apply the school year concept

.gitea/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+name: Tests
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - develop
+  pull_request:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  phpunit:
+    name: PHPUnit
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    services:
+      mysql:
+        image: mariadb:10.11
+        env:
+          MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root
+          MYSQL_DATABASE: alrahma_test
+          MYSQL_USER: alrahma
+          MYSQL_PASSWORD: alrahma
+        ports:
+          - 3306:3306
+        options: >-
+          --health-cmd="mariadb-admin ping -h 127.0.0.1 -uroot -proot"
+          --health-interval=10s
+          --health-timeout=5s
+          --health-retries=10
+
+    env:
+      GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY: 'true'
+      CI_ENVIRONMENT: testing
+      TEST_DB_HOST: mysql
+      TEST_DB_PORT: 3306
+      TEST_DB_NAME: alrahma_test
+      TEST_DB_USER: alrahma
+      TEST_DB_PASSWORD: alrahma
+      database.tests.hostname: mysql
+      database.tests.database: alrahma_test
+      database.tests.username: alrahma
+      database.tests.password: alrahma
+      database.tests.DBDriver: MySQLi
+      database.tests.DBPrefix: ''
+      database.tests.port: 3306
+      JWT_SECRET: test-secret-for-ci
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Setup PHP
+        uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
+        with:
+          php-version: '8.2'
+          extensions: dom, gd, intl, mbstring, mysqli, zip
+          coverage: xdebug
+
+      - name: Validate Composer config
+        run: composer validate --no-check-publish --strict
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: composer install --no-interaction --prefer-dist --no-progress
+
+      - name: Prepare writable directories
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p \
+            writable/cache/testing \
+            writable/logs \
+            writable/session \
+            writable/uploads \
+            writable/debugbar
+          chown -R "$(id -u):$(id -g)" writable || true
+          chmod -R u+rwX,g+rwX writable
+
+      - name: Verify writable cache
+        run: |
+          test -d writable/cache/testing
+          test -w writable/cache/testing
+          touch writable/cache/testing/.ci-write-test
+          rm writable/cache/testing/.ci-write-test
+
+      - name: Verify database configuration
+        run: |
+          php -d variables_order=EGPCS -r '
+            define("FCPATH", __DIR__ . "/public/");
+            define("ENVIRONMENT", getenv("CI_ENVIRONMENT") ?: "production");
+            require "app/Config/Paths.php";
+            $paths = new Config\Paths();
+            require $paths->systemDirectory . "/Boot.php";
+            CodeIgniter\Boot::bootConsole($paths);
+
+            $database = config("Database");
+            $dbConfig = $database->{$database->defaultGroup};
+
+            echo "Environment: " . ENVIRONMENT . PHP_EOL;
+            echo "DB group: " . $database->defaultGroup . PHP_EOL;
+            echo "DB host: " . $dbConfig["hostname"] . PHP_EOL;
+            echo "DB port: " . $dbConfig["port"] . PHP_EOL;
+            echo "DB name: " . $dbConfig["database"] . PHP_EOL;
+          '
+
+      - name: Wait for MariaDB
+        run: |
+          for attempt in $(seq 1 30); do
+            php -r '
+              mysqli_report(MYSQLI_REPORT_OFF);
+              $db = @new mysqli(
+                  getenv("TEST_DB_HOST"),
+                  getenv("TEST_DB_USER"),
+                  getenv("TEST_DB_PASSWORD"),
+                  getenv("TEST_DB_NAME"),
+                  (int) getenv("TEST_DB_PORT")
+              );
+
+              exit($db->connect_errno === 0 ? 0 : 1);
+            ' && break
+
+            echo "Waiting for MariaDB, attempt ${attempt}/30"
+            sleep 2
+          done
+
+          php -r '
+            mysqli_report(MYSQLI_REPORT_ERROR | MYSQLI_REPORT_STRICT);
+
+            new mysqli(
+                getenv("TEST_DB_HOST"),
+                getenv("TEST_DB_USER"),
+                getenv("TEST_DB_PASSWORD"),
+                getenv("TEST_DB_NAME"),
+                (int) getenv("TEST_DB_PORT")
+            );
+
+            echo "MariaDB connection successful\n";
+          '
+
+      - name: Import baseline schema
+        run: php tests/_support/import_baseline.php Database_Dump/u280815660_school_12072025
+
+      - name: Run database migrations
+        run: |
+          php -d variables_order=EGPCS spark migrate --all --no-interaction
+          php -r '
+            mysqli_report(MYSQLI_REPORT_ERROR | MYSQLI_REPORT_STRICT);
+
+            $db = new mysqli(
+                getenv("TEST_DB_HOST"),
+                getenv("TEST_DB_USER"),
+                getenv("TEST_DB_PASSWORD"),
+                getenv("TEST_DB_NAME"),
+                (int) getenv("TEST_DB_PORT")
+            );
+
+            $tables = [];
+            $result = $db->query("SHOW TABLES");
+            while ($row = $result->fetch_array(MYSQLI_NUM)) {
+                $tables[$row[0]] = true;
+            }
+
+            foreach (["users", "students", "attendance_data"] as $table) {
+                if (!isset($tables[$table])) {
+                    fwrite(STDERR, "Migration schema missing required table: {$table}\n");
+                    exit(1);
+                }
+            }
+
+            echo "Migration schema verified\n";
+          '
+
+      - name: Run tests
+        run: composer test

app/Config/Cache.php

@@ -168,4 +168,12 @@ class Cache extends BaseConfig
         'redis'     => RedisHandler::class,
         'wincache'  => WincacheHandler::class,
     ];
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
+            $this->storePath         = WRITEPATH . 'cache/testing/';
+            $this->file['storePath'] = WRITEPATH . 'cache/testing/';
+        }
+    }
 }

app/Config/Constants.php

@@ -25,6 +25,19 @@ defined('APP_NAMESPACE') || define('APP_NAMESPACE', 'App');
  */
 defined('COMPOSER_PATH') || define('COMPOSER_PATH', ROOTPATH . 'vendor/autoload.php');
 
+/*
+ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | Test Support Path
+ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ |
+ | Spark may be run with CI_ENVIRONMENT=testing before CodeIgniter's PHPUnit
+ | bootstrap has had a chance to define SUPPORTPATH. The framework autoloader
+ | expects this constant when that environment flag is present.
+ */
+if (! defined('SUPPORTPATH') && defined('TESTPATH') && is_dir(TESTPATH . '_support')) {
+    define('SUPPORTPATH', realpath(TESTPATH . '_support') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+}
+
 /*
  |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
  | Timing Constants

app/Config/Database.php

@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ class Database extends Config
     {
         parent::__construct();
 
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
+            $this->defaultGroup = 'tests';
+        }
+
         $this->default = [
             'DSN'      => '',
             'hostname' => env('database.default.hostname'),
@@ -38,22 +42,22 @@ class Database extends Config
 
         $this->tests = [
             'DSN'      => '',
-            'hostname' => env('database.tests.hostname', env('database.default.hostname')),
-            'username' => env('database.tests.username', env('database.default.username')),
-            'password' => env('database.tests.password', env('database.default.password')),
-            'database' => env('database.tests.database', env('database.default.database')),
+            'hostname' => env('TEST_DB_HOST', env('database.tests.hostname', env('database.default.hostname'))),
+            'username' => env('TEST_DB_USER', env('database.tests.username', env('database.default.username'))),
+            'password' => env('TEST_DB_PASSWORD', env('database.tests.password', env('database.default.password'))),
+            'database' => env('TEST_DB_NAME', env('database.tests.database', 'alrahma_test')),
             'DBDriver' => env('database.tests.DBDriver', env('database.default.DBDriver', 'MySQLi')),
-            'DBPrefix' => env('database.tests.DBPrefix', 'db_'),
+            'DBPrefix' => env('database.tests.DBPrefix', ''),
             'pConnect' => false,
             'DBDebug'  => true,
-            'charset'  => 'utf8',
-            'DBCollat' => 'utf8_general_ci',
+            'charset'  => 'utf8mb4',
+            'DBCollat' => 'utf8mb4_general_ci',
             'swapPre'  => '',
             'encrypt'  => false,
             'compress' => false,
             'strictOn' => false,
             'failover' => [],
-            'port'     => (int) env('database.tests.port', env('database.default.port', 3306)),
+            'port'     => (int) env('TEST_DB_PORT', env('database.tests.port', env('database.default.port', 3306))),
         ];
     }
 }

app/Config/Feature.php

@@ -27,4 +27,9 @@ class Feature extends BaseConfig
      * Use improved new auto routing instead of the default legacy version.
      */
     public bool $autoRoutesImproved = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Show the global school-year selector in authenticated admin layouts.
+     */
+    public bool $globalSchoolYearSelector = true;
 }

app/Config/Filters.php

@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ class Filters extends BaseConfig
         'cleanupScheduler'  => \App\Filters\CleanupScheduler::class,
         'permission'        => \App\Filters\PermissionFilter::class, 
         'timezone'          => \App\Filters\TimezoneFilter::class,
+        'schoolYear'        => \App\Filters\RequireSchoolYearFilter::class,
+        'schoolYearWritable'=> \App\Filters\SchoolYearWritableFilter::class,
     ];
 
 

app/Config/Routes.php

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ $routes->setAutoRoute(false);
  * --------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
 $routes->post('api/proofread', 'ProofreadController::check', ['filter' => 'auth']);
+$routes->post('school-year/select', 'View\SchoolYearSelectionController::select', ['filter' => 'auth']);
+$routes->post('school-year/reset', 'View\SchoolYearSelectionController::reset', ['filter' => 'auth']);
 
 /*
  * --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -743,11 +745,6 @@ $routes->get('payments/getByParent/(:num)', 'View\PaymentController::getByParent
 $routes->get('payments/create', 'View\PaymentController::create');
 $routes->post('payments/updateBalance/(:num)', 'View\PaymentController::updateBalance/$1');
 
-// Web View Routes for Payment Transactions
-$routes->get('payment_transactions/getByPayment/(:num)', 'View\PaymentTransactionController::getByPayment/$1');
-$routes->get('payment_transactions/create', 'View\PaymentTransactionController::create');
-$routes->post('payment_transactions/updateStatus/(:num)', 'View\PaymentTransactionController::updateStatus/$1');
-
 // Routes for payment pages
 $routes->get('payments/view/(:num)', 'View\PaymentController::viewPayment/$1');
 $routes->get('payment/get_enrolled_students/(:num)', 'View\PaymentController::getEnrolledStudents/$1', ['filter' => 'auth:view_invoice|view_payment|view_financial_reports|administrator|administrative staff|principal']);
@@ -1037,6 +1034,7 @@ $routes->match(['get', 'post'], 'families/import-legacy', 'FamilyController::imp
 
 // Admin page (protect with your auth/permission)
 $routes->group('family',  static function ($routes) {
+    $routes->get('', 'View\FamilyAdminController::index');
     $routes->get('index', 'View\FamilyAdminController::index');
     $routes->get('search', 'View\FamilyAdminController::search');
     $routes->get('card', 'View\FamilyAdminController::card');
@@ -1137,6 +1135,22 @@ $routes->post('/configuration/addConfig', 'View\ConfigurationController::addConf
 $routes->match(['get', 'post'], '/configuration/editConfig/(:num)', 'View\ConfigurationController::editConfig/$1');
 $routes->post('/configuration/deleteConfig/(:num)', 'View\ConfigurationController::deleteConfig/$1');
 
+// School-year management
+$routes->group('administrator/school-years', ['filter' => 'auth:admin'], static function ($routes) {
+    $routes->get('', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::index');
+    $routes->post('store', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::store');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/update', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::update/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/activate', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::activate/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/delete-draft', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::deleteDraft/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/archive', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::archive/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/reopen', 'Administrator\SchoolYearController::reopen/$1');
+    $routes->get('(:num)/closing/preview', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::preview/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/closing/start', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::start/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/closing/execute', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::execute/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/closing/complete', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::complete/$1');
+    $routes->post('(:num)/closing/cancel', 'Administrator\SchoolYearClosingController::cancel/$1');
+});
+
 // Route for Attendance Comment Templates
 $routes->get('/administrator/attendance-templates', 'View\AttendanceCommentTemplateController::index');
 $routes->get('/api/attendance-templates', 'View\AttendanceCommentTemplateController::listData');

app/Config/Services.php

@@ -180,4 +180,89 @@ class Services extends BaseService
         $http = static::curlrequest($options);
         return new \App\Services\ApiClient($http, $apiConfig);
     }
+
+    public static function schoolYearContext(bool $getShared = true): \App\Services\SchoolYearContextService
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('schoolYearContext');
+        }
+
+        return new \App\Services\SchoolYearContextService(
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearModel::class),
+            static::schoolYearAccessPolicy()
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static function schoolYearAccessPolicy(bool $getShared = true): \App\Services\SchoolYearAccessPolicy
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('schoolYearAccessPolicy');
+        }
+
+        return new \App\Services\SchoolYearAccessPolicy();
+    }
+
+    public static function schoolYearViewData(bool $getShared = true): \App\Services\SchoolYearViewDataService
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('schoolYearViewData');
+        }
+
+        return new \App\Services\SchoolYearViewDataService(
+            static::schoolYearContext(),
+            static::schoolYearAccessPolicy()
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static function schoolYearWriteGuard(bool $getShared = true): \App\Services\SchoolYearWriteGuard
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('schoolYearWriteGuard');
+        }
+
+        return new \App\Services\SchoolYearWriteGuard();
+    }
+
+    public static function schoolYearValidation(bool $getShared = true): \App\Services\SchoolYearValidationService
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('schoolYearValidation');
+        }
+
+        return new \App\Services\SchoolYearValidationService(
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearModel::class)
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static function schoolYearManagement(bool $getShared = true): \App\Services\SchoolYearManagementService
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('schoolYearManagement');
+        }
+
+        return new \App\Services\SchoolYearManagementService(
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearModel::class),
+            model(\App\Models\ConfigurationModel::class),
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearTransitionLogModel::class),
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearClosingBatchModel::class),
+            static::schoolYearValidation(),
+            \Config\Database::connect()
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static function schoolYearClosing(bool $getShared = true): \App\Services\SchoolYearClosingService
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('schoolYearClosing');
+        }
+
+        return new \App\Services\SchoolYearClosingService(
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearModel::class),
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearClosingBatchModel::class),
+            model(\App\Models\SchoolYearClosingItemModel::class),
+            model(\App\Models\ConfigurationModel::class),
+            static::schoolYearManagement(),
+            \Config\Database::connect()
+        );
+    }
 }

app/Controllers/Admin/CompetitionWinnersController.php

@@ -54,6 +54,11 @@ class CompetitionWinnersController extends BaseController
     public function index()
     {
         $competitionModel = new CompetitionModel();
+        $schoolYear = $this->currentCompetitionSchoolYear();
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== '') {
+            $competitionModel->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+        }
 
         $competitions = $competitionModel
             ->orderBy('id', 'DESC')
@@ -62,12 +67,13 @@ class CompetitionWinnersController extends BaseController
         return view('admin/competition_winners/index', [
             'competitions' => $competitions,
             'sectionMap'   => $this->getClassSectionMap(),
+            'schoolYear'   => $schoolYear,
         ]);
     }
 
     public function create()
     {
-        $schoolYear = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year');
+        $schoolYear = $this->currentCompetitionSchoolYear();
         $classCounts = $this->getClassStudentCounts($schoolYear);
         $classSections = $this->classSectionModel
             ->orderBy('class_section_name', 'ASC')
@@ -1088,6 +1094,11 @@ class CompetitionWinnersController extends BaseController
         return $questionCounts;
     }
 
+    private function currentCompetitionSchoolYear(): string
+    {
+        return $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? ''));
+    }
+
     private function getClassSectionMap(): array
     {
         $sections = $this->classSectionModel

app/Controllers/AdminProgressController.php

@@ -39,7 +39,13 @@ class AdminProgressController extends BaseController
 
     public function index()
     {
+        $schoolYear = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? ''));
+        if ($schoolYear === '') {
+            $schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? ''));
+        }
+
         $filters = [
+            'school_year' => $schoolYear,
             'from' => (string) $this->request->getGet('from'),
             'to' => (string) $this->request->getGet('to'),
             'class_section_id' => (string) $this->request->getGet('class_section_id'),
@@ -51,6 +57,8 @@ class AdminProgressController extends BaseController
             ->join('classSection cs', 'cs.class_section_id = class_progress_reports.class_section_id', 'left')
             ->join('users u', 'u.id = class_progress_reports.teacher_id', 'left');
 
+        $this->applyProgressSchoolYearScope($builder, $schoolYear);
+
         if ($filters['from']) {
             $builder->where('week_start >=', $filters['from']);
         }
@@ -91,16 +99,17 @@ class AdminProgressController extends BaseController
             $reportGroupsBySection[$sectionId] = $groups;
         }
 
-        $classSections = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSections();
-        $studentCounts = $this->studentClassModel->getStudentCountsBySection();
-        $filteredSections = array_values(array_filter($classSections, function ($section) use ($studentCounts) {
+        $classSections = $this->classSectionsForYear($schoolYear, $rows);
+        $studentCounts = $this->studentClassModel->getStudentCountsBySection($schoolYear !== '' ? $schoolYear : null);
+        $filteredSections = array_values(array_filter($classSections, function ($section) use ($studentCounts, $reportGroupsBySection) {
             $sectionId = (int) ($section['class_section_id'] ?? 0);
-            return isset($studentCounts[$sectionId]) && $studentCounts[$sectionId] > 0;
+            return (isset($studentCounts[$sectionId]) && $studentCounts[$sectionId] > 0)
+                || isset($reportGroupsBySection[$sectionId]);
         }));
 
         $filterStart = $this->normalizeDate($filters['from'] ?? '');
         $filterEnd = $this->normalizeDate($filters['to'] ?? '');
-        [$dateList, $noSchoolDays, $totalPassedDays, $passedDatesSet] = $this->buildSemesterDates();
+        [$dateList, $noSchoolDays, $totalPassedDays, $passedDatesSet] = $this->buildSemesterDates($schoolYear);
         [$expectedDays, $activeDatesSet] = $this->resolveExpectedDays(
             $dateList,
             $noSchoolDays,
@@ -132,6 +141,8 @@ class AdminProgressController extends BaseController
         return view('admin/class_progress_list', [
             'reportGroupsBySection' => $reportGroupsBySection,
             'filters' => $filters,
+            'schoolYear' => $schoolYear,
+            'schoolYears' => $this->availableSchoolYears($schoolYear),
             'classSections' => $filteredSections,
             'statusOptions' => ClassProgressController::STATUS_OPTIONS,
             'subjectSections' => ClassProgressController::SUBJECT_SECTIONS,
@@ -142,6 +153,162 @@ class AdminProgressController extends BaseController
         ]);
     }
 
