22,6 +25,10 @@ class EventModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField = 'created_at';

app/Models/ExamDraftModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ExamDraftModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'exam_drafts';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $returnType = 'array';
@@ -65,6 +68,7 @@ class ExamDraftModel extends Model
         'author_id' => 'if_exist|is_natural_no_zero',
         'class_section_id' => 'if_exist|is_natural_no_zero',
         'version' => 'if_exist|is_natural_no_zero',
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
     ];
 
     protected $validationMessages = [

app/Models/ExamModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ExamModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'exams';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -18,6 +21,10 @@ class ExamModel extends Model
         'school_year',
         'created_at'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     // Timestamps
     protected $useTimestamps = true;

app/Models/ExpenseModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ExpenseModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'expenses';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -32,7 +35,8 @@ class ExpenseModel extends Model
     protected $updatedField = 'updated_at';
 
     protected $validationRules = [
-        // Add your validation rules here as needed
+        // Add your validation rules here as needed,
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
     ];
 
     public function getReimbursedExpensesWithDetails(array $filters = [])

app/Models/FinalExamModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class FinalExamModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'final_exam';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -38,7 +41,8 @@ class FinalExamModel extends Model
     protected $deletedField  = 'deleted_at';
 
     // Validation
-    protected $validationRules      = [];
+    protected $validationRules      = [        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+];
     protected $validationMessages   = [];
     protected $skipValidation       = false;
     protected $cleanValidationRules = true;

app/Models/FinalScoreModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class FinalScoreModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'final_score';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -23,6 +26,10 @@ class FinalScoreModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     // Function to get the final exam score for a specific student, semester, and school year
     public function getFinalExamScore($studentId, $semester, $schoolYear)

app/Models/FlagModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class FlagModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'flag';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $allowedFields = [
@@ -27,4 +30,8 @@ class FlagModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 }

app/Models/GradingLockModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class GradingLockModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'grading_locks';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $returnType = 'array';
@@ -20,6 +23,10 @@ class GradingLockModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     public function getLock(int $classSectionId, string $semester, string $schoolYear): ?array
     {

app/Models/HomeworkModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class HomeworkModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'homework';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -40,7 +43,8 @@ class HomeworkModel extends Model
     protected $deletedField  = 'deleted_at';
 
     // Validation
-    protected $validationRules      = [];
+    protected $validationRules      = [        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+];
     protected $validationMessages   = [];
     protected $skipValidation       = false;
     protected $cleanValidationRules = true;

app/Models/InventoryCategoryModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class InventoryCategoryModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table         = 'inventory_categories';
     protected $primaryKey    = 'id';
     protected $returnType    = 'array';
@@ -19,7 +22,12 @@ class InventoryCategoryModel extends Model
         'grade_max',   
         'created_at',
         'updated_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     public function optionsForType(string $type): array
     {

app/Models/InventoryItemModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class InventoryItemModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
 protected $table      = 'inventory_items';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -38,6 +41,7 @@ protected $table      = 'inventory_items';
         'needs_repair_qty',
         'need_replace_qty',
         'cannot_find_qty',
+        'school_year',
     ];
 
 
@@ -46,5 +50,6 @@ protected $table      = 'inventory_items';
         'name'        => 'required|min_length[2]',
         'quantity'    => 'permit_empty|integer',
         'unit_price'  => 'permit_empty|decimal',
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[16]',
     ];
 }

app/Models/InventoryMovementModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class InventoryMovementModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table         = 'inventory_movements';
     protected $primaryKey    = 'id';
     protected $returnType    = 'array';
@@ -16,4 +19,8 @@ class InventoryMovementModel extends Model
         'semester','school_year',
         'performed_by','teacher_id','student_id','class_section_id',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 }

app/Models/InvoiceEventModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class InvoiceEventModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'invoice_event';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -20,6 +23,10 @@ class InvoiceEventModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField  = 'created_at';

app/Models/InvoiceModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class InvoiceModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table      = 'invoices';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $returnType = 'array';
@@ -40,6 +43,7 @@ class InvoiceModel extends Model
     'issue_date'     => 'required|valid_date[Y-m-d H:i:s]',
     'due_date'       => 'permit_empty|valid_date[Y-m-d H:i:s]',
     'status'           => 'required|string|max_length[50]',
+    'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
 ];
 
 

app/Models/InvoiceStudentListModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class InvoiceStudentListModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     // Specify the table name
     protected $table = 'invoice_students_list';
 
@@ -21,8 +24,13 @@ class InvoiceStudentListModel extends Model
         'school_id',
         'enrolled',
         'created_at',
-        'updated_at'
+        'updated_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     // Enable auto-incrementing primary key
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;

app/Models/IpAttemptModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class IpAttemptModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'ip_attempts';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -13,7 +16,8 @@ class IpAttemptModel extends Model
         'ip_address',
         'attempts',
         'last_attempt_at',
-        'blocked_until'
+        'blocked_until',
+        'school_year',
     ];
 