+    private function classSectionsForYear(string $schoolYear, array $reportRows = []): array
+    {
+        $db = db_connect();
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== '' && $db->fieldExists('school_year', 'classSection')) {
+            $sections = $db->table('classSection')
+                ->select('classSection.class_section_id, classSection.class_section_name, classes.class_name')
+                ->join('classes', 'classSection.class_id = classes.id', 'left')
+                ->where('classSection.school_year', $schoolYear)
+                ->orderBy('classSection.class_section_name', 'ASC')
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
+        } else {
+            $sections = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSections();
+        }
+
+        $sectionsById = [];
+        foreach ($sections as $section) {
+            $sectionId = (int) ($section['class_section_id'] ?? 0);
+            if ($sectionId > 0) {
+                $sectionsById[$sectionId] = $section;
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach ($reportRows as $row) {
+            $sectionId = (int) ($row['class_section_id'] ?? 0);
+            if ($sectionId <= 0 || isset($sectionsById[$sectionId])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $sectionsById[$sectionId] = [
+                'class_section_id' => $sectionId,
+                'class_section_name' => (string) ($row['class_section_name'] ?? ('Section #' . $sectionId)),
+                'class_name' => '',
+            ];
+        }
+
+        uasort($sectionsById, static function (array $a, array $b): int {
+            return strnatcasecmp((string) ($a['class_section_name'] ?? ''), (string) ($b['class_section_name'] ?? ''));
+        });
+
+        return array_values($sectionsById);
+    }
+
+    private function applyProgressSchoolYearScope($builder, string $schoolYear): void
+    {
+        if ($schoolYear === '') {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $db = db_connect();
+        $hasReportYear = $db->fieldExists('school_year', 'class_progress_reports');
+        $hasSectionYear = $db->fieldExists('school_year', 'classSection');
+        [$rangeStart, $rangeEnd] = $this->semesterRangeService->getSchoolYearRange($schoolYear);
+
+        if ($hasReportYear) {
+            if ($this->hasAnyExplicitProgressSchoolYearRows()) {
+                $builder->where('class_progress_reports.school_year', $schoolYear);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if ($rangeStart !== '' && $rangeEnd !== '') {
+                $builder
+                    ->groupStart()
+                        ->groupStart()
+                            ->where('class_progress_reports.school_year IS NULL', null, false)
+                            ->orWhere('class_progress_reports.school_year', '')
+                        ->groupEnd()
+                        ->where('class_progress_reports.week_start >=', $rangeStart)
+                        ->where('class_progress_reports.week_start <=', $rangeEnd)
+                    ->groupEnd();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            $builder->where('class_progress_reports.school_year', $schoolYear);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($hasSectionYear) {
+            $builder->where('cs.school_year', $schoolYear);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($rangeStart !== '' && $rangeEnd !== '') {
+            $builder
+                ->where('class_progress_reports.week_start >=', $rangeStart)
+                ->where('class_progress_reports.week_start <=', $rangeEnd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function hasAnyExplicitProgressSchoolYearRows(): bool
+    {
+        try {
+            return db_connect()
+                ->table('class_progress_reports')
+                ->where('school_year IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+                ->where('school_year !=', '')
+                ->limit(1)
+                ->get()
+                ->getRowArray() !== null;
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('warning', 'Unable to check explicit progress school-year rows: {message}', [
+                'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function availableSchoolYears(string $selectedYear): array
+    {
+        $years = [];
+        $addYear = static function (mixed $value) use (&$years): void {
+            $year = trim((string) $value);
+            if ($year !== '' && ! in_array($year, $years, true)) {
+                $years[] = $year;
+            }
+        };
+
+        $addYear($selectedYear);
+        $addYear($this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '')));
+
+        $db = db_connect();
+        foreach ([
+            ['table' => 'school_years', 'column' => 'name'],
+            ['table' => 'class_progress_reports', 'column' => 'school_year'],
+            ['table' => 'classSection', 'column' => 'school_year'],
+            ['table' => 'student_class', 'column' => 'school_year'],
+        ] as $source) {
+            try {
+                if (! $db->tableExists($source['table']) || ! $db->fieldExists($source['column'], $source['table'])) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $rows = $db->table($source['table'])
+                    ->select($source['column'])
+                    ->distinct()
+                    ->where($source['column'] . ' IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+                    ->orderBy($source['column'], 'DESC')
+                    ->get()
+                    ->getResultArray();
+
+                foreach ($rows as $row) {
+                    $addYear($row[$source['column']] ?? '');
+                }
+            } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+                log_message('warning', 'Unable to load school-year options for admin progress: {message}', [
+                    'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+                ]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        rsort($years, SORT_NATURAL);
+
+        return $years;
+    }
+
     public function view($id)
     {
         $row = $this->reportModel
@@ -277,11 +444,15 @@ class AdminProgressController extends BaseController
         return checkdate($m, $d, $y) ? $value : '';
     }
 
-    protected function buildSemesterDates(): array
+    protected function buildSemesterDates(?string $schoolYear = null): array
     {
-        $schoolYear = (string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+        $schoolYear = trim((string) ($schoolYear ?? ''));
+        if ($schoolYear === '') {
+            $schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? ''));
+        }
+
         $semester = (string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('semester') ?? '');
-        $schoolYearForRange = $schoolYear !== '' ? $schoolYear : (string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+        $schoolYearForRange = $schoolYear !== '' ? $schoolYear : $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? ''));
         [$rangeStart, $rangeEnd] = $this->semesterRangeService->getSchoolYearRange($schoolYearForRange);
         $semesterNorm = $this->semesterRangeService->normalizeSemester($semester);
         if ($semesterNorm !== '' && $schoolYearForRange !== '') {

app/Controllers/Administrator/SchoolYearClosingController.php

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers\Administrator;
+
+use App\Controllers\BaseController;
+use App\Models\SchoolYearModel;
+use Throwable;
+
+class SchoolYearClosingController extends BaseController
+{
+    public function preview(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            $targetId = $this->normalizeInt($this->request->getGet('target_school_year_id'));
+            $preview = service('schoolYearClosing')->preview($id, $targetId);
+            $promotionTable = $this->promotionTablePayload($preview['promotion']['rows'] ?? []);
+
+            return view('school_years/closing_preview', [
+                'preview' => $preview,
+                'promotionTable' => $promotionTable,
+                'latestBatch' => service('schoolYearClosing')->latestBatch($id),
+                'schoolYears' => (new SchoolYearModel())->orderBy('name', 'DESC')->findAll(),
+            ]);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function start(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            $targetId = $this->normalizeInt($this->request->getPost('target_school_year_id'));
+            if ($targetId === null) {
+                return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Select a target school year.');
+            }
+
+            service('schoolYearClosing')->start($id, $targetId, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years/' . $id . '/closing/preview')->with('success', 'End-year process started.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function execute(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearClosing')->execute($id, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years/' . $id . '/closing/preview')->with('success', 'Carry-forward confirmed.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function complete(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearClosing')->complete($id, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'School year ended and closed.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function cancel(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearClosing')->cancel($id, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'End-year process cancelled.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function normalizeInt(mixed $value): ?int
+    {
+        return is_numeric($value) && (int) $value > 0 ? (int) $value : null;
+    }
+
+    private function promotionTablePayload(array $rows): array
+    {
+        $allowedSorts = ['student', 'school_id', 'class', 'year_score', 'decision', 'source', 'queue', 'target', 'status'];
+        $sort = (string) ($this->request->getGet('sort') ?? 'class');
+        $sort = in_array($sort, $allowedSorts, true) ? $sort : 'class';
+        $order = strtolower((string) ($this->request->getGet('order') ?? 'asc')) === 'desc' ? 'desc' : 'asc';
+        $page = max(1, (int) ($this->request->getGet('page') ?? 1));
+        $perPage = (int) ($this->request->getGet('per_page') ?? 25);
+        $allowedPerPage = [10, 25, 50, 100];
+        $perPage = in_array($perPage, $allowedPerPage, true) ? $perPage : 25;
+
+        usort($rows, function (array $a, array $b) use ($sort, $order): int {
+            $comparison = $this->comparePromotionRows($a, $b, $sort);
+            if ($comparison === 0 && $sort !== 'class') {
+                $comparison = $this->comparePromotionRows($a, $b, 'class');
+            }
+            if ($comparison === 0 && $sort !== 'student') {
+                $comparison = $this->comparePromotionRows($a, $b, 'student');
+            }
+            if ($comparison === 0) {
+                $comparison = ((int) ($a['student_id'] ?? 0)) <=> ((int) ($b['student_id'] ?? 0));
+            }
+
+            return $order === 'desc' ? -$comparison : $comparison;
+        });
+
+        $total = count($rows);
+        $pageCount = max(1, (int) ceil($total / $perPage));
+        $page = min($page, $pageCount);
+        $offset = ($page - 1) * $perPage;
+
+        return [
+            'rows' => array_slice($rows, $offset, $perPage),
+            'sort' => $sort,
+            'order' => $order,
+            'page' => $page,
+            'perPage' => $perPage,
+            'total' => $total,
+            'pageCount' => $pageCount,
+            'allowedPerPage' => $allowedPerPage,
+            'from' => $total === 0 ? 0 : $offset + 1,
+            'to' => min($offset + $perPage, $total),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function comparePromotionRows(array $a, array $b, string $sort): int
+    {
+        $aValue = $this->promotionSortValue($a, $sort);
+        $bValue = $this->promotionSortValue($b, $sort);
+
+        if ($sort === 'year_score') {
+            if ($aValue === null && $bValue === null) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            if ($aValue === null) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            if ($bValue === null) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            return $aValue <=> $bValue;
+        }
+
+        return strnatcasecmp((string) $aValue, (string) $bValue);
+    }
+
+    private function promotionSortValue(array $row, string $sort): mixed
+    {
+        return match ($sort) {
+            'student' => (string) ($row['student_name'] ?? ''),
+            'school_id' => (string) ($row['school_id'] ?? ''),
+            'class' => (string) ($row['class_section_name'] ?? ''),
+            'year_score' => is_numeric($row['year_score'] ?? null) ? (float) $row['year_score'] : null,
+            'decision' => (string) ($row['decision'] ?? ''),
+            'source' => (string) ($row['source'] ?? ''),
+            'queue' => (string) ($row['queue_status'] ?? ''),
+            'target' => trim((string) ($row['target_section'] ?? '') . ' ' . (string) ($row['target_class'] ?? '')),
+            'status' => (string) ($row['status'] ?? ''),
+            default => '',
+        };
+    }
+
+    private function userId(): ?int
+    {
+        $id = session('user_id') ?? session('id');
+
+        return is_numeric($id) ? (int) $id : null;
+    }
+}

app/Controllers/Administrator/SchoolYearController.php

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers\Administrator;
+
+use App\Controllers\BaseController;
+use App\Models\SchoolYearModel;
+use App\Support\SchoolYear\SchoolYearStatus;
+use Throwable;
+
+class SchoolYearController extends BaseController
+{
+    private SchoolYearModel $schoolYearModel;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->schoolYearModel = new SchoolYearModel();
+    }
+
+    public function index()
+    {
+        $schoolYears = $this->schoolYearModel
+            ->orderBy('name', 'DESC')
+            ->findAll();
+
+        $activeYear = null;
+        $nextDraftYear = null;
+        $closingYear = null;
+        $archivedCount = 0;
+
+        foreach ($schoolYears as $year) {
+            $status = (string) ($year['status'] ?? '');
+            if ($status === SchoolYearStatus::ACTIVE && $activeYear === null) {
+                $activeYear = $year;
+            }
+            if ($status === SchoolYearStatus::DRAFT && $nextDraftYear === null) {
+                $nextDraftYear = $year;
+            }
+            if ($status === SchoolYearStatus::CLOSING && $closingYear === null) {
+                $closingYear = $year;
+            }
+            if ($status === SchoolYearStatus::ARCHIVED) {
+                $archivedCount++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return view('school_years/index', [
+            'schoolYears' => $schoolYears,
+            'statuses' => SchoolYearStatus::ALL,
+            'activeYear' => $activeYear,
+            'nextDraftYear' => $nextDraftYear,
+            'closingYear' => $closingYear,
+            'archivedCount' => $archivedCount,
+            'latestTransitions' => service('schoolYearManagement')->latestTransitionByYear(),
+            'yearVerification' => $this->verificationByYear($schoolYears),
+            'schoolYearNamesById' => array_column($schoolYears, 'name', 'id'),
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    public function store()
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearManagement')->createDraft($this->request->getPost(), $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'Draft school year created.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function update(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearManagement')->updateMetadata($id, $this->request->getPost(), $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'School year metadata updated.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function activate(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            if ($this->request->getPost('confirm_activation') !== '1') {
+                return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', 'Activation confirmation is required.');
+            }
+
+            service('schoolYearManagement')->activate($id, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'School year activated. Any previous active year is now in closing.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function deleteDraft(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearManagement')->deleteDraft($id, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'Draft school year deleted.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function archive(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearManagement')->archive($id, $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'School year archived.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function reopen(int $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearManagement')->reopen($id, (string) $this->request->getPost('reason'), $this->userId());
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('success', 'School year reopened.');
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return redirect()->to('/administrator/school-years')->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function userId(): ?int
+    {
+        $id = session('user_id') ?? session('id');
+
+        return is_numeric($id) ? (int) $id : null;
+    }
+
+    private function verificationByYear(array $schoolYears): array
+    {
+        $db = db_connect();
+        $verification = [];
+
+        $hasStudentClass = $db->tableExists('student_class');
+        $hasStudentDecisions = $db->tableExists('student_decisions');
+        $hasPromotionQueue = $db->tableExists('promotion_queue');
+        $hasInvoices = $db->tableExists('invoices');
+        $hasClosingBatches = $db->tableExists('school_year_closing_batches');
+
+        foreach ($schoolYears as $year) {
+            $id = (int) ($year['id'] ?? 0);
+            $name = (string) ($year['name'] ?? '');
+            if ($id <= 0 || $name === '') {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $summary = [
+                'students' => 0,
+                'decisions' => 0,
+                'promoted' => 0,
+                'queued' => 0,
+                'carry_forward_balance' => 0.0,
+                'positive_balance' => 0.0,
+                'credit_balance' => 0.0,
+                'closing_status' => '',
+            ];
+
+            if ($hasStudentClass && $db->fieldExists('school_year', 'student_class')) {
+                $row = $db->table('student_class')
+                    ->select('COUNT(DISTINCT student_id) AS total', false)
+                    ->where('school_year', $name)
+                    ->get()
+                    ->getRowArray();
+                $summary['students'] = (int) ($row['total'] ?? 0);
+            }
+
+            if ($hasStudentDecisions && $db->fieldExists('school_year', 'student_decisions')) {
+                $row = $db->table('student_decisions')
+                    ->select('COUNT(DISTINCT student_id) AS decisions', false)
+                    ->select("COUNT(DISTINCT CASE WHEN LOWER(decision) = 'pass' THEN student_id END) AS promoted", false)
+                    ->where('school_year', $name)
+                    ->get()
+                    ->getRowArray();
+                $summary['decisions'] = (int) ($row['decisions'] ?? 0);
+                $summary['promoted'] = (int) ($row['promoted'] ?? 0);
+            }
+
+            if ($hasPromotionQueue && $db->fieldExists('school_year_from', 'promotion_queue')) {
+                $row = $db->table('promotion_queue')
+                    ->select('COUNT(DISTINCT student_id) AS total', false)
+                    ->where('school_year_from', $name)
+                    ->get()
+                    ->getRowArray();
+                $summary['queued'] = (int) ($row['total'] ?? 0);
+            }
+
+            if ($hasInvoices && $db->fieldExists('school_year', 'invoices')) {
+                $row = $db->table('invoices')
+                    ->select('COALESCE(SUM(balance), 0) AS carry_forward_balance')
+                    ->select('COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN balance > 0 THEN balance ELSE 0 END), 0) AS positive_balance', false)
+                    ->select('COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN balance < 0 THEN ABS(balance) ELSE 0 END), 0) AS credit_balance', false)
+                    ->where('school_year', $name)
+                    ->get()
+                    ->getRowArray();
+                $summary['carry_forward_balance'] = round((float) ($row['carry_forward_balance'] ?? 0), 2);
+                $summary['positive_balance'] = round((float) ($row['positive_balance'] ?? 0), 2);
+                $summary['credit_balance'] = round((float) ($row['credit_balance'] ?? 0), 2);
+            }
+
+            if ($hasClosingBatches) {
+                $batch = $db->table('school_year_closing_batches')
+                    ->select('status')
+                    ->where('source_school_year_id', $id)
+                    ->orderBy('id', 'DESC')
+                    ->get(1)
+                    ->getRowArray();
+                $summary['closing_status'] = (string) ($batch['status'] ?? '');
+            }
+
+            $verification[$id] = $summary;
+        }
+
+        return $verification;
+    }
+}

app/Controllers/AuthController.php

@@ -211,13 +211,7 @@ class AuthController extends BaseController
         $this->logLoginAttempt($user['id'], $user['email'], $ip, $this->request->getUserAgent());
 
         // Fetch roles
-        $userRoleModel = new UserRoleModel();
-        $rolesRows = $userRoleModel->select('roles.name')
-            ->join('roles', 'roles.id = user_roles.role_id')
-            ->where('user_roles.user_id', $user['id'])
-            ->get()
-            ->getResultArray();
-        $roleNames = array_column($rolesRows, 'name');
+        $roleNames = $this->getUserRoleNames((int) $user['id']);
 
         // Build roles map (object with keys per example)
         $rolesMap = [];
@@ -454,6 +448,18 @@ class AuthController extends BaseController
         $this->userModel->update($userId, ['failed_attempts' => 0, 'last_failed_at' => null]);
     }
 
+    protected function getUserRoleNames(int $userId): array
+    {
+        $userRoleModel = new UserRoleModel();
+        $rolesRows = $userRoleModel->select('roles.name')
+            ->join('roles', 'roles.id = user_roles.role_id')
+            ->where('user_roles.user_id', $userId)
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        return array_column($rolesRows, 'name');
+    }
+
     public function logout()
     {
         // Get user ID and email from session

app/Controllers/BaseController.php

@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
 use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
 use App\Services\ApiClient;
+use App\Exceptions\SchoolYear\SchoolYearConfigurationException;
+use App\Support\SchoolYear\SchoolYearContext;
+use Throwable;
 
 /**
  * Class BaseController
@@ -58,6 +61,8 @@ abstract class BaseController extends Controller
         // Preload any models, libraries, etc, here.
         // E.g.: $this->session = \Config\Services::session();
         session();
+        $this->syncSchoolYearPropertyFromContext();
+        $this->injectSchoolYearViewData();
 
         // Shared API client available to all controllers
         $this->api = service('apiClient');
@@ -88,6 +93,123 @@ abstract class BaseController extends Controller
 
         return $payload;
     }
+
+    protected function resolveSchoolYearContext(?int $routeSchoolYearId = null): SchoolYearContext
+    {
+        try {
+            return service('schoolYearContext')->resolve($this->request, $routeSchoolYearId);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('warning', 'School-year resolution failed: {message}', [
+                'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+
+            throw $e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function currentSchoolYearName(?string $fallback = null): string
+    {
+        try {
+            return $this->resolveSchoolYearContext()->yearName();
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            if ($fallback !== null && $fallback !== '') {
+                return $fallback;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                return (string) ((new \App\Models\ConfigurationModel())->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+            } catch (Throwable) {
+                return '';
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function assertSchoolYearWritable(
+        SchoolYearContext $context,
+        bool $allowDraftForAdmin = false,
+        bool $isAdmin = false
+    ): void {
+        service('schoolYearWriteGuard')->assertWritable($context, $allowDraftForAdmin, $isAdmin);
+    }
+
+    private function syncSchoolYearPropertyFromContext(): void
+    {
+        if (! property_exists($this, 'schoolYear')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->request instanceof IncomingRequest || is_cli()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! session()->get('user_id')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $this->schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->schoolYear ?? ''));
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('warning', 'Unable to sync controller school-year property: {message}', [
+                'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function injectSchoolYearViewData(): void
+    {
+        if (! config('Feature')->globalSchoolYearSelector) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->request instanceof IncomingRequest || is_cli()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! session()->get('user_id')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->shouldShowSchoolYearSelector()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $accept = strtolower($this->request->getHeaderLine('Accept'));
+        if ($this->request->isAJAX() || str_contains($accept, 'application/json')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            service('renderer')->setData(service('schoolYearViewData')->forCurrentRequest($this->request));
+        } catch (SchoolYearConfigurationException $e) {
+            throw $e;
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('warning', 'Unable to inject school-year view data: {message}', [
+                'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function shouldShowSchoolYearSelector(): bool
+    {
+        $roles = (array) session()->get('roles');
+        $singleRole = session()->get('role');
+        if ($singleRole !== null && $singleRole !== '') {
+            $roles[] = $singleRole;
+        }
+
+        $roles = array_map(
+            static fn ($role): string => strtolower(trim((string) $role)),
+            $roles
+        );
+
+        return (bool) array_intersect($roles, [
+            'admin',
+            'administrator',
+            'administrative staff',
+            'principal',
+            'vice principal',
+        ]);
+    }
 }
 
 ?>

app/Controllers/InitializeRolesPermissions.php

@@ -115,9 +115,10 @@ class InitializeRolesPermissions extends Controller
 
         // Associating permissions with roles
         $rolePermissions = [
-            'administrator' => ['manage_users', 'view_reports', 'manage_settings', 'access_student_records', 'communicate_parents'],
-            'principal' => ['manage_users', 'view_reports', 'access_student_records', 'communicate_parents'],
-            'vice principal' => ['view_reports', 'access_student_records', 'communicate_parents'],
+            'administrator' => ['manage_users', 'view_reports', 'manage_settings', 'access_student_records', 'communicate_parents', 'update_curriculum'],
+            'principal' => ['manage_users', 'view_reports', 'access_student_records', 'communicate_parents', 'update_curriculum'],
+            'vice principal' => ['view_reports', 'access_student_records', 'communicate_parents', 'update_curriculum'],
+            'admin' => ['manage_users', 'view_reports', 'manage_settings', 'access_student_records', 'communicate_parents', 'update_curriculum'],
             'teacher' => ['access_student_records', 'communicate_parents', 'enter_grades', 'access_assignments'],
             'student' => ['view_own_records', 'access_assignments'],
             'parent' => ['view_own_records', 'communicate_parents'],

app/Controllers/ParentReportCardController.php

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class ParentReportCardController extends BaseController
             return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Unable to retrieve student data. Please contact support.');
         }
 
-        $schoolYear = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? ''));
+        $schoolYear = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->currentSchoolYearName()));
         $semester = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('semester') ?? $this->configModel->getConfig('semester') ?? ''));
 
         $builder = $this->db->table('students s')
@@ -45,9 +45,6 @@ class ParentReportCardController extends BaseController
         if ($schoolYear !== '') {
             $builder->where('sc.school_year', $schoolYear);
         }
-        if ($semester !== '') {
-            $builder->where('sc.semester', $semester);
-        }
 
         $students = $builder->get()->getResultArray();
         $studentIds = array_values(array_filter(array_map(static fn ($s) => (int) ($s['id'] ?? 0), $students)));
@@ -85,7 +82,7 @@ class ParentReportCardController extends BaseController
             throw new PageNotFoundException('Student not found.');
         }
 
-        $schoolYear = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? ''));
+        $schoolYear = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->currentSchoolYearName()));
         $semester = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('semester') ?? $this->configModel->getConfig('semester') ?? ''));
 
         $this->touchAcknowledgement($parentId, (int) $studentId, $schoolYear, $semester, [
@@ -124,7 +121,7 @@ class ParentReportCardController extends BaseController
             return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Please type your full name to sign.');
         }
 
-        $schoolYear = trim((string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? ''));
+        $schoolYear = trim((string) $this->currentSchoolYearName());
         $semester = trim((string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('semester') ?? ''));
         $now = date('Y-m-d H:i:s');
         $this->touchAcknowledgement($parentId, (int) $studentId, $schoolYear, $semester, [

app/Controllers/View/AdministratorController.php

@@ -570,21 +570,21 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
         // USERS (phone col: cellphone)
         $uCols = ['firstname', 'lastname', 'email', 'cellphone', 'school_id', 'city', 'state'];
         $uQB = $db->table('users')
-            ->select('id, firstname, lastname, email, cellphone, school_id, city, state, school_year, semester');
+            ->select('id, firstname, lastname, email, cellphone, school_id, city, state, semester');
         $applyMultiTokenLike($uQB, $uCols, $tokens, ['cellphone']);
         $users = $uQB->limit(150)->get()->getResultArray();
 
         // STUDENTS (no phone column to search)
         $sCols = ['firstname', 'lastname', 'school_id', 'rfid_tag', 'dob', 'gender'];
         $sQB = $db->table('students')
-            ->select('id, parent_id, school_id, firstname, lastname, dob, gender, school_year, semester, rfid_tag');
+            ->select('id, parent_id, school_id, firstname, lastname, dob, gender, semester, rfid_tag');
         $applyMultiTokenLike($sQB, $sCols, $tokens, []);
         $students = $sQB->limit(150)->get()->getResultArray();
 
         // PARENTS (phone col: secondparent_phone)
         $pCols = ['secondparent_firstname', 'secondparent_lastname', 'secondparent_email', 'secondparent_phone'];
         $pQB = $db->table('parents')
-            ->select('id, firstparent_id, secondparent_firstname, secondparent_lastname, secondparent_email, secondparent_phone, school_year, semester');
+            ->select('id, firstparent_id, secondparent_firstname, secondparent_lastname, secondparent_email, secondparent_phone');
         $applyMultiTokenLike($pQB, $pCols, $tokens, ['secondparent_phone']);
         foreach ($tokens as $t) {
             if (ctype_digit($t)) {
@@ -596,14 +596,14 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
         // STAFF (phone col: phone)
         $stCols = ['firstname', 'lastname', 'email', 'role_name', 'phone'];
         $stQB = $db->table('staff')
-            ->select('id, user_id, firstname, lastname, email, phone, role_name, school_year, active_role');
+            ->select('id, user_id, firstname, lastname, email, phone, role_name, active_role');
         $applyMultiTokenLike($stQB, $stCols, $tokens, ['phone']);
         $staff = $stQB->limit(150)->get()->getResultArray();
 
         // EMERGENCY CONTACTS (phone col: cellphone)
         $ecCols = ['emergency_contact_name', 'relation', 'email', 'cellphone'];
         $ecQB = $db->table('emergency_contacts')
-            ->select('id, parent_id, emergency_contact_name, relation, cellphone, email, school_year, semester');
+            ->select('id, parent_id, emergency_contact_name, relation, cellphone, email');
         $applyMultiTokenLike($ecQB, $ecCols, $tokens, ['cellphone']);
         $emergency = $ecQB->limit(150)->get()->getResultArray();
 
@@ -699,7 +699,10 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
     public function teacherSubmissionsReport()
     {
         $semester = (string)($this->configModel->getConfig('semester') ?? $this->semester ?? '');
-        $schoolYear = (string)($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? $this->schoolYear ?? '');
+        $schoolYear = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? ''));
+        if ($schoolYear === '') {
+            $schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->schoolYear ?? ''));
+        }
         $semesterResolver = new SemesterRangeService($this->configModel);
         $semesterNorm = $semesterResolver->normalizeSemester($semester);
         $semesterFilter = $semesterNorm !== '' ? $semesterNorm : $semester;
@@ -730,18 +733,15 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
             ->join('users u', 'u.id = tc.teacher_id', 'left')
             ->orderBy('cs.class_section_name', 'ASC');
 
-        $filteredQuery = clone $assignmentQuery;
+        // teacher_class assignments are scoped by school year only.
+        // The table has no semester column; semester filtering belongs on
+        // semester-specific records such as scores, comments, attendance,
+        // homework, and exam drafts.
         if ($schoolYear !== '') {
-            $filteredQuery = $filteredQuery->where('tc.school_year', $schoolYear);
-        }
-        if (!empty($semesterCandidates)) {
-            $filteredQuery = $filteredQuery->whereIn('tc.semester', $semesterCandidates);
+            $assignmentQuery->where('tc.school_year', $schoolYear);
         }
 
-        $assignmentRows = $filteredQuery->get()->getResultArray();
-        if (empty($assignmentRows) && ($schoolYear !== '' || $semester !== '')) {
         $assignmentRows = $assignmentQuery->get()->getResultArray();
-        }
 
         $studentCounts = $this->studentClassModel->getStudentCountsBySection($schoolYear !== '' ? $schoolYear : null);
         $sectionRows = $this->classSectionModel
@@ -873,14 +873,12 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
                 continue;
             }
 
-            $studentQuery = $this->studentClassModel
+            $studentEntries = $this->db->table('student_class')
                 ->select('student_id')
                 ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
-            if (!empty($semesterCandidates)) {
-                $studentQuery->whereIn('semester', $semesterCandidates);
-            }
-            $studentEntries = $studentQuery->findAll();
+                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
             if (empty($studentEntries)) {
                 $studentEntries = $this->studentClassModel
                     ->select('student_id')
@@ -1104,9 +1102,9 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
         }
 
         $semesterResolver = new SemesterRangeService($this->configModel);
-        $schoolYear = (string)($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+        $schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->schoolYear ?? ''));
         $semester = (string)($this->configModel->getConfig('semester') ?? '');
-        $schoolYearForRange = $schoolYear !== '' ? $schoolYear : (string)($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+        $schoolYearForRange = $schoolYear !== '' ? $schoolYear : $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->schoolYear ?? ''));
         [$rangeStart, $rangeEnd] = $semesterResolver->getSchoolYearRange($schoolYearForRange);
         $semesterNorm = $semesterResolver->normalizeSemester($semester);
         if ($semesterNorm !== '' && $schoolYearForRange !== '') {
@@ -2207,7 +2205,6 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
                     'cellphone' => $user['cellphone'],
                     'gender' => $user['gender'],
                     'created_at' => $user['created_at'],
-                    'school_year' => $user['school_year'],
                     'paid_amount' => $paidAmount,
                     'balance' => $balance,
                     'students' => $students,
@@ -2301,22 +2298,10 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
     public function showEnrollmentWithdrawalPage()
     {
         try {
-            $selectedYear = trim((string)($this->request->getGet('schoolYear') ?? ''));
-            if ($selectedYear === '') {
-                $selectedYear = (string)$this->schoolYear;
-            }
+            $schoolYears = $this->availableSchoolYears();
+            $selectedYear = $this->selectedEnrollmentSchoolYear($schoolYears);
 
-            // Distinct school years from enrollments (for selector)
-            $yearsRows = $this->db->table('enrollments')
-                ->distinct()
-                ->select('school_year')
-                ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
-                ->get()->getResultArray();
-            $schoolYears = array_values(array_filter(array_map(static function ($r) {
-                return isset($r['school_year']) ? (string)$r['school_year'] : null;
-            }, $yearsRows)));
-
-            $students = $this->studentModel->getStudentsWithClassAndEnrollment();
+            $students = $this->studentModel->getStudentsWithClassAndEnrollment($selectedYear);
 
             $selectedStartYear = $this->getSchoolYearStartYear((string)$selectedYear);
             $removedPriorIds = [];
@@ -2332,6 +2317,7 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
                     }
                 }
             }
+            $returningStudentIds = $this->priorYearStudentIds($selectedYear);
 
             foreach ($students as &$s) {
                 // ===== Ensure IDs needed by the modal =====
@@ -2366,6 +2352,9 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
 
                 // ===== New-student flags =====
                 $s['is_new']      = (int) ($s['is_new'] ?? 0);
+                if (isset($returningStudentIds[$s['student_id']])) {
+                    $s['is_new'] = 0;
+                }
                 $s['new_student'] = $s['is_new'] === 1 ? 'Yes' : 'No';
 
                 // ===== Admission override =====
@@ -2375,6 +2364,9 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
                     $s['enrollment_status'] = $statusForYear;
                 } elseif (($s['admission_status'] ?? null) === 'denied') {
                     $s['enrollment_status'] = 'denied';
+                } else {
+                    $s['enrollment_status'] = 'admission under review';
+                    $s['admission_status'] = 'pending';
                 }
 
                 // ===== Class section name for the selected year =====
@@ -2402,22 +2394,7 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
                 return strcasecmp($pa, $pb);
             });
 
-            // ===== Provide classes for the modal select (like studentClassAssignment) =====
-            // Filter to current term; loosen if your table doesn’t store these fields.
-            $classes = $this->classSectionModel
-                ->select('id, class_section_id, class_section_name, school_year, semester')
-                ->where('school_year', (string)$selectedYear)
-                ->where('semester', (string)$this->semester)
-                ->orderBy('class_section_name', 'ASC')
-                ->findAll();
-
-            // Fallback so the dropdown never shows empty if filters are too strict
-            if (empty($classes)) {
-                $classes = $this->classSectionModel
-                    ->select('id, class_section_id, class_section_name')
-                    ->orderBy('class_section_name', 'ASC')
-                    ->findAll();
-            }
+            $classes = $this->enrollmentClassOptions((string)$selectedYear);
 
             return view('enroll_withdraw/enrollment_withdrawal', [
                 'students'     => $students,
@@ -2438,22 +2415,10 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
     public function enrollmentWithdrawalData()
     {
         try {
-            $selectedYear = trim((string)($this->request->getGet('schoolYear') ?? ''));
-            if ($selectedYear === '') {
-                $selectedYear = (string)$this->schoolYear;
-            }
+            $schoolYears = $this->availableSchoolYears();
+            $selectedYear = $this->selectedEnrollmentSchoolYear($schoolYears);
 
-            // Distinct school years
-            $yearsRows = $this->db->table('enrollments')
-                ->distinct()
-                ->select('school_year')
-                ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
-                ->get()->getResultArray();
-            $schoolYears = array_values(array_filter(array_map(static function ($r) {
-                return isset($r['school_year']) ? (string)$r['school_year'] : null;
-            }, $yearsRows)));
-
-            $students = $this->studentModel->getStudentsWithClassAndEnrollment();
+            $students = $this->studentModel->getStudentsWithClassAndEnrollment($selectedYear);
 
             $selectedStartYear = $this->getSchoolYearStartYear((string)$selectedYear);
             $removedPriorIds = [];
@@ -2469,6 +2434,7 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
                     }
                 }
             }
+            $returningStudentIds = $this->priorYearStudentIds($selectedYear);
 
             foreach ($students as &$s) {
                 $s['student_id'] = (int)($s['id'] ?? 0);
@@ -2491,6 +2457,9 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
                 $s['parent_sort']  = trim(($pl !== '' ? $pl : $pf) . ' ' . $pf) ?: 'ZZZ Unknown Parent';
 
                 $s['is_new']      = (int) ($s['is_new'] ?? 0);
+                if (isset($returningStudentIds[$s['student_id']])) {
+                    $s['is_new'] = 0;
+                }
                 $s['new_student'] = $s['is_new'] === 1 ? 'Yes' : 'No';
 
                 $statusForYear = $this->enrollmentModel->getEnrollmentStatus((int)$s['student_id'], $selectedYear);
@@ -2498,6 +2467,9 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
                     $s['enrollment_status'] = $statusForYear;
                 } elseif (($s['admission_status'] ?? null) === 'denied') {
                     $s['enrollment_status'] = 'denied';
+                } else {
+                    $s['enrollment_status'] = 'admission under review';
+                    $s['admission_status'] = 'pending';
                 }
 
                 $className = $this->studentClassModel->getClassSectionsByStudentId((int)$s['student_id'], $selectedYear);
@@ -2522,18 +2494,7 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
                 return strcasecmp($pa, $pb);
             });
 
-            $classes = $this->classSectionModel
-                ->select('id, class_section_id, class_section_name, school_year, semester')
-                ->where('school_year', (string)$selectedYear)
-                ->where('semester', (string)$this->semester)
-                ->orderBy('class_section_name', 'ASC')
-                ->findAll();
-            if (empty($classes)) {
-                $classes = $this->classSectionModel
-                    ->select('id, class_section_id, class_section_name')
-                    ->orderBy('class_section_name', 'ASC')
-                    ->findAll();
-            }
+            $classes = $this->enrollmentClassOptions((string)$selectedYear);
 
             return $this->response->setJSON([
                 'students'    => $students,
@@ -2549,6 +2510,138 @@ class AdministratorController extends BaseController
         }
     }
 
+    private function availableSchoolYears(): array
+    {
+        $years = [];
+        $addYear = static function (mixed $value) use (&$years): void {
+            $year = trim((string) $value);
+            if ($year !== '' && !in_array($year, $years, true)) {
+                $years[] = $year;
+            }
+        };
+
+        $addYear($this->schoolYear ?? null);
+
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('school_years')) {
+            $rows = $this->db->table('school_years')
+                ->select('name')
+                ->orderBy('name', 'DESC')
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
+
+            foreach ($rows as $row) {
+                $addYear($row['name'] ?? null);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('enrollments')) {
+            $rows = $this->db->table('enrollments')
+                ->distinct()
+                ->select('school_year')
+                ->where('school_year IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+                ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
+
+            foreach ($rows as $row) {
+                $addYear($row['school_year'] ?? null);
+            }
+        }
+
+        usort($years, static fn(string $a, string $b): int => strnatcasecmp($b, $a));
+
+        $activeYear = trim((string) ($this->schoolYear ?? ''));
+        if ($activeYear !== '') {
+            $years = array_values(array_filter($years, static fn(string $year): bool => $year !== $activeYear));
+            array_unshift($years, $activeYear);
+        }
+
+        return $years;
+    }
+
+    private function selectedEnrollmentSchoolYear(array $schoolYears): string
+    {
+        $requestedYear = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('schoolYear') ?? ''));
+        if ($requestedYear !== '' && in_array($requestedYear, $schoolYears, true)) {
+            return $requestedYear;
+        }
+
+        $activeYear = trim((string) ($this->schoolYear ?? ''));
+        if ($activeYear !== '') {
+            return $activeYear;
+        }
+
+        return (string) ($schoolYears[0] ?? '');
+    }
+
+    private function enrollmentClassOptions(string $selectedYear): array
+    {
+        $select = ['id', 'class_section_id', 'class_section_name'];
+        $hasSchoolYear = $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', 'classSection');
+        $hasSemester = $this->db->fieldExists('semester', 'classSection');
+
+        if ($hasSchoolYear) {
+            $select[] = 'school_year';
+        }
+        if ($hasSemester) {
+            $select[] = 'semester';
+        }
+
+        $query = $this->classSectionModel
+            ->select(implode(', ', $select))
+            ->orderBy('class_section_name', 'ASC');
+
+        if ($hasSchoolYear && $selectedYear !== '') {
+            $query->where('school_year', $selectedYear);
+        }
+        if ($hasSemester) {
+            $query->where('semester', (string)$this->semester);
+        }
+
+        $classes = $query->findAll();
+
+        if (! empty($classes) || (! $hasSchoolYear && ! $hasSemester)) {
+            return $classes;
+        }
+
+        return $this->classSectionModel
+            ->select('id, class_section_id, class_section_name')
+            ->orderBy('class_section_name', 'ASC')
+            ->findAll();
+    }
+
+    private function priorYearStudentIds(string $selectedYear): array
+    {
+        $selectedStartYear = $this->getSchoolYearStartYear($selectedYear);
+        if ($selectedStartYear === null) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $studentIds = [];
+        foreach (['enrollments', 'student_class'] as $table) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $rows = $this->db->table($table)
+                ->select('student_id, school_year')
+                ->where('student_id IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+                ->where('school_year IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
+
+            foreach ($rows as $row) {
+                $rowStartYear = $this->getSchoolYearStartYear((string) ($row['school_year'] ?? ''));
+                $studentId = (int) ($row['student_id'] ?? 0);
+                if ($studentId > 0 && $rowStartYear !== null && $rowStartYear < $selectedStartYear) {
+                    $studentIds[$studentId] = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $studentIds;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Show only newly registered students, with contact modal support.
      *

app/Controllers/View/AssignmentController.php

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class AssignmentController extends BaseController
 
         // Apply school year filter (default to current config) but avoid semester filtering so the full year is visible
         $selectedSemester = (string)($this->request->getGet('semester') ?? $this->semester ?? '');
-        $year = (string)($this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->schoolYear ?? '');
+        $year = (string)($this->schoolYear ?? '');
 
         $tcQ = $this->teacherClassModel;
         if ($year !== '') {
@@ -189,8 +189,8 @@ class AssignmentController extends BaseController
     } catch (\Throwable $e) {
         // ignore fallback below
     }
-    if (empty($schoolYearsList) && $this->schoolYear !== null && $this->schoolYear !== '') {
-        $schoolYearsList[] = (string)$this->schoolYear;
+    if ($this->schoolYear !== null && $this->schoolYear !== '' && !in_array((string)$this->schoolYear, $schoolYearsList, true)) {
+        array_unshift($schoolYearsList, (string)$this->schoolYear);
     }
 