     // Automatically handle timestamps
@@ -26,7 +30,8 @@ class IpAttemptModel extends Model
         'ip_address' => 'required|valid_ip|max_length[45]',
         'attempts'   => 'required|integer',
         'last_attempt_at' => 'required|valid_date',
-        'blocked_until' => 'permit_empty|valid_date'
+        'blocked_until' => 'permit_empty|valid_date',
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[20]',
     ];
 
     // Method to get IP attempt data by IP address

app/Models/LateSlipLogModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class LateSlipLogModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'late_slip_logs';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $useTimestamps = false; // we control printed_at explicitly
@@ -22,6 +25,10 @@ class LateSlipLogModel extends Model
         'printed_by',
         'printed_at',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     /**
      * Best-effort insert of a single late slip print log.

app/Models/LoginActivityModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class LoginActivityModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'login_activity';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $allowedFields = [
@@ -17,8 +20,13 @@ class LoginActivityModel extends Model
         'user_agent',
         'semester',
         'created_at',
-        'updated_at'
+        'updated_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
     
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField = 'created_at';

app/Models/ManualPaymentModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ManualPaymentModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'manual_payments';
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'invoice_number', 
@@ -16,6 +19,10 @@ class ManualPaymentModel extends Model
         'semester',
         'school_year',
         'created_at'];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = false;
 }

app/Models/MessageModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class MessageModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'messages';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -21,8 +24,13 @@ class MessageModel extends Model
         'priority',
         'attachment',
         'status',
-        'semester'
+        'semester',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = false; // Since you're manually handling date fields
     protected $returnType = 'array';

app/Models/MidtermExamModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class MidtermExamModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'midterm_exam';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -39,7 +42,8 @@ class MidtermExamModel extends Model
     protected $deletedField  = 'deleted_at';
 
     // Validation
-    protected $validationRules      = [];
+    protected $validationRules      = [        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+];
     protected $validationMessages   = [];
     protected $skipValidation       = false;
     protected $cleanValidationRules = true;

app/Models/MissingScoreOverrideModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class MissingScoreOverrideModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'missing_score_overrides';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $returnType = 'array';
@@ -22,6 +25,10 @@ class MissingScoreOverrideModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     public function getOverridesMap(int $classSectionId, string $semester, string $schoolYear, string $itemType): array
     {

app/Models/NotificationModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class NotificationModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'notifications';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $allowedFields = [
@@ -20,8 +23,13 @@ class NotificationModel extends Model
         'expires_at',
         'sent_at',
         'scheduled_at',
-        'deleted_at'
+        'deleted_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[20]',
+    ];
+
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField = 'created_at';
     protected $updatedField = 'updated_at';

app/Models/ParentAttendanceReportModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ParentAttendanceReportModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'parent_attendance_reports';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ class ParentAttendanceReportModel extends Model
         'arrival_time'    => 'permit_empty|regex_match[/^\d{2}:\d{2}(:\d{2})?$/]',
         'dismiss_time'    => 'permit_empty|regex_match[/^\d{2}:\d{2}(:\d{2})?$/]',
         'semester'        => 'permit_empty|string',
-        'school_year'     => 'permit_empty|string',
+        'school_year'     => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
         'status'          => 'permit_empty|in_list[new,seen,processed]',
     ];
 

app/Models/ParentMeetingScheduleModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ParentMeetingScheduleModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'parent_meeting_schedules';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -23,6 +26,10 @@ class ParentMeetingScheduleModel extends Model
         'status',
         'created_by',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField = 'created_at';

app/Models/ParentNotificationModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ParentNotificationModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table         = 'parent_notifications';
     protected $primaryKey    = 'id';
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
@@ -16,6 +19,10 @@ class ParentNotificationModel extends Model
         'student_id','code','incident_date','channel','to_address','subject',
         'status','response','semester','school_year'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     public function hasSent(int $studentId, string $code, string $incidentYmd, string $channel='email', ?string $to=null): bool
     {

app/Models/ParticipationModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ParticipationModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'participation';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -39,7 +42,8 @@ class ParticipationModel extends Model
     protected $deletedField  = 'deleted_at';
 
     // Validation
-    protected $validationRules      = [];
+    protected $validationRules      = [        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+];
     protected $validationMessages   = [];
     protected $skipValidation       = false;
     protected $cleanValidationRules = true;

app/Models/PaymentErrorModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class PaymentErrorModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'payment_error';      // The DB table
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';            // Primary key
 
@@ -28,7 +31,8 @@ class PaymentErrorModel extends Model
     'wrong_paid_amount' => 'required|decimal',
     'payment_id' => 'required|integer',
     'invoice_id' => 'required|integer',
-    'parent_id' => 'required|integer'
+    'parent_id' => 'required|integer',
+    'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
 ];
 