     // Sort sections

app/Controllers/View/AttendanceController.php

@@ -64,11 +64,20 @@ class AttendanceController extends Controller
         $this->userRoleModel       = new UserRoleModel();
         $this->semesterScoreService = service('semesterScoreService');
         $this->semester = $this->configModel->getConfig('semester');
-        $this->schoolYear = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year');
+        $this->schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName();
         $this->enableAttendance = $this->configModel->getConfig('enable_attendance');
         $this->semesterRangeService = new SemesterRangeService($this->configModel);
     }
 
+    private function currentSchoolYearName(): string
+    {
+        try {
+            return service('schoolYearContext')->resolve(service('request'))->yearName();
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            return (string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+        }
+    }
+
 
     /**
      * GET: filter + grid for a single date/section.

app/Controllers/View/AttendanceTrackingController.php

@@ -70,28 +70,6 @@ class AttendanceTrackingController extends BaseController
             ->findAll();
         $debugInfo['class_students'] = count($classStudents);
 
-        // Fallback: if the configured school_year has no class assignments, look up the latest term
-        if (empty($classStudents)) {
-            $latestTerm = $this->db->table('student_class')
-                ->select('school_year, semester')
-                ->orderBy('id', 'DESC')
-                ->limit(1)
-                ->get()
-                ->getRowArray();
-
-            if ($latestTerm && !empty($latestTerm['school_year'])) {
-                $schoolYear = (string)$latestTerm['school_year'];
-                if (!empty($latestTerm['semester'])) {
-                    $semester = (string)$latestTerm['semester'];
-                }
-
-                $classStudents = $this->studentClassModel
-                    ->active()
-                    ->where('student_class.school_year', $schoolYear)
-                    ->findAll();
-            }
-        }
-
         // Gather candidate student identifiers (numeric IDs and code-like IDs)
         $studentIds = [];
         $studentCodes = [];

app/Controllers/View/ClassPreparationController.php

@@ -21,8 +21,10 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
     protected $schoolYear;
     protected $semester;
     protected $adjustmentModel;
-    /** cache for roster presence per term */
+    /** Cache for roster presence per school year. */
     private array $rosterPresenceCache = [];
+    /** Cache table-column checks to avoid repeated schema queries. */
+    private array $columnExistsCache = [];
     // Inside ClassPreparationController (class scope, not inside a method)
     private array $allowedPrepCategories = [
         'Grade Box',
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
         $semParam   = $this->request->getGet('semester');
         $semester   = (is_string($semParam) && $semParam !== '') ? (string)$semParam : (string)$this->semester;
         $allowed    = $this->allowedPrepCategories;
-        $limitToSemester = $this->hasRosterForSemester($schoolYear, $semester);
+        $hasRoster  = $this->hasRosterForSchoolYear($schoolYear);
 
         // 1) Get student count per class-section (distinct students, correct semester)
         $scQ = $this->db->table('student_class sc')
@@ -65,13 +67,12 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             ->join('students s', 's.id = sc.student_id', 'inner')
             ->where('s.is_active', 1)
             ->where('sc.school_year', $schoolYear);
-        if ($limitToSemester && $semester !== '') {
-            $scQ->where('sc.semester', $semester);
-        }
-        $classSections = $scQ->groupBy('sc.class_section_id')->get()->getResultArray();
+        $classSections = $hasRoster
+            ? $scQ->groupBy('sc.class_section_id')->get()->getResultArray()
+            : [];
 
         // 2) Inventory availability — prefer good_qty when present, else condition='good' quantity.
-        $inventoryMap = $this->buildInventoryAvailability($schoolYear, $semester, $limitToSemester, $allowed);
+        $inventoryMap = $this->buildInventoryAvailability($schoolYear, $semester, $allowed);
 
         // Seed totals with allowed categories for stable ordering
         $requiredTotals = array_fill_keys($allowed, 0);
@@ -85,14 +86,10 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             $className      = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSectionNameBySectionId($classSectionId);
 
             // Calculate required items (whitelist inside)
-            $baseItems = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, $classSectionId);
+            $baseItems = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, $classSectionId, $schoolYear);
 
             // --- Apply adjustments (only Small/Large Table), clamp >= 0 ---
-            $rawAdjustments = $this->adjustmentModel
-                ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->where('adjustable', 1)
-                ->findAll();
+            $rawAdjustments = $this->getAdjustments((string) $classSectionId, (string) $schoolYear);
 
             $adjMap = ['Large Table' => 0, 'Small Table' => 0];
 
@@ -117,11 +114,7 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             }
 
             // 5) Compare with last snapshot; do not save here — only on print or explicit API
-            $oldSnap = $this->prepLogModel
-                ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
-                ->first();
+            $oldSnap = $this->getLatestPrepSnapshot((string) $classSectionId, (string) $schoolYear);
 
             $oldPrep    = $oldSnap ? json_decode($oldSnap['prep_data'], true) : [];
             $hasChanged = $this->hasPrepChanged($baseItems, $oldPrep);
@@ -175,7 +168,7 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
         return (int)($row['cnt'] ?? 0);
     }
 
-    private function calculatePrepItems(int $students, int $classLevel, string $classSectionId): array
+    private function calculatePrepItems(int $students, int $classLevel, string $classSectionId, ?string $schoolYear = null): array
     {
         // 1) Stable keys: your whitelist, all zero to start
         $allowed = $this->allowedPrepCategories;
@@ -192,7 +185,7 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
 
         // 3) Rules
         $isLowerGrades = in_array($classLevel, [1, 2], true);
-        $teacherCount  = $this->getTeacherCountForSection($classSectionId, $this->schoolYear);
+        $teacherCount  = $this->getTeacherCountForSection($classSectionId, $schoolYear ?? $this->schoolYear);
 
         foreach ($categories as $cat) {
             $name     = $cat['name'];      // e.g., 'Small Table'
@@ -253,24 +246,35 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
         $adjustments = $data['adjustments'] ?? [];
 
         foreach ($adjustments as $itemName => $adjustment) {
-            $row = $this->adjustmentModel
+            $adjustmentQuery = $this->adjustmentModel
                 ->where('class_section_id', $sectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->where('item_name', $itemName)
-                ->first();
+                ->where('item_name', $itemName);
+
+            $adjustmentTable = $this->adjustmentModel->getTable();
+
+            if ($schoolYear !== '' && $this->tableHasColumn($adjustmentTable, 'school_year')) {
+                $adjustmentQuery->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+            }
+
+            $row = $adjustmentQuery->first();
 
             if ($row) {
                 // Update
                 $this->adjustmentModel->update($row['id'], ['adjustment' => (int)$adjustment, 'adjustable' => 1]);
             } else {
                 // Insert
-                $this->adjustmentModel->insert([
+                $insertData = [
                     'class_section_id' => $sectionId,
                     'item_name'        => $itemName,
-                    'adjustment'       => (int)$adjustment,
-                    'school_year'      => $schoolYear,
+                    'adjustment'       => (int) $adjustment,
                     'adjustable'       => 1,
-                ]);
+                ];
+
+                if ($schoolYear !== '' && $this->tableHasColumn($adjustmentTable, 'school_year')) {
+                    $insertData['school_year'] = $schoolYear;
+                }
+
+                $this->adjustmentModel->insert($insertData);
             }
         }
 
@@ -292,10 +296,6 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
 
     public function print($classSectionId, $schoolYear)
     {
-        $semParam = $this->request->getGet('semester');
-        $semester = (is_string($semParam) && $semParam !== '') ? (string) $semParam : (string) $this->semester;
-        $limitToSemester = $this->hasRosterForSemester((string) $schoolYear, $semester);
-
         // Friendly label (if you have this helper)
         $className = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSectionNameBySectionId($classSectionId) ?? $classSectionId;
 
@@ -306,15 +306,12 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             ->where('s.is_active', 1)
             ->where('sc.class_section_id', $classSectionId)
             ->where('sc.school_year', $schoolYear);
-        if ($limitToSemester && $semester !== '') {
-            $studentQ->where('sc.semester', $semester);
-        }
         $studentRow = $studentQ->get()->getRowArray();
         $studentCount = (int)($studentRow['cnt'] ?? 0);
 
         // Live calc + adjustments
         $classLevel = $this->getClassLevelBySection((string)$classSectionId);
-        $items      = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, (string)$classSectionId);
+        $items      = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, (string)$classSectionId, (string)$schoolYear);
 
         $rawAdjustments = $this->adjustmentModel
             ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
@@ -328,13 +325,15 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
         }
 
         // Record a snapshot at print time as the new baseline
-        $this->prepLogModel->insert([
-            'class_section_id' => (string)$classSectionId,
-            'class_section'    => $className,
-            'school_year'      => $schoolYear,
-            'prep_data'        => json_encode($items),
-            'created_at'       => utc_now(),
-        ]);
+        $this->prepLogModel->insert(
+            $this->buildPrepLogData(
+                (string) $classSectionId,
+                (string) $className,
+                (string) $schoolYear,
+                $items,
+                utc_now()
+            )
+        );
 
         // Return PRINT view (HTML) that auto-opens the print dialog
         return view('class_prep/print', [
@@ -356,7 +355,7 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
         $semParam   = $this->request->getGet('semester');
         $semester   = (is_string($semParam) && $semParam !== '') ? (string)$semParam : (string)$this->semester;
         $allowed    = $this->allowedPrepCategories;
-        $limitToSemester = $this->hasRosterForSemester($schoolYear, $semester);
+        $hasRoster  = $this->hasRosterForSchoolYear($schoolYear);
 
         // Student counts
         $scQ = $this->db->table('student_class sc')
@@ -364,13 +363,12 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             ->join('students s', 's.id = sc.student_id', 'inner')
             ->where('s.is_active', 1)
             ->where('sc.school_year', $schoolYear);
-        if ($limitToSemester && $semester !== '') {
-            $scQ->where('sc.semester', $semester);
-        }
-        $classSections = $scQ->groupBy('sc.class_section_id')->get()->getResultArray();
+        $classSections = $hasRoster
+            ? $scQ->groupBy('sc.class_section_id')->get()->getResultArray()
+            : [];
 
         // Build inventory availability maps
-        $inventoryMap = $this->buildInventoryAvailability($schoolYear, $semester, $limitToSemester, $allowed);
+        $inventoryMap = $this->buildInventoryAvailability($schoolYear, $semester, $allowed);
 
         $requiredTotals = array_fill_keys($allowed, 0);
         $results = [];
@@ -381,12 +379,8 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             $classLevel     = $this->getClassLevelBySection($classSectionId);
             $className      = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSectionNameBySectionId($classSectionId);
 
-            $baseItems = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, $classSectionId);
-            $rawAdjustments = $this->adjustmentModel
-                ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->where('adjustable', 1)
-                ->findAll();
+            $baseItems = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, $classSectionId, $schoolYear);
+            $rawAdjustments = $this->getAdjustments((string) $classSectionId, (string) $schoolYear);
             $adjMap = ['Large Table' => 0, 'Small Table' => 0];
             foreach ($rawAdjustments as $a) {
                 $item  = $a['item_name'];
@@ -399,11 +393,7 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
                 $requiredTotals[$cat] += (int)($baseItems[$cat] ?? 0);
             }
 
-            $oldSnap = $this->prepLogModel
-                ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
-                ->first();
+            $oldSnap = $this->getLatestPrepSnapshot((string) $classSectionId, (string) $schoolYear);
             $oldPrep    = $oldSnap ? json_decode($oldSnap['prep_data'], true) : [];
             $hasChanged = $this->hasPrepChanged($baseItems, $oldPrep);
 
@@ -446,7 +436,6 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
         $schoolYear = (string)($this->request->getPost('school_year') ?? $this->schoolYear);
         $semParam   = $this->request->getPost('semester');
         $semester   = (is_string($semParam) && $semParam !== '') ? (string)$semParam : (string)$this->semester;
-        $limitToSemester = $this->hasRosterForSemester($schoolYear, $semester);
         $ids = $this->request->getPost('class_section_ids') ?? [];
         if (!is_array($ids)) $ids = $ids ? [$ids] : [];
         $ids = array_values(array_unique(array_filter(array_map('strval', $ids))));
@@ -460,21 +449,14 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
                 ->where('s.is_active', 1)
                 ->where('sc.class_section_id', $classSectionId)
                 ->where('sc.school_year', $schoolYear);
-            if ($limitToSemester && $semester !== '') {
-                $studentQ->where('sc.semester', $semester);
-            }
             $studentRow = $studentQ->get()->getRowArray();
             $studentCount = (int)($studentRow['cnt'] ?? 0);
             $classLevel   = $this->getClassLevelBySection((string)$classSectionId);
             $className    = $this->classSectionModel->getClassSectionNameBySectionId($classSectionId) ?? $classSectionId;
 
-            $items = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, (string)$classSectionId);
+            $items = $this->calculatePrepItems($studentCount, $classLevel, (string)$classSectionId, (string)$schoolYear);
 
-            $rawAdjustments = $this->adjustmentModel
-                ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-                ->where('adjustable', 1)
-                ->findAll();
+            $rawAdjustments = $this->getAdjustments((string) $classSectionId, (string) $schoolYear);
             foreach ($rawAdjustments as $a) {
                 $item  = $a['item_name'];
                 $delta = (int)$a['adjustment'];
@@ -482,13 +464,15 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             }
 
             try {
-                $this->prepLogModel->insert([
-                    'class_section_id' => (string)$classSectionId,
-                    'class_section'    => $className,
-                    'school_year'      => $schoolYear,
-                    'prep_data'        => json_encode($items),
-                    'created_at'       => $now,
-                ]);
+                $this->prepLogModel->insert(
+                    $this->buildPrepLogData(
+                        (string) $classSectionId,
+                        (string) $className,
+                        (string) $schoolYear,
+                        $items,
+                        $now
+                    )
+                );
                 $count++;
             } catch (\Throwable $e) {
                 // ignore and continue
@@ -528,12 +512,12 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns true if student_class has any rows for the given school year.
-     * The semester argument is ignored because assignments are tracked per year.
+     * Returns true when student_class contains at least one assignment
+     * for the selected school year.
      */
-    private function hasRosterForTerm(string $schoolYear, string $semester): bool
+    private function hasRosterForSchoolYear(string $schoolYear): bool
     {
-        $year = trim((string)$schoolYear);
+        $year = trim($schoolYear);
         if ($year === '') {
             return false;
         }
@@ -542,72 +526,163 @@ class ClassPreparationController extends BaseController
             return $this->rosterPresenceCache[$year];
         }
 
-        $cnt = $this->db->table('student_class')
+        $exists = $this->db->table('student_class')
             ->where('school_year', $year)
-            ->countAllResults();
+            ->limit(1)
+            ->countAllResults() > 0;
 
-        $this->rosterPresenceCache[$year] = $cnt > 0;
-        return $this->rosterPresenceCache[$year];
+        $this->rosterPresenceCache[$year] = $exists;
+
+        return $exists;
     }
 
-    private function hasRosterForSemester(string $schoolYear, string $semester): bool
+    private function tableHasColumn(string $table, string $column): bool
     {
-        $year = trim((string)$schoolYear);
-        $sem  = trim((string)$semester);
-        if ($year === '' || $sem === '') {
-            return false;
+        $key = $table . '.' . $column;
+
+        if (!array_key_exists($key, $this->columnExistsCache)) {
+            $this->columnExistsCache[$key] = $this->db->fieldExists($column, $table);
         }
 
-        $key = sprintf('sem:%s:%s', $year, $sem);
-        if (array_key_exists($key, $this->rosterPresenceCache)) {
-            return $this->rosterPresenceCache[$key];
+        return $this->columnExistsCache[$key];
     }
 
-        $cnt = $this->db->table('student_class')
-            ->where('school_year', $year)
-            ->where('semester', $sem)
-            ->countAllResults();
+    private function getAdjustments(string $classSectionId, string $schoolYear): array
+    {
+        $query = $this->adjustmentModel
+            ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
+            ->where('adjustable', 1);
 
-        $this->rosterPresenceCache[$key] = $cnt > 0;
-        return $this->rosterPresenceCache[$key];
+        $table = $this->adjustmentModel->getTable();
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== '' && $this->tableHasColumn($table, 'school_year')) {
+            $query->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
         }
 
-    private function buildInventoryAvailability(string $schoolYear, string $semester, bool $limitToSemester, array $allowed): array
+        return $query->findAll();
+    }
+
+    private function getLatestPrepSnapshot(string $classSectionId, string $schoolYear): ?array
+    {
+        $query = $this->prepLogModel
+            ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId);
+
+        $table = $this->prepLogModel->getTable();
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== '' && $this->tableHasColumn($table, 'school_year')) {
+            $query->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+        }
+
+        return $query
+            ->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
+            ->first();
+    }
+
+    private function buildPrepLogData(
+        string $classSectionId,
+        string $className,
+        string $schoolYear,
+        array $items,
+        string $createdAt
+    ): array {
+        $data = [
+            'class_section_id' => $classSectionId,
+            'class_section'    => $className,
+            'prep_data'        => json_encode($items),
+            'created_at'       => $createdAt,
+        ];
+
+        $table = $this->prepLogModel->getTable();
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== '' && $this->tableHasColumn($table, 'school_year')) {
+            $data['school_year'] = $schoolYear;
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    private function buildInventoryAvailability(string $schoolYear, string $semester, array $allowed): array
     {
         $inventoryMap = array_fill_keys($allowed, 0);
 
+        $hasName       = $this->tableHasColumn('inventory_items', 'name');
+
         $joinRows = $this->db->table('inventory_items ii')
-            ->select('ic.name AS item_name, COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN ii.good_qty IS NOT NULL THEN ii.good_qty WHEN ii.`condition`="good" THEN ii.quantity ELSE 0 END),0) AS available')
+            ->select('ic.name AS item_name, COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN ii.good_qty IS NOT NULL THEN ii.good_qty WHEN ii.`condition` = "good" THEN ii.quantity ELSE 0 END), 0) AS available', false)
             ->join('inventory_categories ic', 'ic.id = ii.category_id', 'left')
             ->where('ii.type', 'classroom')
-            ->where('ii.school_year', $schoolYear)
             ->whereIn('ic.name', $allowed);
-        if ($limitToSemester && $semester !== '') {
-            $joinRows->where('ii.semester', $semester);
-        }
-        $joinRows = $joinRows->groupBy('ic.name')->get()->getResultArray();
 
-        foreach ($joinRows as $r) {
-            $name = (string)($r['item_name'] ?? '');
-            if ($name !== '' && isset($inventoryMap[$name])) {
-                $inventoryMap[$name] = max($inventoryMap[$name], (int)($r['available'] ?? 0));
+        $periodClauses = ['im.item_id = ii.id'];
+        if ($schoolYear !== '') {
+            $periodClauses[] = 'im.school_year = ' . $this->db->escape($schoolYear);
+        }
+        if ($semester !== '') {
+            $periodClauses[] = 'im.semester = ' . $this->db->escape($semester);
+        }
+        if (count($periodClauses) > 1) {
+            $joinRows->where(
+                'EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM inventory_movements im WHERE ' . implode(' AND ', $periodClauses) . ')',
+                null,
+                false
+            );
+        }
+
+        $joinRows = $joinRows
+            ->groupBy('ic.name')
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        foreach ($joinRows as $row) {
+            $name = (string) ($row['item_name'] ?? '');
+
+            if ($name !== '' && array_key_exists($name, $inventoryMap)) {
+                $inventoryMap[$name] = max(
+                    $inventoryMap[$name],
+                    (int) ($row['available'] ?? 0)
+                );
             }
         }
 
-        $nameRows = $this->db->table('inventory_items')
-            ->select('name AS item_name, COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN good_qty IS NOT NULL THEN good_qty WHEN `condition`="good" THEN quantity ELSE 0 END),0) AS available')
-            ->where('type', 'classroom')
-            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-            ->whereIn('name', $allowed);
-        if ($limitToSemester && $semester !== '') {
-            $nameRows->where('semester', $semester);
-        }
-        $nameRows = $nameRows->groupBy('name')->get()->getResultArray();
+        /*
+         * Some older schemas store the item name directly on inventory_items.
+         * Only run this fallback when that column actually exists.
+         */
+        if ($hasName) {
+            $nameRows = $this->db->table('inventory_items ii_name')
+                ->select('ii_name.name AS item_name, COALESCE(SUM(CASE WHEN ii_name.good_qty IS NOT NULL THEN ii_name.good_qty WHEN ii_name.`condition` = "good" THEN ii_name.quantity ELSE 0 END), 0) AS available', false)
+                ->where('ii_name.type', 'classroom')
+                ->whereIn('ii_name.name', $allowed);
 
-        foreach ($nameRows as $r) {
-            $name = (string)($r['item_name'] ?? '');
-            if ($name !== '' && isset($inventoryMap[$name])) {
-                $inventoryMap[$name] = max($inventoryMap[$name], (int)($r['available'] ?? 0));
+            $fallbackPeriodClauses = ['im.item_id = ii_name.id'];
+            if ($schoolYear !== '') {
+                $fallbackPeriodClauses[] = 'im.school_year = ' . $this->db->escape($schoolYear);
+            }
+            if ($semester !== '') {
+                $fallbackPeriodClauses[] = 'im.semester = ' . $this->db->escape($semester);
+            }
+            if (count($fallbackPeriodClauses) > 1) {
+                $nameRows->where(
+                    'EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM inventory_movements im WHERE ' . implode(' AND ', $fallbackPeriodClauses) . ')',
+                    null,
+                    false
+                );
+            }
+
+            $nameRows = $nameRows
+                ->groupBy('ii_name.name')
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
+
+            foreach ($nameRows as $row) {
+                $name = (string) ($row['item_name'] ?? '');
+
+                if ($name !== '' && array_key_exists($name, $inventoryMap)) {
+                    $inventoryMap[$name] = max(
+                        $inventoryMap[$name],
+                        (int) ($row['available'] ?? 0)
+                    );
+                }
             }
         }
 

app/Controllers/View/EventController.php

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class EventController extends ResourceController
         $this->parentModel = new ParentModel();
         $this->emailService = new EmailService();
 
-        $this->schoolYear = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year');
+        $this->schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName();
         $this->semester = $this->configModel->getConfig('semester');
         $this->categories = [
             'workshops',
@@ -88,6 +88,15 @@ class EventController extends ResourceController
         return $this->eventChargesHasCreatedBy;
     }
 
+    private function currentSchoolYearName(): string
+    {
+        try {
+            return service('schoolYearContext')->resolve(service('request'))->yearName();
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            return (string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+        }
+    }
+
     private function eventChargesSupportsWaiverSigned(): bool
     {
         if ($this->eventChargesHasWaiverSigned !== null) {

app/Controllers/View/FamilyAdminController.php

@@ -150,10 +150,12 @@ class FamilyAdminController extends BaseController
                     }
 
                     // Recent payments (limit 10)
-                    $payRows = $db->table('payments')
-                        ->select('id, parent_id, invoice_id, paid_amount, balance, payment_method, payment_date, status')
-                        ->whereIn('parent_id', $parentIds)
-                        ->orderBy('payment_date', 'DESC')
+                    $payRows = $db->table('payments p')
+                        ->select('p.id, p.parent_id, p.invoice_id, p.paid_amount, p.payment_method, p.payment_date, p.status AS payment_status, p.installment_seq, p.number_of_installments, i.invoice_number, i.balance AS invoice_current_balance, i.status AS invoice_status, i.school_year')
+                        ->join('invoices i', 'i.id = p.invoice_id', 'inner')
+                        ->whereIn('p.parent_id', $parentIds)
+                        ->orderBy('p.payment_date', 'DESC')
+                        ->orderBy('p.id', 'DESC')
                         ->limit(10)
                         ->get()->getResultArray();
                     $fam['payments'] = $payRows;
@@ -359,7 +361,7 @@ class FamilyAdminController extends BaseController
                 if ($gid > 0) $gmap[$gid] = trim(($g['firstname'] ?? '') . ' ' . ($g['lastname'] ?? ''));
             }
             $ecRows = $db->table('emergency_contacts')
-                ->select('id, parent_id, emergency_contact_name, relation, cellphone, email, school_year, semester, created_at, updated_at')
+                ->select('id, parent_id, emergency_contact_name, relation, cellphone, email, created_at, updated_at')
                 ->whereIn('parent_id', $parentIds)
                 ->orderBy('updated_at', 'DESC')
                 ->get()->getResultArray();
@@ -395,10 +397,12 @@ class FamilyAdminController extends BaseController
             }
 
             // Payments
-            $payRows = $db->table('payments')
-                ->select('id, parent_id, invoice_id, paid_amount, balance, payment_method, payment_date, status')
-                ->whereIn('parent_id', $parentIds)
-                ->orderBy('payment_date', 'DESC')
+            $payRows = $db->table('payments p')
+                ->select('p.id, p.parent_id, p.invoice_id, p.paid_amount, p.payment_method, p.payment_date, p.status AS payment_status, p.installment_seq, p.number_of_installments, i.invoice_number, i.balance AS invoice_current_balance, i.status AS invoice_status, i.school_year')
+                ->join('invoices i', 'i.id = p.invoice_id', 'inner')
+                ->whereIn('p.parent_id', $parentIds)
+                ->orderBy('p.payment_date', 'DESC')
+                ->orderBy('p.id', 'DESC')
                 ->limit(10)
                 ->get()->getResultArray();
             $family['payments'] = $payRows;

app/Controllers/View/FinancialController.php

@@ -21,6 +21,60 @@ class FinancialController extends BaseController
         return $this->request->isAJAX() || str_contains($accept, 'application/json');
     }
 
+    private function selectedSchoolYear(): string
+    {
+        $requested = trim((string) ($this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? ''));
+        if ($requested !== '') {
+            return $requested;
+        }
+
+        return $this->currentSchoolYearName();
+    }
+
+    private function financialSchoolYearOptions(?string $selectedYear = null): array
+    {
+        $schoolYears = [];
+        $addYear = static function (mixed $value) use (&$schoolYears): void {
+            $year = trim((string) $value);
+            if ($year !== '' && ! in_array($year, $schoolYears, true)) {
+                $schoolYears[] = $year;
+            }
+        };
+
+        $addYear($selectedYear);
+        $addYear($this->currentSchoolYearName());
+
+        try {
+            $db = \Config\Database::connect();
+
+            if ($db->tableExists('school_years')) {
+                $rows = $db->table('school_years')
+                    ->select('name')
+                    ->orderBy('name', 'DESC')
+                    ->get()
+                    ->getResultArray();
+                foreach ($rows as $row) {
+                    $addYear($row['name'] ?? '');
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ($db->tableExists('invoices') && $db->fieldExists('school_year', 'invoices')) {
+                $rows = $db->table('invoices')
+                    ->select('DISTINCT school_year', false)
+                    ->where('school_year IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+                    ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
+                    ->get()
+                    ->getResultArray();
+                foreach ($rows as $row) {
+                    $addYear($row['school_year'] ?? '');
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+        }
+
+        return $schoolYears;
+    }
+    
 public function financialReport()
 {
     $invoiceModel        = new InvoiceModel();
@@ -32,7 +86,7 @@ public function financialReport()
 
     $dateFrom   = $this->request->getGet('date_from');
     $dateTo     = $this->request->getGet('date_to');
-    $schoolYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year');
+    $schoolYear = $this->selectedSchoolYear();
 
     // === Apply filters to models (invoice/refund/discount/expense/reimb) ===
     if ($schoolYear) {
@@ -235,22 +289,7 @@ public function financialReport()
         ->findAll();
 
     // --- School year options (for detailed view & JSON) ---
-    $schoolYears = [];
-    try {
-        $db = \Config\Database::connect();
-        $rows = $db->table('invoices')
-            ->select('DISTINCT school_year', false)
-            ->where('school_year IS NOT NULL', null, false)
-            ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
-            ->get()->getResultArray();
-        foreach ($rows as $r) {
-            $val = (string)($r['school_year'] ?? '');
-            if ($val !== '' && !in_array($val, $schoolYears, true)) $schoolYears[] = $val;
-        }
-    } catch (\Throwable $e) {}
-    if (empty($schoolYears) && !empty($schoolYear)) {
-        $schoolYears[] = (string)$schoolYear;
-    }
+    $schoolYears = $this->financialSchoolYearOptions($schoolYear);
     
     $eventFeesTotal = $this->getEventFeesTotal($schoolYear, $dateFrom, $dateTo);
 
@@ -298,28 +337,11 @@ public function financialReport()
     {
         $dateFrom   = $this->request->getGet('date_from');
         $dateTo     = $this->request->getGet('date_to');
-        $schoolYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year');
+        $schoolYear = $this->selectedSchoolYear();
 
         $data = $this->getFinancialSummary($dateFrom, $dateTo, $schoolYear);
 
-        // Build school year options from invoices table (fallback to configured year)
-        $schoolYears = [];
-        try {
-            $db = \Config\Database::connect();
-            $rows = $db->table('invoices')
-                ->select('DISTINCT school_year', false)
-                ->where('school_year IS NOT NULL', null, false)
-                ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
-                ->get()->getResultArray();
-            foreach ($rows as $r) {
-                $val = (string)($r['school_year'] ?? '');
-                if ($val !== '' && !in_array($val, $schoolYears, true)) $schoolYears[] = $val;
-            }
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {}
-        if (empty($schoolYears) && !empty($data['schoolYear'])) {
-            $schoolYears[] = (string)$data['schoolYear'];
-        }
-        $data['schoolYears'] = $schoolYears;
+        $data['schoolYears'] = $this->financialSchoolYearOptions((string)($data['schoolYear'] ?? $schoolYear));
         if ($this->wantsJson() || strtolower((string)($this->request->getGet('format') ?? '')) === 'json') {
             return $this->response->setJSON(['ok' => true] + $data + [
                 'csrf_token' => csrf_token(),
@@ -524,7 +546,7 @@ public function financialReport()
     private function getFinancialSummaryDetailSections(?string $dateFrom = null, ?string $dateTo = null, ?string $schoolYear = null): array
     {
         $configModel = new \App\Models\ConfigurationModel();
-        $schoolYear = $schoolYear ?: $configModel->getConfig('school_year');
+        $schoolYear = $schoolYear ?: $this->currentSchoolYearName();
 
         $derivedDateFrom = null;
         $derivedDateTo   = null;
@@ -658,10 +680,10 @@ public function financialReport()
         }, $discountDetailsBuilder->orderBy('du.id', 'ASC')->get()->getResultArray());
 
         $paymentDetailsBuilder = $db->table('payments p')
-            ->select("p.id, p.invoice_id, p.parent_id, p.paid_amount, p.payment_method, p.payment_date, p.status, p.transaction_id, p.check_number, i.invoice_number, CONCAT(COALESCE(u.firstname, ''), ' ', COALESCE(u.lastname, '')) AS parent_name")
-            ->join('invoices i', 'i.id = p.invoice_id', 'left')
+            ->select("p.id, p.invoice_id, p.parent_id, p.paid_amount, p.payment_method, p.payment_date, p.status AS payment_status, p.transaction_id, p.check_number, i.invoice_number, i.balance AS invoice_current_balance, i.status AS invoice_status, i.school_year, CONCAT(COALESCE(u.firstname, ''), ' ', COALESCE(u.lastname, '')) AS parent_name")
+            ->join('invoices i', 'i.id = p.invoice_id', 'inner')
             ->join('users u', 'u.id = p.parent_id', 'left')
-            ->where('p.school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->where('i.school_year', $schoolYear)
             ->groupStart()
                 ->whereNotIn('p.status', $paymentExclude)
                 ->orWhere('p.status IS NULL', null, false)
@@ -677,9 +699,12 @@ public function financialReport()
                 'Parent' => trim((string)($row['parent_name'] ?? '')),
                 'Invoice #' => (string)($row['invoice_number'] ?? ''),
                 'Paid Amount' => (float)($row['paid_amount'] ?? 0),
+                'Invoice Balance' => (float)($row['invoice_current_balance'] ?? 0),
                 'Payment Method' => (string)($row['payment_method'] ?? ''),
                 'Payment Date' => (string)($row['payment_date'] ?? ''),
-                'Status' => (string)($row['status'] ?? ''),
+                'Payment Status' => (string)($row['payment_status'] ?? ''),
+                'Invoice Status' => (string)($row['invoice_status'] ?? ''),
+                'School Year' => (string)($row['school_year'] ?? ''),
                 'Transaction ID' => (string)($row['transaction_id'] ?? ''),
                 'Check Number' => (string)($row['check_number'] ?? ''),
             ];
@@ -1609,7 +1634,7 @@ public function financialReport()
         $additionalModel = new \App\Models\AdditionalChargeModel();
 
         // Allow override via parameter; fallback to configured year
-        $schoolYear = $schoolYear ?: $configModel->getConfig('school_year');
+        $schoolYear = $schoolYear ?: $this->currentSchoolYearName();
         $derivedDateFrom = null;
         $derivedDateTo   = null;
         if (!empty($schoolYear) && empty($dateFrom) && empty($dateTo)) {
@@ -2065,7 +2090,7 @@ public function financialReport()
         $configModel = new \App\Models\ConfigurationModel();
         $schoolYear = trim((string)($this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? ''));
         if ($schoolYear === '') {
-            $schoolYear = (string) ($configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? date('Y'));
+            $schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? date('Y')));
         }
 
         // Build school year options from invoices

app/Controllers/View/FlagController.php

@@ -35,8 +35,11 @@ class FlagController extends Controller
         $grades = [];
 
         // Retrieve flags and class sections that currently have active students
-        $flags = $currentFlagModel->findAll();
         $schoolYear = $configModel->getConfig('school_year');
+        if ((string)$schoolYear !== '' && $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', 'current_flag')) {
+            $currentFlagModel->where('school_year', (string)$schoolYear);
+        }
+        $flags = $currentFlagModel->findAll();
         $studentCounts = $studentClassModel->getStudentCountsBySection($schoolYear);
         $classSections = [];
 

app/Controllers/View/GradingController.php

@@ -706,7 +706,6 @@ class GradingController extends Controller
 
         $existing = $this->placementLevelModel
             ->where('student_id', $studentId)
-            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
             ->first();
 
         if ($level === null) {
@@ -718,7 +717,6 @@ class GradingController extends Controller
 
         $payload = [
             'student_id' => $studentId,
-            'school_year' => $schoolYear,
             'level' => $level,
             'updated_by' => session()->get('user_id'),
         ];
@@ -768,7 +766,6 @@ class GradingController extends Controller
         if (!empty($studentIds)) {
             $rows = $this->placementLevelModel
                 ->whereIn('student_id', $studentIds)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
                 ->findAll();
             foreach ($rows as $row) {
                 $levels[(int) $row['student_id']] = $row['level'] ?? null;
@@ -806,7 +803,6 @@ class GradingController extends Controller
         if (!empty($validIds)) {
             $rows = $this->placementLevelModel
                 ->whereIn('student_id', $validIds)
-                ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
                 ->findAll();
             foreach ($rows as $row) {
                 $existingRows[(int) $row['student_id']] = $row;
@@ -834,7 +830,6 @@ class GradingController extends Controller
 
             $payload = [
                 'student_id' => $studentId,
-                'school_year' => $schoolYear,
                 'level' => $level,
                 'updated_by' => $userId,
             ];
@@ -1648,7 +1643,7 @@ public function belowSixty()
             ->join('students s', 's.id = sc.student_id', 'inner')
             ->join(
                 'placement_levels pl',
-                "pl.student_id = s.id AND pl.school_year = {$yrEsc}",
+                'pl.student_id = s.id',
                 'left'
             )
 

app/Controllers/View/InventoryController.php

@@ -75,12 +75,7 @@ class InventoryController extends BaseController
         $selectedSem    = $selectedSemRaw === null ? (string) $this->semester : trim((string) $selectedSemRaw);
 
         $builder = $this->itemModel->where('type', $type);
-        if (strtolower($selectedYear) !== 'all') {
-            $builder->where('school_year', $selectedYear);
-        }
-        if ($selectedSem !== '') {
-            $builder->where('semester', $selectedSem);
-        }
+        $this->applyInventoryMovementPeriodFilter($builder, 'inventory_items', $selectedYear, $selectedSem);
 
         $items = $builder->orderBy('name', 'ASC')->findAll();
         $categories = $this->catModel->optionsForType($type);
@@ -474,17 +469,26 @@ class InventoryController extends BaseController
     // Distinct school years for a given inventory type (newest first).
     private function getSchoolYearsForType(string $type): array
     {
-        // Pull distinct non-null school_year values for this type
-        $years = $this->itemModel
-            ->select('school_year')
-            ->where('type', $type)
-            ->where('school_year IS NOT NULL', null, false)
-            ->groupBy('school_year')
-            ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
-            ->findColumn('school_year') ?? [];
+        $rows = $this->db->table('inventory_movements m')
+            ->distinct()
+            ->select('m.school_year')
+            ->join('inventory_items i', 'i.id = m.item_id', 'inner')
+            ->where('m.school_year IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+            ->where("TRIM(m.school_year) <>", '')
+            ->orderBy('m.school_year', 'DESC');
+
+        if (strtolower($type) !== 'all') {
+            $rows->where('i.type', $type);
+        }
+
+        $rows = $rows->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
 
         // Normalize & de-dup
-        $years = array_values(array_unique(array_filter(array_map('trim', $years))));
+        $years = array_values(array_unique(array_filter(array_map(
+            static fn(array $row): string => trim((string)($row['school_year'] ?? '')),
+            $rows
+        ))));
 
         // Ensure the current year (from config) appears as an option, even if no rows yet
         $currentYear = $this->schoolYear;
@@ -496,6 +500,31 @@ class InventoryController extends BaseController
         return $years;
     }
 
+    private function applyInventoryMovementPeriodFilter($builder, string $itemAlias, ?string $schoolYear, ?string $semester = null): void
+    {
+        $schoolYear = trim((string) $schoolYear);
+        $semester = trim((string) $semester);
+        $clauses = ["m.item_id = {$itemAlias}.id"];
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== '' && strtolower($schoolYear) !== 'all') {
+            $clauses[] = 'm.school_year = ' . $this->db->escape($schoolYear);
+        }
+
+        if ($semester !== '') {
+            $clauses[] = 'm.semester = ' . $this->db->escape($semester);
+        }
+
+        if (count($clauses) <= 1) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $builder->where(
+            'EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM inventory_movements m WHERE ' . implode(' AND ', $clauses) . ')',
+            null,
+            false
+        );
+    }
+
     private function recordMovement(
         int $itemId,
         int $qtyChange,
@@ -1095,7 +1124,7 @@ class InventoryController extends BaseController
 
         // Filter by school year unless "all"
         if (!$isAllYears) {
-            $qbItems->where('i.school_year', $selectedYear);
+            $this->applyInventoryMovementPeriodFilter($qbItems, 'i', $selectedYear);
         }
 
         // Optional: filter by type if provided
@@ -1123,7 +1152,7 @@ class InventoryController extends BaseController
             return view('inventory/summary', [
                 'selectedYear' => $selectedYear,
                 'currentYear'  => $this->schoolYear,
-                'schoolYears'  => $this->getSchoolYearsForType('book') ?: [$this->schoolYear, 'All'],
+                'schoolYears'  => $this->getSchoolYearsForType($selectedType) ?: [$this->schoolYear, 'All'],
                 'rows'         => $rows,
                 'totals'       => $totals,
                 // optionally pass the selected type if your view supports it
@@ -1202,7 +1231,7 @@ class InventoryController extends BaseController
         }
 
         // -------- Year dropdown options --------
-        $schoolYears = $this->getSchoolYearsForType('book') ?: [$this->schoolYear, 'All'];
+        $schoolYears = $this->getSchoolYearsForType($selectedType) ?: [$this->schoolYear, 'All'];
 
         return view('inventory/summary', [
             'selectedYear' => $selectedYear,

app/Controllers/View/InvoiceController.php

@@ -67,17 +67,17 @@ class InvoiceController extends ResourceController
         $this->chargesModel = new EventChargesModel();
         $this->discountUsageModel = new DiscountUsageModel();
         $this->refundModel = new RefundModel();
+        $this->db = \Config\Database::connect();
+        $this->request = \Config\Services::request();
 