 }

app/Models/PaymentModel.php

@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@ namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
 
 class PaymentModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'payments';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $returnType = 'array';
@@ -69,7 +72,7 @@ class PaymentModel extends Model
         'transaction_id' => 'permit_empty|max_length[100]',
         'payment_method' => 'required|in_list[cash,check,card]',
         'payment_date' => 'required|valid_date',
-        'school_year' => 'permit_empty|max_length[20]',
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
         'status' => 'required|max_length[50]',
         'check_file' => 'permit_empty|max_length[255]',
         'check_number' => 'permit_empty|max_length[100]',

app/Models/PaymentNotificationLogModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class PaymentNotificationLogModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table         = 'payment_notification_logs';
     protected $primaryKey    = 'id';
     protected $returnType    = 'array';
@@ -29,6 +32,10 @@ class PaymentNotificationLogModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'sent_at',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = false;
 

app/Models/PaymentTransactionModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class PaymentTransactionModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'payment_transactions'; // Table name
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';  // Primary key
 
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ class PaymentTransactionModel extends Model
         'payment_method' => 'required|string|max_length[50]',
         'payment_status' => 'required|string|max_length[50]',
         'semester' => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[30]',
-        'school_year' => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[9]',
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
     ];
 
     // Custom error messages

app/Models/PlacementBatchModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class PlacementBatchModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'placement_batches';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -17,6 +20,10 @@ class PlacementBatchModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField = 'created_at';

app/Models/PlacementLevelModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class PlacementLevelModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'placement_levels';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -16,7 +19,12 @@ class PlacementLevelModel extends Model
         'updated_by',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[20]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField = 'created_at';

app/Models/PlacementScoreModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class PlacementScoreModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'placement_scores';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -17,7 +20,12 @@ class PlacementScoreModel extends Model
         'updated_by',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField = 'created_at';

app/Models/PrintRequestModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class PrintRequestModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'print_requests';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -31,7 +34,8 @@ class PrintRequestModel extends Model
     protected $updatedField  = 'updated_at';
 
     // Validation
-    protected $validationRules      = [];
+    protected $validationRules      = [        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+];
     protected $validationMessages   = [];
     protected $skipValidation       = false;
     protected $cleanValidationRules = true;

app/Models/ProjectModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ProjectModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'project';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -23,6 +26,10 @@ class ProjectModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     /**
      * Calculate the average project score for a given student, semester, and school year.

app/Models/PromotionQueueModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class PromotionQueueModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table      = 'promotion_queue';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -20,7 +23,12 @@ class PromotionQueueModel extends Model
         'created_at',
         'updated_at',
         'updated_by',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField  = 'created_at';
@@ -32,6 +40,8 @@ class PromotionQueueModel extends Model
             return false;
         }
 
+        $data['school_year'] = (string)($data['school_year'] ?? $data['school_year_from'] ?? $data['school_year_to']);
+
         $existing = $this->where('student_id', (int)$data['student_id'])
             ->where('school_year_to', (string)$data['school_year_to'])
             ->first();
@@ -43,4 +53,3 @@ class PromotionQueueModel extends Model
         return (bool) $this->insert($data);
     }
 }
-

app/Models/QuizModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class QuizModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table            = 'quiz';
     protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
     protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
@@ -40,7 +43,8 @@ class QuizModel extends Model
     protected $deletedField  = 'deleted_at';
 
     // Validation
-    protected $validationRules      = [];
+    protected $validationRules      = [        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+];
     protected $validationMessages   = [];
     protected $skipValidation       = false;
     protected $cleanValidationRules = true;

app/Models/RefundModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class RefundModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'refunds';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
 
@@ -30,6 +33,10 @@ class RefundModel extends Model
         'check_nbr',
         'check_file'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField  = 'created_at';

app/Models/ReimbursementBatchAdminFileModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ReimbursementBatchAdminFileModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table      = 'reimbursement_batch_admin_files';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $allowedFields = [
@@ -15,6 +18,11 @@ class ReimbursementBatchAdminFileModel extends Model
         'original_filename',
         'uploaded_at',
         'uploaded_by',
+        'school_year',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
     protected $useTimestamps = false;
 }

app/Models/ReimbursementBatchItemModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ReimbursementBatchItemModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table         = 'reimbursement_batch_items';
     protected $primaryKey    = 'id';
     protected $allowedFields = [
@@ -19,6 +22,10 @@ class ReimbursementBatchItemModel extends Model
         'school_year',
         'semester',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = false;
 }

app/Models/ReimbursementBatchModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ReimbursementBatchModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table         = 'reimbursement_batches';
     protected $primaryKey    = 'id';
     protected $allowedFields = [
@@ -20,6 +23,10 @@ class ReimbursementBatchModel extends Model
         'semester',
         'yearly_batch_number',
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
     protected $useTimestamps = false;
 }

app/Models/ReimbursementModel.php

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
 
 class ReimbursementModel extends Model
 {
+    use SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+
     protected $table = 'reimbursements';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $allowedFields = [
@@ -23,5 +26,9 @@ class ReimbursementModel extends Model
         'reimbursement_method',
         'batch_number'
     ];
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
+    ];
+
 
 }