         $this->gradeFee = $this->configModel->getConfig('grade_fee');
-        $this->schoolYear = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year');
+        $this->schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName();
         $this->semester = $this->configModel->getConfig('semester');
         $this->dueDate = $this->configModel->getConfig('due_date');
         $this->firstStudentFee = (float) ($this->configModel->getConfig('first_student_fee') ?? 350);
         $this->secondStudentFee = (float) ($this->configModel->getConfig('second_student_fee') ?? 200);
         $this->youthFee = (float) ($this->configModel->getConfig('youth_fee') ?? 200);
         $this->refundDeadline = date('Y-m-d', strtotime($this->configModel->getConfig('refund_deadline')));
-        $this->db = \Config\Database::connect();
-        $this->request = \Config\Services::request();
     }
 
     public function index($schoolYear = null)
@@ -213,6 +213,15 @@ class InvoiceController extends ResourceController
         ]);
     }
 
+    private function currentSchoolYearName(): string
+    {
+        try {
+            return service('schoolYearContext')->resolve($this->request)->yearName();
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            return (string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * API: Invoice management composite data (used by invoice_management view)
      * Returns the same structure previously rendered server-side in index().
@@ -221,7 +230,7 @@ class InvoiceController extends ResourceController
     {
         $schoolYear = trim((string)($this->request->getGet('schoolYear') ?? $this->request->getGet('year') ?? ''));
         if ($schoolYear === '') {
-            $schoolYear = $this->schoolYear;
+            $schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName();
         }
 
         $invoiceData = [];

app/Controllers/View/LateSlipLogsController.php

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class LateSlipLogsController extends BaseController
     {
         $req = $this->request;
 
-        $defaultYear = (string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+        $defaultYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->schoolYear ?? ''));
         $defaultSem  = (string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('semester')    ?? '');
         $schoolYear  = trim((string) ($req->getGet('school_year') ?? $defaultYear));
         $semester    = trim((string) ($req->getGet('semester')    ?? $defaultSem));

app/Controllers/View/NotificationsController.php

@@ -149,6 +149,11 @@ class NotificationsController extends BaseController
             $targetGroup = null;
         }
 
+        $schoolYear = (string) ((new \App\Models\ConfigurationModel())->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+        if ($schoolYear !== '' && db_connect()->fieldExists('school_year', 'notifications')) {
+            $this->notificationModel->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+        }
+
         $rows = $this->notificationModel->getActiveNotifications($targetGroup);
         if (!is_array($rows)) {
             $rows = [];

app/Controllers/View/ParentController.php

@@ -164,8 +164,7 @@ class ParentController extends BaseController
                 return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Parent session not found.');
             }
 
-            // Get current school year from config
-            $currentSchoolYear = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year');
+            $currentSchoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->schoolYear ?? ''));
 
             // Get selected school year (no semester filter on parent view)
             $selectedYear = $this->request->getVar('school_year') ?? $currentSchoolYear;
@@ -1487,8 +1486,6 @@ $existing = $this->studentModel
                 'cellphone'              => $phone,
                 'email'                  => $email,
                 'relation'               => $relation,
-                'semester'               => $semester,
-                'school_year'            => $schoolYear,
                 'updated_at'             => utc_now(),
             ];
 
@@ -1568,8 +1565,6 @@ $existing = $this->studentModel
                     'cellphone'              => $phone,
                     'email'                  => $email,
                     'relation'               => $relation,
-                    'semester'               => $semester,
-                    'school_year'            => $schoolYear,
                 ]);
             }
         }
@@ -1788,7 +1783,7 @@ $existing = $this->studentModel
 
     public function parentEventPage()
     {
-        $schoolYear = session()->get('school_year');
+        $schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->schoolYear ?? ''));
         $semester = session()->get('semester');
         $parentId = session()->get('user_id');
 

app/Controllers/View/PaymentController.php

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
         $this->enrollmentModel = new EnrollmentModel();
         $this->studentModel = new StudentModel();
         $this->studentClassModel = new StudentClassModel();
-        $this->schoolYear = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year');
+        $this->schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName();
         $this->semester = $this->configModel->getConfig('semester'); //installment_date
         $this->installmentDate = $this->configModel->getConfig('installment_date');
         $this->discountUsageModel = new DiscountUsageModel();
@@ -85,7 +85,6 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             'payment_date' => $this->request->getPost('payment_date'),
             'payment_type' => $this->request->getPost('payment_type'),
             'status' => 'Pending',
-            'semester' => $this->request->getPost('semester'),
             'school_year' => $this->request->getPost('school_year'),
         ];
 
@@ -99,7 +98,8 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
     // API: Get payments by parent ID
     public function getByParentAPI($parentId)
     {
-        $payments = $this->paymentModel->getPaymentsByParentId($parentId);
+        $selectedYear = $this->getSelectedPaymentHistoryYear();
+        $payments = $this->paymentModel->getPaymentsByParentId((int) $parentId, $selectedYear);
         if ($payments) {
             return $this->respond($payments);
         } else {
@@ -110,13 +110,8 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
     // View: Get payments by parent ID (for web views)
     public function getByParent($parentId)
     {
-        // Fetch payments with invoice number (if available)
-        $payments = $this->paymentModel
-            ->select('payments.*, invoices.invoice_number')
-            ->join('invoices', 'invoices.id = payments.invoice_id', 'left')
-            ->where('payments.parent_id', (int)$parentId)
-            ->orderBy('payments.payment_date', 'DESC')
-            ->findAll();
+        $selectedYear = $this->getSelectedPaymentHistoryYear();
+        $payments = $this->paymentModel->getPaymentsByParentId((int) $parentId, $selectedYear);
 
         // Parent display name
         $parent = $this->userModel->select('firstname, lastname')->find((int)$parentId) ?: [];
@@ -140,6 +135,22 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
         ]);
     }
 
+    private function getSelectedPaymentHistoryYear(): ?string
+    {
+        $selectedYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->currentSchoolYearName();
+
+        return $selectedYear !== '' ? $selectedYear : null;
+    }
+
+    private function currentSchoolYearName(): string
+    {
+        try {
+            return service('schoolYearContext')->resolve($this->request)->yearName();
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            return (string) ($this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+        }
+    }
+
     // View: Create a new payment plan
     public function create()
     {
@@ -202,7 +213,7 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
     public function eventChargesShow()
     {
         $parents = $this->userModel->getParents();
-        $school_Year = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->schoolYear;
+        $school_Year = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $this->currentSchoolYearName();
         $seme_ster = $this->request->getGet('semester') ?? $this->semester;
 
         // Join with users and students for full info
@@ -346,12 +357,12 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
                     ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
                     ->findAll();
 
-                // Payments (paginated)
-                $payments = $this->paymentModel
-                    ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
-                    ->orderBy('payment_date', 'DESC')
-                    ->paginate(10);
-                $pager = $this->paymentModel->pager;
+                // Payments (paginated). Join invoices so history is filtered by invoice term
+                // and displays current invoice state instead of stale payment snapshots.
+                $selectedYear = $this->getSelectedPaymentHistoryYear();
+                $paymentHistory = $this->paymentModel->parentPaymentHistoryQuery($parentId, $selectedYear);
+                $payments = $paymentHistory->paginate(10);
+                $pager = $paymentHistory->pager;
 
                 // Invoices
                 $rawInvoices = $this->invoiceModel
@@ -972,8 +983,7 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
                 $checkFile,
                 $transactionId,
                 $paymentDate,
-                $this->schoolYear,
-                $this->semester,
+                $invYear,
                 $checkNumber,
                 $installmentSeq,
                 (array) $this->invoiceModel->find($invoiceId),
@@ -1015,7 +1025,7 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             $rowParentDisc = $this->db->table('discount_usages')
                 ->selectSum('discount_amount', 'sum_disc')
                 ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
-                ->where('school_year', $this->schoolYear)
+                ->where('school_year', $invYear)
                 ->get()->getRowArray();
             if ($rowParentDisc && isset($rowParentDisc['sum_disc'])) {
                 $parentYearDiscountTotal = (float)$rowParentDisc['sum_disc'];
@@ -1270,7 +1280,6 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
         $transactionId = null,
         $paymentDate = null,
         $schoolYear = null,
-        $semester = null,
         $checkNumber = null,
         ?int $installmentSeq = null,
         ?array $invoice = null,
@@ -1315,8 +1324,7 @@ class PaymentController extends ResourceController
             'check_file' => $checkFile,
             'check_number' => (strtolower($paymentMethod) === 'check') ? $checkNumber : null,
             'updated_by' => session()->get('user_id'),
-            'school_year' => $schoolYear ?? $this->schoolYear,
-            'semester' => $semester ?? $this->semester,
+            'school_year' => $schoolYear ?? ($invoice['school_year'] ?? $this->schoolYear),
         ];
 
         if (!$this->paymentModel->insert($paymentData)) {

app/Controllers/View/ReimbursementController.php

@@ -1235,6 +1235,10 @@ public function updateBatchAssignment()
         $status     = $this->request->getGet('status') ?: null;
         $filterYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?: $this->schoolYear;
         $userId     = $this->request->getGet('user_id') ?: null;
+        $hasBatchSchoolYear = $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', 'reimbursement_batches');
+        $hasExpenseSchoolYear = $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', 'expenses');
+        $hasExpenseSemester = $this->db->fieldExists('semester', 'expenses');
+        $hasReimbursementSchoolYear = $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', 'reimbursements');
 
         $filters = [
             'school_year' => $filterYear,
@@ -1251,13 +1255,11 @@ public function updateBatchAssignment()
         // Build closed batch summaries/details (all closed batches)
         $batchSummaries = [];
         $batchDetails   = [];
-        $batchQuery = $this->db->table('reimbursement_batches b')
-            ->select("
+        $batchSelect = "
                 b.id AS batch_id,
                 b.title AS batch_title,
                 b.yearly_batch_number,
                 b.closed_at,
-                b.school_year AS batch_school_year,
                 e.id AS expense_id,
                 e.amount AS expense_amount,
                 e.description,
@@ -1268,7 +1270,13 @@ public function updateBatchAssignment()
                 u.firstname AS purchaser_firstname,
                 u.lastname  AS purchaser_lastname,
                 r.amount AS reimb_amount
-            ")
+            ";
+        if ($hasBatchSchoolYear) {
+            $batchSelect .= ', b.school_year AS batch_school_year';
+        }
+
+        $batchQuery = $this->db->table('reimbursement_batches b')
+            ->select($batchSelect)
             ->join('reimbursement_batch_items bi', 'bi.batch_id = b.id', 'inner')
             ->join('expenses e', 'e.id = bi.expense_id', 'inner')
             ->join('users u', 'u.id = e.purchased_by', 'left')
@@ -1277,10 +1285,16 @@ public function updateBatchAssignment()
             ->where('bi.unassigned_at IS NULL', null, false);
 
         if (!empty($filterYear)) {
+            if ($hasBatchSchoolYear && $hasExpenseSchoolYear) {
                 $batchQuery->groupStart()
                     ->where('b.school_year', $filterYear)
                     ->orWhere('e.school_year', $filterYear)
                 ->groupEnd();
+            } elseif ($hasBatchSchoolYear) {
+                $batchQuery->where('b.school_year', $filterYear);
+            } elseif ($hasExpenseSchoolYear) {
+                $batchQuery->where('e.school_year', $filterYear);
+            }
         }
         if (!empty($userId)) {
             $batchQuery->where('e.purchased_by', $userId);
@@ -1401,27 +1415,33 @@ public function updateBatchAssignment()
             'items'  => [],
             'checks' => [],
         ];
-        $donationQuery = $this->db->table('expenses e')
-            ->select('
+        $donationSelect = '
                 e.id AS expense_id,
                 e.amount AS expense_amount,
                 e.description,
                 e.retailor,
                 e.receipt_path AS expense_receipt,
                 e.purchased_by,
-                e.school_year,
-                e.semester,
                 e.status,
                 u.firstname AS purchaser_firstname,
                 u.lastname  AS purchaser_lastname
-            ')
+            ';
+        if ($hasExpenseSchoolYear) {
+            $donationSelect .= ', e.school_year';
+        }
+        if ($hasExpenseSemester) {
+            $donationSelect .= ', e.semester';
+        }
+
+        $donationQuery = $this->db->table('expenses e')
+            ->select($donationSelect)
             ->join('users u', 'u.id = e.purchased_by', 'left')
             ->where('e.category', 'Donation');
 
-        if (!empty($filterYear)) {
+        if (!empty($filterYear) && $hasExpenseSchoolYear) {
             $donationQuery->where('e.school_year', $filterYear);
         }
-        if (!empty($semester)) {
+        if (!empty($semester) && $hasExpenseSemester) {
             $donationQuery->where('e.semester', $semester);
         }
         if (!empty($userId)) {
@@ -1488,6 +1508,8 @@ public function updateBatchAssignment()
 
         $users = $this->recipientOptions();
 
+        $schoolYears = [];
+        if ($hasReimbursementSchoolYear) {
             $years = $this->db->table('reimbursements')
                 ->select('school_year')
                 ->distinct()
@@ -1495,6 +1517,16 @@ public function updateBatchAssignment()
                 ->get()
                 ->getResultArray();
             $schoolYears = array_column($years, 'school_year');
+        } elseif ($hasExpenseSchoolYear) {
+            $years = $this->db->table('expenses')
+                ->select('school_year')
+                ->distinct()
+                ->where('school_year IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+                ->orderBy('school_year', 'DESC')
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
+            $schoolYears = array_column($years, 'school_year');
+        }
 
         // Add school years from fallback expenses (closed batches without reimbursements)
         if (!empty($fallbackRows)) {

app/Controllers/View/SchoolYearController.php

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers\View;
+
+/**
+ * Compatibility wrapper for older references.
+ *
+ * School-year lifecycle behavior lives in App\Controllers\Administrator,
+ * where status changes are exposed only as dedicated actions.
+ */
+class SchoolYearController extends \App\Controllers\Administrator\SchoolYearController
+{
+}

app/Controllers/View/SchoolYearSelectionController.php

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers\View;
+
+use App\Controllers\BaseController;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RedirectResponse;
+
+final class SchoolYearSelectionController extends BaseController
+{
+    public function select(): RedirectResponse
+    {
+        $schoolYearId = (int) ($this->request->getPost('school_year_id') ?? 0);
+        $returnTo = (string) ($this->request->getPost('return_to') ?? '');
+
+        if ($schoolYearId <= 0) {
+            return redirect()->to($this->safeReturnTo($returnTo))
+                ->with('error', 'Please select a valid school year.');
+        }
+
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearContext')->select($schoolYearId);
+            return redirect()->to($this->safeReturnTo($returnTo));
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('warning', 'School-year selection failed: {message}', [
+                'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+
+            return redirect()->to($this->safeReturnTo($returnTo))
+                ->with('error', 'The selected school year is not available.');
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function reset(): RedirectResponse
+    {
+        service('schoolYearContext')->clearSelection();
+
+        return redirect()->to($this->safeReturnTo((string) ($this->request->getPost('return_to') ?? '')));
+    }
+
+    private function safeReturnTo(string $returnTo): string
+    {
+        $fallback = $this->dashboardRoute();
+        $returnTo = trim($returnTo);
+
+        if ($returnTo === '') {
+            return $fallback;
+        }
+
+        $parts = parse_url($returnTo);
+        if ($parts === false) {
+            return $fallback;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($parts['host']) && strcasecmp((string) $parts['host'], (string) $this->request->getUri()->getHost()) !== 0) {
+            return $fallback;
+        }
+
+        $path = '/' . ltrim((string) ($parts['path'] ?? ''), '/');
+        if ($path === '/' || str_starts_with($path, '//')) {
+            return $fallback;
+        }
+
+        $query = [];
+        if (! empty($parts['query'])) {
+            parse_str((string) $parts['query'], $query);
+            foreach (['school_year_id', 'school_year', 'schoolYear', 'year'] as $key) {
+                unset($query[$key]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $cleanQuery = http_build_query($query);
+
+        return $path . ($cleanQuery !== '' ? '?' . $cleanQuery : '');
+    }
+
+    private function dashboardRoute(): string
+    {
+        try {
+            return service('roleService')->bestDashboardRouteFor((array) session()->get('roles'));
+        } catch (\Throwable) {
+            return '/landing_page/guest_dashboard';
+        }
+    }
+}

app/Controllers/View/ScorePredictor.php

@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@
 
 namespace App\Controllers\View;
 
+use App\Controllers\BaseController;
 use App\Models\ConfigurationModel;
 use App\Models\ClassSectionModel; 
 
-use CodeIgniter\Controller;
-
-class ScorePredictor extends Controller
+class ScorePredictor extends BaseController
 {
     protected $db;
     protected $configModel;
@@ -60,17 +59,30 @@ class ScorePredictor extends Controller
     public function combinedReport()
     {
         $request = service('request');
-        $currentSchoolYear = $this->schoolYear;
+        $currentSchoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->schoolYear ?? ''));
 
         $selectedYear = $request->getVar('school_year') ?? $currentSchoolYear;
         $classSectionId = $request->getVar('class_section_id');
+        $yearEsc = $this->db->escape($selectedYear);
+        $acceptedEnrollmentStatuses = ['payment pending', 'enrolled'];
         // Only show class sections that have at least one student in the selected year
         $classSections = $this->db->table('classSection cs')
             ->select('cs.*')
+            ->distinct()
             ->join('student_class sc', 'sc.class_section_id = cs.class_section_id', 'inner')
+            ->join('enrollments e', 'e.student_id = sc.student_id AND e.school_year = ' . $yearEsc, 'inner')
             ->where('sc.school_year', $selectedYear)
+            ->whereIn('e.enrollment_status', $acceptedEnrollmentStatuses)
+            ->where('e.admission_status', 'accepted')
+            ->groupStart()
+                ->where('e.is_withdrawn', 0)
+                ->orWhere('e.is_withdrawn', null)
+            ->groupEnd()
+            ->groupStart()
+                ->where('sc.is_event_only', 0)
+                ->orWhere('sc.is_event_only', null)
+            ->groupEnd()
             ->notLike('cs.class_section_name', 'KG', 'after')
-            ->groupBy('cs.id')
             ->orderBy('cs.class_section_name', 'ASC')
             ->get()
             ->getResultArray();
@@ -85,12 +97,23 @@ class ScorePredictor extends Controller
         MAX(spring.semester_score) as spring_score');
         // Reduce duplication from restored students while keeping a stable class section.
         $builder->select('MAX(sc.class_section_id) as class_section_id');
-        $yearEsc = $this->db->escape($selectedYear);
-        $builder->join('student_class sc', 'sc.student_id = s.id AND sc.school_year = ' . $yearEsc, 'left');
+        $builder->join('student_class sc', 'sc.student_id = s.id AND sc.school_year = ' . $yearEsc, 'inner');
+        $builder->join('enrollments e', 'e.student_id = s.id AND e.school_year = ' . $yearEsc, 'inner');
         $builder->join('classSection cs', 'cs.class_section_id = sc.class_section_id', 'left');
-        $builder->join('semester_scores fall', 'fall.student_id = s.id AND fall.semester = "fall" AND fall.school_year = "' . $selectedYear . '"', 'left');
-        $builder->join('semester_scores spring', 'spring.student_id = s.id AND spring.semester = "spring" AND spring.school_year = "' . $selectedYear . '"', 'left');
+        $builder->join('semester_scores fall', 'fall.student_id = s.id AND fall.semester = "fall" AND fall.school_year = ' . $yearEsc, 'left');
+        $builder->join('semester_scores spring', 'spring.student_id = s.id AND spring.semester = "spring" AND spring.school_year = ' . $yearEsc, 'left');
         $builder->where('s.is_active', 1);
+        $builder->where('sc.class_section_id IS NOT NULL', null, false);
+        $builder->whereIn('e.enrollment_status', $acceptedEnrollmentStatuses);
+        $builder->where('e.admission_status', 'accepted');
+        $builder->groupStart()
+            ->where('e.is_withdrawn', 0)
+            ->orWhere('e.is_withdrawn', null)
+            ->groupEnd();
+        $builder->groupStart()
+            ->where('sc.is_event_only', 0)
+            ->orWhere('sc.is_event_only', null)
+            ->groupEnd();
         $builder->groupStart()
             ->where('cs.class_section_name IS NULL')
             ->orNotLike('cs.class_section_name', 'KG', 'after')
@@ -106,11 +129,22 @@ class ScorePredictor extends Controller
         // Stats for spring
         $springStatsQuery = $this->db->table('semester_scores')
             ->select('AVG(semester_scores.semester_score) as mean, STDDEV(semester_scores.semester_score) as std')
-            ->join('student_class', 'student_class.student_id = semester_scores.student_id')
+            ->join('student_class', 'student_class.student_id = semester_scores.student_id AND student_class.school_year = ' . $yearEsc)
+            ->join('enrollments e', 'e.student_id = semester_scores.student_id AND e.school_year = ' . $yearEsc, 'inner')
             ->join('classSection cs', 'cs.class_section_id = student_class.class_section_id', 'left')
             ->where('semester_scores.semester', 'spring')
             ->where('semester_scores.school_year', $selectedYear)
-            ->where('student_class.school_year', $selectedYear)
+            ->where('student_class.class_section_id IS NOT NULL', null, false)
+            ->whereIn('e.enrollment_status', $acceptedEnrollmentStatuses)
+            ->where('e.admission_status', 'accepted')
+            ->groupStart()
+                ->where('e.is_withdrawn', 0)
+                ->orWhere('e.is_withdrawn', null)
+                ->groupEnd()
+            ->groupStart()
+                ->where('student_class.is_event_only', 0)
+                ->orWhere('student_class.is_event_only', null)
+                ->groupEnd()
             ->groupStart()
                 ->where('cs.class_section_name IS NULL')
                 ->orNotLike('cs.class_section_name', 'KG', 'after')

app/Controllers/View/StudentController.php

@@ -386,21 +386,8 @@ class StudentController extends BaseController
     {
         $schoolYear = (string)($this->schoolYear ?? '');
 
-        $activeStudents = $this->studentModel
-            ->select('id, school_id, firstname, lastname, gender, age')
-            ->where('is_active', 1)
-            ->orderBy('lastname', 'ASC')
-            ->orderBy('firstname', 'ASC')
-            ->findAll();
-
-        $removedStudents = $this->studentModel
-            ->select('id, school_id, firstname, lastname, gender, age')
-            ->where('is_active', 0)
-            ->orderBy('lastname', 'ASC')
-            ->orderBy('firstname', 'ASC')
-            ->findAll();
-
         $classMap = [];
+        $activeYearStudentIds = [];
         $classQuery = $this->db->table('student_class sc')
             ->select('sc.student_id, cs.class_section_name')
             ->join('classSection cs', 'cs.class_section_id = sc.class_section_id', 'left');
@@ -411,11 +398,35 @@ class StudentController extends BaseController
 
         foreach ($classRows as $row) {
             $sid = (int)($row['student_id'] ?? 0);
+            if ($sid > 0) {
+                $activeYearStudentIds[$sid] = true;
+            }
+
             $name = trim((string)($row['class_section_name'] ?? ''));
             if ($sid <= 0 || $name === '') continue;
             $classMap[$sid][] = $name;
         }
 
+        $students = $this->studentModel
+            ->select('id, school_id, firstname, lastname, gender, age, is_active')
+            ->orderBy('lastname', 'ASC')
+            ->orderBy('firstname', 'ASC')
+            ->findAll();
+
+        $activeStudents = [];
+        $removedStudents = [];
+        foreach ($students as $student) {
+            $studentId = (int)($student['id'] ?? 0);
+            $isGloballyActive = (int)($student['is_active'] ?? 0) === 1;
+            $hasSelectedYearClass = $studentId > 0 && isset($activeYearStudentIds[$studentId]);
+
+            if ($isGloballyActive && $hasSelectedYearClass) {
+                $activeStudents[] = $student;
+            } else {
+                $removedStudents[] = $student;
+            }
+        }
+
         $attachClassNames = static function (array $students) use ($classMap): array {
             foreach ($students as &$student) {
                 $sid = (int)($student['id'] ?? 0);
@@ -432,6 +443,7 @@ class StudentController extends BaseController
             'active_students'  => $attachClassNames($activeStudents),
             'removed_students' => $attachClassNames($removedStudents),
             'school_year'      => $schoolYear,
+            'active_school_year' => (string)($this->schoolYear ?? ''),
         ]);
     }
 
@@ -1671,8 +1683,7 @@ class StudentController extends BaseController
                     ->findAll();
             }
         } elseif (in_array($role, ['teacher', 'teacher_assistant', 'teacher_dashboard'], true)) {
-            $configModel = new \App\Models\ConfigurationModel();
-            $schoolYear = session()->get('school_year') ?? $configModel->getConfig('school_year');
+            $schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName((string) ($this->schoolYear ?? ''));
             $classSectionId = (int)(session()->get('class_section_id') ?? 0);
 
             if ($classSectionId > 0 && !empty($schoolYear)) {

app/Controllers/View/TrophyController.php

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class TrophyController extends BaseController
     {
         $db = \Config\Database::connect();
 
-        $currentYear = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '';
+        $currentYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName();
         $selectedYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $currentYear;
 
         $percentile = (float) ($this->request->getGet('percentile') ?? 75);
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class TrophyController extends BaseController
     {
         $db = \Config\Database::connect();
 
-        $currentYear  = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '';
+        $currentYear  = $this->currentSchoolYearName();
         $selectedYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $currentYear;
         $percentile   = (float) ($this->request->getGet('percentile') ?? 75);
         $percentile   = max(1.0, min(99.0, $percentile));
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class TrophyController extends BaseController
     {
         $db = \Config\Database::connect();
 
-        $currentYear  = $this->configModel->getConfig('school_year') ?? '';
+        $currentYear  = $this->currentSchoolYearName();
         $selectedYear = $this->request->getGet('school_year') ?? $currentYear;
         $percentile   = (float) ($this->request->getGet('percentile') ?? 75);
         $percentile   = max(1.0, min(99.0, $percentile));

app/Controllers/View/UserController.php

@@ -961,12 +961,18 @@ class UserController extends BaseController
         $perPage = max(1, min($perPage, 200));
         $page    = max(1, $page);
 
-        $totalActivities = (int) $this->loginActivityModel->countAll();
-        $activities = $this->loginActivityModel
+        $schoolYear = (string) ((new \App\Models\ConfigurationModel())->getConfig('school_year') ?? '');
+        $activityModel = $this->loginActivityModel;
+        if ($schoolYear !== '' && db_connect()->fieldExists('school_year', 'login_activity')) {
+            $activityModel->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+        }
+
+        $totalActivities = (int) $activityModel->countAllResults(false);
+        $activities = $activityModel
             ->orderBy('login_time', 'DESC')
             ->paginate($perPage, 'loginActivity', $page) ?? [];
 
-        $pager = $this->loginActivityModel->pager;
+        $pager = $activityModel->pager;
         $currentPage = $pager ? (int) $pager->getCurrentPage('loginActivity') : $page;
         $pageCount = $pager ? (int) $pager->getPageCount('loginActivity') : (int) max(1, ceil($totalActivities / $perPage));
 

app/Controllers/View/WhatsappController.php

@@ -103,26 +103,14 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
             $sectionName = $row['class_section_name'] ?? ('Section ' . $sectionId);
         }
 
-        $existing = $this->linkModel->where([
-            'class_section_id' => $sectionId,
-            'school_year'      => $this->schoolYear,
-            'semester'         => $this->semester,
-        ])->first();
-
-        $payload = [
-            'class_section_id'   => $sectionId,
-            'class_section_name' => $sectionName,
-            'school_year'        => $this->schoolYear,
-            'semester'           => $this->semester,
-            'invite_link'        => trim($inviteLink),
-            'active'             => $active,
-        ];
-
-        if ($existing) {
-            $this->linkModel->update($existing['id'], $payload);
-        } else {
-            $this->linkModel->insert($payload);
-        }
+        $this->linkModel->upsertLinkForSection(
+            $sectionId,
+            $sectionName,
+            (string) $this->schoolYear,
+            '',
+            $inviteLink,
+            $active === 1
+        );
 
         return redirect()->back()->with('success', 'WhatsApp group link saved.');
     }
@@ -434,8 +422,6 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
         sp.secondparent_lastname            AS sp_lastname,
         sp.secondparent_email               AS sp_email,
         sp.secondparent_phone               AS sp_phone,
-        sp.school_year                      AS sp_school_year,
-        sp.semester                         AS sp_semester,
 
         u.id                                AS u_id,
         u.firstname                         AS u_firstname,
@@ -448,14 +434,6 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
 
         $b->join('users u', 'u.id = sp.firstparent_id', 'left');
 
-        // Scope by term using parents table (authoritative for the pairing)
-        if ($schoolYear !== '') {
-            $b->where('sp.school_year', $schoolYear);
-        }
-        if ($semester !== '') {
-            $b->where('sp.semester', $semester);
-        }
-
         $rows = $b->get()->getResultArray();
 
         // Flatten into a single contacts list (primary + second parent as separate rows)
@@ -606,11 +584,10 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
         $pb->join('students s', 's.id = sc.student_id', 'inner');          // adjust if your table is named `student` (singular)
         $pb->join('users u',    'u.id = s.parent_id',   'inner');          // primary parent lives on students.parent_id
 
-        // Second parent row for the same term (allow NULL/'' semester if you sometimes omit it)
+        // Second parent row for the primary parent.
         $pb->join(
             'parents sp',
-            "sp.firstparent_id = u.id
-         AND sp.school_year = sc.school_year",
+            'sp.firstparent_id = u.id',
             'left'
         );
 
@@ -1202,7 +1179,7 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
 
     /**
      * Class mode:
-     * - Given classSectionId, find students (student_class) for the term
+     * - Given classSectionId, find students (student_class) for the year
      * - Map to primaries (users) and second-parents (parents)
      * - Return one bundle **per primary parent** (so each parent gets their own email)
      */
@@ -1215,7 +1192,6 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
         $stuRows = $this->db->table('student_class')
             ->select('student_id')
             ->where('school_year', $this->schoolYear)
-            ->where('semester', $this->semester)
             ->where('class_section_id', $classSectionId)
             ->get()->getResultArray();
         if (empty($stuRows)) return [];
@@ -1302,7 +1278,7 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
 
     /**
      * All mode:
-     * - Iterate all distinct class_section_id in student_class (for the term)
+     * - Iterate all distinct class_section_id in student_class (for the year)
      * - Reuse class bundles per section and flatten
      */
     private function bundlesForAllParentsAllClasses(array $linkBySection): array
@@ -1310,7 +1286,6 @@ class WhatsappController extends BaseController
         $secRows = $this->db->table('student_class')
             ->select('DISTINCT class_section_id', false)
             ->where('school_year', $this->schoolYear)
-            ->where('semester', $this->semester)
             ->orderBy('class_section_id', 'ASC')
             ->get()->getResultArray();
 

app/Controllers/WinnersController.php

@@ -13,6 +13,11 @@ class WinnersController extends BaseController
     public function competitionIndex()
     {
         $competitionModel = new CompetitionModel();
+        $schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName();
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== '') {
+            $competitionModel->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+        }
 
         $competitions = $competitionModel
             ->where('is_published', 1)
@@ -21,6 +26,7 @@ class WinnersController extends BaseController
 
         return view('winners/competitions/index', [
             'competitions' => $competitions,
+            'schoolYear'   => $schoolYear,
         ]);
     }
 
@@ -31,7 +37,14 @@ class WinnersController extends BaseController
         $classSectionModel = new ClassSectionModel();
         $classWinnerModel = new CompetitionClassWinnerModel();
 
-        $competition = $competitionModel->where('is_published', 1)->find($id);
+        $schoolYear = $this->currentSchoolYearName();
+
+        $competitionModel->where('is_published', 1);
+        if ($schoolYear !== '') {
+            $competitionModel->where('school_year', $schoolYear);
+        }
+
+        $competition = $competitionModel->find($id);
         if (!$competition) {
             return redirect()->to('/winners/competitions');
         }
@@ -81,6 +94,7 @@ class WinnersController extends BaseController
             'winnersByClass' => $winnersByClass,
             'sectionMap'     => $sectionMap,
             'questionCounts' => $questionCounts,
+            'schoolYear'     => $schoolYear,
         ]);
     }
 }

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-05-215851_FixPrintRequestsForeignKey.php

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ class FixPrintRequestsForeignKey extends Migration
         // Drop the old foreign key if it exists
         $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
 
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('class_sections')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         // Add the new foreign key
         $this->forge->addForeignKey('class_id', 'class_sections', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');
         

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-06-195508_RevertPrintRequestsForeignKey.php

@@ -9,7 +9,14 @@ class RevertPrintRequestsForeignKey extends Migration
     public function up()
     {
         // Drop the old foreign key if it exists
+        $db = \Config\Database::connect();
+        $keys = $db->getForeignKeyData('print_requests');
+        foreach ($keys as $key) {
+            if ($key->constraint_name === 'print_requests_class_id_foreign') {
                 $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
+                break;
+            }
+        }
 
         // Add the new foreign key
         $this->forge->addForeignKey('class_id', 'classes', 'id', 'CASCADE', 'CASCADE');

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-06-205621_FixPrintRequestsForeignKeyAgain.php

@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ class FixPrintRequestsForeignKeyAgain extends Migration
         $keys = $db->getForeignKeyData('print_requests');
         foreach ($keys as $key) {
             if ($key->constraint_name === 'print_requests_class_id_foreign') {
-                $this->forge->dropForeignKey('print_requests', 'print_requests_class_id_foreign');
-                break;
+                return;
             }
         }
 

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-25-000000_RemoveClassAssignmentSemester.php

@@ -8,12 +8,8 @@ class RemoveClassAssignmentSemester extends Migration
 {
     public function up()
     {
-        if ($this->db->tableExists('teacher_class')) {
-            $this->forge->dropColumn('teacher_class', 'semester');
-        }
-        if ($this->db->tableExists('student_class')) {
-            $this->forge->dropColumn('student_class', 'semester');
-        }
+        // Keep the legacy semester columns in place. They may be ignored by newer
+        // code, but dropping them during a post-restore migrate destroys data.
     }
 
     public function down()
@@ -39,4 +35,13 @@ class RemoveClassAssignmentSemester extends Migration
             ]);
         }
     }
+
+    private function indexExists(string $table, string $index): bool
+    {
+        $result = $this->db->query(
+            'SHOW INDEX FROM `' . str_replace('`', '``', $table) . '` WHERE Key_name = ' . $this->db->escape($index)
+        );
+
+        return $result->getNumRows() > 0;
+    }
 }

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-26-000100_CreateTeacherSubmissionNotificationHistory.php

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 namespace App\Database\Migrations;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
 
 class CreateTeacherSubmissionNotificationHistory extends Migration
 {
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ class CreateTeacherSubmissionNotificationHistory extends Migration
             'sent_at' => [
                 'type' => 'DATETIME',
                 'null' => false,
-                'default' => 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP',
+                'default' => new RawSql('CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'),
             ],
         ]);
 

app/Database/Migrations/2026-01-27-130500_CreateExamDraftSubmissions.php

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 namespace App\Database\Migrations;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
 
 class CreateExamDraftSubmissions extends Migration
 {
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ class CreateExamDraftSubmissions extends Migration
             'created_at' => [
                 'type'     => 'DATETIME',
                 'null'     => false,
-                'default'  => 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP',
+                'default'  => new RawSql('CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'),
             ],
             'updated_at' => [
                 'type' => 'DATETIME',

app/Database/Migrations/2026-02-04-000400_CreatePlacementLevels.php

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class CreatePlacementLevels extends Migration
         ]);
 
         $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
-        $this->forge->addKey(['student_id', 'school_year'], true);
+        $this->forge->addUniqueKey(['student_id', 'school_year'], 'unique_student_school_year');
         $this->forge->addKey('school_year');
         $this->forge->createTable('placement_levels');
     }

app/Database/Migrations/2026-02-04-000430_CreatePlacementScores.php

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class CreatePlacementScores extends Migration
         ]);
 
         $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
-        $this->forge->addKey(['batch_id', 'student_id'], true);
+        $this->forge->addUniqueKey(['batch_id', 'student_id'], 'unique_batch_student');
         $this->forge->addKey('batch_id');
         $this->forge->createTable('placement_scores');
     }

app/Database/Migrations/2026-02-05-000200_CreateMissingScoreOverrides.php

@@ -65,7 +65,10 @@ class CreateMissingScoreOverrides extends Migration
 
         $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
         $this->forge->addKey(['class_section_id', 'semester', 'school_year', 'item_type'], false, 'missing_score_overrides_scope');
-        $this->forge->addKey(['student_id', 'class_section_id', 'semester', 'school_year', 'item_type', 'item_index'], true, 'missing_score_overrides_unique');
+        $this->forge->addUniqueKey(
+            ['student_id', 'class_section_id', 'semester', 'school_year', 'item_type', 'item_index'],
+            'missing_score_overrides_unique'
+        );
         $this->forge->createTable('missing_score_overrides', true);
     }
 

app/Database/Migrations/2026-02-10-000100_AddStyleToPreferences.php

@@ -10,13 +10,18 @@ class AddStyleToPreferences extends Migration
     {
         if ($this->db->tableExists('user_preferences')) {
             if (! $this->db->fieldExists('style_color', 'user_preferences')) {
-                $this->forge->addColumn('user_preferences', [
-                    'style_color' => [
+                $styleColor = [
                     'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
                     'constraint' => 32,
                     'null'       => true,
-                        'after'      => 'timezone',
-                    ],
+                ];
+
+                if ($this->db->fieldExists('timezone', 'user_preferences')) {
+                    $styleColor['after'] = 'timezone';
+                }
+
+                $this->forge->addColumn('user_preferences', [
+                    'style_color' => $styleColor,
                 ]);
             }
             if (! $this->db->fieldExists('menu_color', 'user_preferences')) {

app/Database/Migrations/2026-05-30-000001_FinancialSystemLedgerCleanup.php

@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ class FinancialSystemLedgerCleanup extends Migration
     public function up()
     {
         $this->addInstallmentSequenceColumn();
+        $this->backfillInstallmentSequence();
+        $this->ensurePaymentDateHasTime();
         $this->ensureIndexes();
+        $this->repairPaymentInvoiceTerms();
+        $this->normalizePaymentStatuses();
         $this->ensureConfigurationDefaults();
         $this->archivePaypalTables();
         $this->refreshFinancialNavItems();
@@ -24,6 +28,7 @@ class FinancialSystemLedgerCleanup extends Migration
         }
 
         $this->dropIndexIfExists('payments', 'idx_payments_invoice_id');
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('payments', 'idx_payments_parent_year');
         $this->dropIndexIfExists('payments', 'idx_payments_parent_year_semester');
         $this->dropIndexIfExists('payments', 'uniq_payments_transaction_id');
         $this->dropIndexIfExists('invoices', 'idx_invoices_parent_year_semester');
@@ -68,10 +73,33 @@ class FinancialSystemLedgerCleanup extends Migration
         }
     }
 
+    protected function backfillInstallmentSequence(): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('payments') || !$this->db->fieldExists('installment_seq', 'payments')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(
+            'UPDATE `payments`
+                SET `installment_seq` = `number_of_installments`
+              WHERE `installment_seq` IS NULL'
+        );
+    }
+
+    protected function ensurePaymentDateHasTime(): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('payments') || !$this->db->fieldExists('payment_date', 'payments')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query('ALTER TABLE `payments` MODIFY `payment_date` DATETIME NOT NULL');
+    }
+
     protected function ensureIndexes(): void
     {
         $this->addIndexIfMissing('payments', 'idx_payments_invoice_id', ['invoice_id']);
-        $this->addIndexIfMissing('payments', 'idx_payments_parent_year_semester', ['parent_id', 'school_year', 'semester']);
+        $this->dropIndexIfExists('payments', 'idx_payments_parent_year_semester');
+        $this->addIndexIfMissing('payments', 'idx_payments_parent_year', ['parent_id', 'school_year']);
         $this->addIndexIfMissing('invoices', 'idx_invoices_parent_year_semester', ['parent_id', 'school_year', 'semester']);
         $this->addIndexIfMissing('discount_usages', 'idx_discount_usages_invoice_id', ['invoice_id']);
         $this->addIndexIfMissing('discount_usages', 'idx_discount_usages_parent_year_semester', ['parent_id', 'school_year', 'semester']);
@@ -86,6 +114,33 @@ class FinancialSystemLedgerCleanup extends Migration
         }
     }
 
+    protected function repairPaymentInvoiceTerms(): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('payments') || !$this->db->tableExists('invoices')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(
+            'UPDATE `payments` p
+                JOIN `invoices` i ON i.`id` = p.`invoice_id`
+                 SET p.`school_year` = i.`school_year`
+               WHERE COALESCE(p.`school_year`, \'\') <> COALESCE(i.`school_year`, \'\')'
+        );
+    }
+
+    protected function normalizePaymentStatuses(): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->db->tableExists('payments') || !$this->db->fieldExists('status', 'payments')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(
+            "UPDATE `payments`
+                SET `status` = 'recorded'
+              WHERE LOWER(TRIM(`status`)) IN ('paid', 'partially paid', 'payment recorded', 'full', 'completed')"
+        );
+    }
+
     protected function ensureConfigurationDefaults(): void
     {
         if (!$this->db->tableExists('configuration')) {
@@ -128,8 +183,8 @@ class FinancialSystemLedgerCleanup extends Migration
 
     protected function archivePaypalTables(): void
     {
-        $this->renameTableIfPresent('paypal_payments', 'archived_paypal_payments');
-        $this->renameTableIfPresent('paypal_transactions', 'archived_paypal_transactions');
+        // Keep legacy PayPal tables under their original names. Renaming them
+        // during migrate makes restored data appear to disappear from the app.
     }
 
     protected function restorePaypalTables(): void

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-040600_FixSchoolYearColumns.php

@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class FixSchoolYearColumns extends Migration
+{
+    /**
+     * Tables that directly own an academic year.
+     *
+     * school_year stays as text by design. Valid values use YYYY-YYYY and
+     * the second year must be exactly the first year + 1.
+     */
+    private array $yearOwnerTables = [
+        'additional_charges',
+        'archived_paypal_transactions',
+        'attendance_data',
+        'attendance_day',
+        'attendance_record',
+        'attendance_tracking',
+        'badge_print_logs',
+        'below_sixty_decisions',
+        'calendar_events',
+        'certificate_records',
+        'classSection',
+        'class_progress_reports',
+        'competitions',
+        'current_flag',
+        'discount_vouchers',
+        'early_dismissal_signatures',
+        'enrollments',
+        'events',
+        'exams',
+        'exam_drafts',
+        'expenses',
+        'final_exam',
+        'final_score',
+        'flag',
+        'grading_locks',
+        'homework',
+        'inventory_movements',
+        'invoices',
+        'late_slip_logs',
+        'manual_payments',
+        'midterm_exam',
+        'missing_score_overrides',
+        'parent_attendance_reports',
+        'parent_meeting_schedules',
+        'parent_notifications',
+        'participation',
+        'payments',
+        'placement_batches',
+        'print_requests',
+        'project',
+        'quiz',
+        'refunds',
+        'reimbursements',
+        'reimbursement_batches',
+        'report_card_acknowledgements',
+        'scan_log',
+        'score_comments',
+        'semester_scores',
+        'staff_attendance',
+        'student_class',
+        'student_decisions',
+        'teacher_attendance_data',
+        'teacher_class',
+        'teacher_submission_notification_history',
+        'whatsapp_group_links',
+        'whatsapp_group_memberships',
+    ];
+
+    /** Tables where school_year is redundant or conceptually incorrect. */
+    private array $tablesWithoutDirectYear = [
+        'chapters',
+        'classes',
+        'class_preparation_log',
+        'class_prep_adjustments',
+        'contactus',
+        'emergency_contacts',
+        'inventory_items',
+        'invoice_students_list',
+        'ip_attempts',
+        'login_activity',
+        'messages',
+        'notifications',
+        'notification_recipients',
+        'parents',
+        'paypal_transactions',
+        'placement_levels',
+        'preferences',
+        'staff',
+        'students',
+        'support_requests',
+        'users',
+        'user_notifications',
+    ];
+
+    /** Tables where semester is redundant or conceptually incorrect. */
+    private array $tablesWithoutDirectSemester = [
+        'badge_print_logs',
+        'classes',
+        'contactus',
+        'emergency_contacts',
+        'inventory_items',
+        'invoice_students_list',
+        'ip_attempts',
+        'notification_recipients',
+        'notifications',
+        'parents',
+        'support_requests',
+        'user_notifications',
+        'whatsapp_group_links',
+    ];
+
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver !== 'MySQLi') {
+            throw new \RuntimeException(
+                'This migration targets MySQL 8 because it uses enforced CHECK constraints.'
+            );
+        }
+
+        $this->db->resetDataCache();
+
+        // These annual entities lacked a school_year column in the audited schema.
+        foreach (['class_progress_reports', 'exams', 'print_requests'] as $table) {
+            if ($this->db->tableExists($table) && ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                // Nullable avoids inventing a year for existing rows.
+                // Backfill it, then make it NOT NULL in a later migration.
+                $this->forge->addColumn($table, [
+                    'school_year' => [
+                        'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                        'constraint' => 9,
+                        'null'       => true,
+                    ],
+                ]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->db->resetDataCache();
+
+        // Validate and normalize every direct owner to VARCHAR(9).
+        foreach ($this->yearOwnerTables as $table) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->assertValidSchoolYears($table, 'school_year');
+            $this->normalizeYearColumn($table, 'school_year');
+            $this->ensureYearCheckConstraint($table, 'school_year');
+            $this->ensureYearIndex($table, 'school_year');
+        }
+
+        // Promotion is a transition and legitimately owns both source and target years.
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('promotion_queue')) {
+            foreach (['school_year_from', 'school_year_to'] as $column) {
+                if (! $this->db->fieldExists($column, 'promotion_queue')) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $this->assertValidSchoolYears('promotion_queue', $column);
+                $this->normalizeYearColumn('promotion_queue', $column);
+                $this->ensureYearCheckConstraint('promotion_queue', $column);
+                $this->ensureYearIndex('promotion_queue', $column);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->db->resetDataCache();
+
+        // Do not drop redundant school_year/semester columns here. Restored
+        // production dumps may still contain meaningful historical data in
+        // those columns, and running migrate must not destroy it.
+
+        $this->db->resetDataCache();
+
+        foreach ($this->yearOwnerTables as $table) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->ensureYearIndex($table, 'school_year');
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        throw new \RuntimeException(
+            'This migration is intentionally irreversible because dropping school_year columns destroys data. Restore from backup instead of pretending rollback can resurrect it.'
+        );
+    }
+
+    private function assertValidSchoolYears(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $tableName = $this->quoteIdentifier($table);
+        $columnName = $this->quoteIdentifier($column);
+
+        $invalid = $this->db->query(
+            "SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM {$tableName}
+             WHERE {$columnName} IS NOT NULL
+               AND (
+                    {$columnName} NOT REGEXP '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}$'
+                    OR CAST(RIGHT({$columnName}, 4) AS UNSIGNED)
+                       <> CAST(LEFT({$columnName}, 4) AS UNSIGNED) + 1
+               )"
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($invalid->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            throw new \RuntimeException(
+                "Cannot migrate {$table}.{$column}: found {$invalid->aggregate} invalid school-year value(s). Expected YYYY-YYYY with consecutive years, for example 2025-2026."
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function normalizeYearColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $metadata = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT IS_NULLABLE, COLLATION_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.COLUMNS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ($metadata === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $nullable = $metadata->IS_NULLABLE === 'YES' ? 'NULL' : 'NOT NULL';
+        $collation = $metadata->COLLATION_NAME && preg_match('/^[A-Za-z0-9_]+$/', $metadata->COLLATION_NAME)
+            ? ' COLLATE ' . $metadata->COLLATION_NAME
+            : '';
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s MODIFY COLUMN %s VARCHAR(9)%s %s',
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($column),
+            $collation,
+            $nullable
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function ensureYearCheckConstraint(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $constraint = $this->objectName('chk_sy', $table, $column);
+
+        $exists = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
+             WHERE CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND CONSTRAINT_NAME = ?
+               AND CONSTRAINT_TYPE = \'CHECK\'',
+            [$table, $constraint]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($exists->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $columnName = $this->quoteIdentifier($column);
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            "ALTER TABLE %s ADD CONSTRAINT %s CHECK (
+                %s IS NULL OR (
+                    %s REGEXP '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}$'
+                    AND CAST(RIGHT(%s, 4) AS UNSIGNED)
+                        = CAST(LEFT(%s, 4) AS UNSIGNED) + 1
+                )
+            )",
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($constraint),
+            $columnName,
+            $columnName,
+            $columnName,
+            $columnName
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function ensureYearIndex(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $indexed = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($indexed->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $index = $this->objectName('idx_sy', $table, $column);
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s ADD INDEX %s (%s)',
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($index),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($column)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function dropIndexesContainingColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $indexes = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT DISTINCT INDEX_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?
+               AND INDEX_NAME <> \'PRIMARY\'',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getResult();
+
+        foreach ($indexes as $index) {
+            $this->db->query(sprintf(
+                'ALTER TABLE %s DROP INDEX %s',
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($index->INDEX_NAME)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function dropChecksContainingColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $checks = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc
+             INNER JOIN information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS cc
+                ON cc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = tc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
+               AND cc.CONSTRAINT_NAME = tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+             WHERE tc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND tc.TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = \'CHECK\'
+               AND cc.CHECK_CLAUSE LIKE ?',
+            [$table, '%' . $column . '%']
+        )->getResult();
+
+        foreach ($checks as $check) {
+            $this->db->query(sprintf(
+                'ALTER TABLE %s DROP CHECK %s',
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($check->CONSTRAINT_NAME)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function objectName(string $prefix, string $table, string $column): string
+    {
+        // MySQL identifiers are limited to 64 characters.
+        return substr($prefix . '_' . $table . '_' . $column . '_' . substr(sha1($table . '.' . $column), 0, 8), 0, 64);
+    }
+
+    private function quoteIdentifier(string $identifier): string
+    {
+        return '`' . str_replace('`', '``', $identifier) . '`';
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-041500_EnsureSchoolYearOnFinancialTables.php

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class EnsureSchoolYearOnFinancialTables extends Migration
+{
+    /** @var array<string, bool> table => nullable */
+    private array $tables = [
+        'discount_usages'            => false,
+        'event_charges'              => true,
+        'invoice_event'              => true,
+        'payment_error'              => true,
+        'payment_notification_logs'  => true,
+        'payment_transactions'       => true,
+        'reimbursement_batch_items'  => true,
+    ];
+
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver !== 'MySQLi') {
+            throw new RuntimeException('This migration requires MySQL/MariaDB through the MySQLi driver.');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->tables as $table => $nullable) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                $this->forge->addColumn($table, [
+                    'school_year' => [
+                        'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                        'constraint' => 9,
+                        'null'       => $nullable,
+                        'after'      => $this->afterColumn($table),
+                    ],
+                ]);
+            }
+
+            $this->backfillSchoolYear($table);
+            $this->assertValidYears($table);
+
+            $nullSql = $nullable ? 'NULL' : 'NOT NULL';
+            $this->db->query(
+                sprintf(
+                    'ALTER TABLE `%s` MODIFY `school_year` VARCHAR(9) %s',
+                    str_replace('`', '``', $table),
+                    $nullSql
+                )
+            );
+
+            $this->ensureIndex($table);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        // These columns are part of the business model and must not be dropped on rollback.
+    }
+
+    private function assertValidYears(string $table): void
+    {
+        $sql = sprintf(
+            "SELECT COUNT(*) AS invalid_count
+             FROM `%s`
+             WHERE `school_year` IS NOT NULL
+               AND (
+                    `school_year` NOT REGEXP '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}$'
+                    OR CAST(RIGHT(`school_year`, 4) AS UNSIGNED)
+                       <> CAST(LEFT(`school_year`, 4) AS UNSIGNED) + 1
+               )",
+            str_replace('`', '``', $table)
+        );
+
+        $row = $this->db->query($sql)->getRowArray();
+        $invalid = (int) ($row['invalid_count'] ?? 0);
+
+        if ($invalid > 0) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+                "Cannot normalize {$table}.school_year: {$invalid} invalid value(s). Expected YYYY-YYYY, for example 2025-2026."
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function backfillSchoolYear(string $table): void
+    {
+        if ($table === 'discount_usages' && $this->db->tableExists('invoices')) {
+            $this->db->query(
+                "UPDATE `discount_usages` du
+                 INNER JOIN `invoices` i ON i.`id` = du.`invoice_id`
+                 SET du.`school_year` = i.`school_year`
+                 WHERE (du.`school_year` IS NULL OR TRIM(du.`school_year`) = '')
+                   AND i.`school_year` REGEXP '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}$'
+                   AND CAST(RIGHT(i.`school_year`, 4) AS UNSIGNED)
+                       = CAST(LEFT(i.`school_year`, 4) AS UNSIGNED) + 1"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function ensureIndex(string $table): void
+    {
+        $indexName = 'idx_' . $table . '_school_year';
+        if (strlen($indexName) > 64) {
+            $indexName = 'idx_' . substr(hash('sha256', $table . '_school_year'), 0, 24);
+        }
+
+        $row = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS index_count
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?',
+            [$table, 'school_year']
+        )->getRowArray();
+
+        if ((int) ($row['index_count'] ?? 0) === 0) {
+            $this->db->query(sprintf(
+                'CREATE INDEX `%s` ON `%s` (`school_year`)',
+                str_replace('`', '``', $indexName),
+                str_replace('`', '``', $table)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function afterColumn(string $table): string
+    {
+        $preferred = ['semester', 'invoice_id', 'payment_id', 'batch_id'];
+        foreach ($preferred as $column) {
+            if ($this->db->fieldExists($column, $table)) {
+                return $column;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return 'id';
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-044500_ApplySchoolYearSemesterAuditCorrections.php

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class ApplySchoolYearSemesterAuditCorrections extends Migration
+{
+    private array $schoolYearIndexTables = [
+        'archived_paypal_transactions',
+        'class_progress_reports',
+        'exams',
+        'missing_score_overrides',
+        'payments',
+        'placement_batches',
+        'print_requests',
+        'report_card_acknowledgements',
+        'semester_scores',
+        'staff_attendance',
+        'teacher_attendance_data',
+        'whatsapp_group_links',
+    ];
+
+    private array $semesterDropTables = [
+        'badge_print_logs',
+        'classes',
+        'contactus',
+        'emergency_contacts',
+        'inventory_items',
+        'invoice_students_list',
+        'ip_attempts',
+        'notification_recipients',
+        'notifications',
+        'parents',
+        'support_requests',
+        'user_notifications',
+        'whatsapp_group_links',
+    ];
+
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver !== 'MySQLi') {
+            throw new RuntimeException('This migration requires MySQL/MariaDB through the MySQLi driver.');
+        }
+
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('archived_paypal_transactions')
+            && $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', 'archived_paypal_transactions')) {
+            $this->assertValidSchoolYears('archived_paypal_transactions', 'school_year');
+            $this->normalizeYearColumn('archived_paypal_transactions', 'school_year');
+            $this->ensureYearCheckConstraint('archived_paypal_transactions', 'school_year');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->schoolYearIndexTables as $table) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->ensureIndex($table, 'school_year');
+        }
+
+        // Preserve legacy semester columns. They may be redundant for newer
+        // code paths, but migration must not delete restored production data.
+
+        foreach ($this->schoolYearIndexTables as $table) {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists($table) || ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', $table)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->ensureIndex($table, 'school_year');
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        throw new RuntimeException(
+            'This migration is intentionally irreversible because dropping semester columns destroys data.'
+        );
+    }
+
+    private function assertValidSchoolYears(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $tableName = $this->quoteIdentifier($table);
+        $columnName = $this->quoteIdentifier($column);
+
+        $invalid = $this->db->query(
+            "SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM {$tableName}
+             WHERE {$columnName} IS NOT NULL
+               AND (
+                    {$columnName} NOT REGEXP '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}$'
+                    OR CAST(RIGHT({$columnName}, 4) AS UNSIGNED)
+                       <> CAST(LEFT({$columnName}, 4) AS UNSIGNED) + 1
+               )"
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($invalid->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+                "Cannot migrate {$table}.{$column}: found {$invalid->aggregate} invalid school-year value(s)."
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function normalizeYearColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $metadata = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT IS_NULLABLE, COLLATION_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.COLUMNS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ($metadata === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $nullable = $metadata->IS_NULLABLE === 'YES' ? 'NULL' : 'NOT NULL';
+        $collation = $metadata->COLLATION_NAME && preg_match('/^[A-Za-z0-9_]+$/', $metadata->COLLATION_NAME)
+            ? ' COLLATE ' . $metadata->COLLATION_NAME
+            : '';
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s MODIFY COLUMN %s VARCHAR(9)%s %s',
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($column),
+            $collation,
+            $nullable
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function ensureYearCheckConstraint(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $constraint = $this->objectName('chk_sy', $table, $column);
+
+        $exists = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
+             WHERE CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND CONSTRAINT_NAME = ?
+               AND CONSTRAINT_TYPE = \'CHECK\'',
+            [$table, $constraint]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($exists->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $columnName = $this->quoteIdentifier($column);
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            "ALTER TABLE %s ADD CONSTRAINT %s CHECK (
+                %s IS NULL OR (
+                    %s REGEXP '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4}$'
+                    AND CAST(RIGHT(%s, 4) AS UNSIGNED)
+                        = CAST(LEFT(%s, 4) AS UNSIGNED) + 1
+                )
+            )",
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($constraint),
+            $columnName,
+            $columnName,
+            $columnName,
+            $columnName
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function ensureIndex(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $indexed = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($indexed->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s ADD INDEX %s (%s)',
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($this->objectName('idx_sy', $table, $column)),
+            $this->quoteIdentifier($column)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    private function dropIndexesContainingColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $indexes = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT DISTINCT INDEX_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?
+               AND INDEX_NAME <> \'PRIMARY\'',
+            [$table, $column]
+        )->getResult();
+
+        foreach ($indexes as $index) {
+            $this->db->query(sprintf(
+                'ALTER TABLE %s DROP INDEX %s',
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($index->INDEX_NAME)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function dropChecksContainingColumn(string $table, string $column): void
+    {
+        $checks = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+             FROM information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc
+             INNER JOIN information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS cc
+                ON cc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = tc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
+               AND cc.CONSTRAINT_NAME = tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+             WHERE tc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND tc.TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = \'CHECK\'
+               AND cc.CHECK_CLAUSE LIKE ?',
+            [$table, '%' . $column . '%']
+        )->getResult();
+
+        foreach ($checks as $check) {
+            $this->db->query(sprintf(
+                'ALTER TABLE %s DROP CHECK %s',
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($table),
+                $this->quoteIdentifier($check->CONSTRAINT_NAME)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function objectName(string $prefix, string $table, string $column): string
+    {
+        return substr($prefix . '_' . $table . '_' . $column . '_' . substr(sha1($table . '.' . $column), 0, 8), 0, 64);
+    }
+
+    private function quoteIdentifier(string $identifier): string
+    {
+        return '`' . str_replace('`', '``', $identifier) . '`';
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-044700_EnsureWhatsappGroupLinksSchoolYearIndex.php

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class EnsureWhatsappGroupLinksSchoolYearIndex extends Migration
+{
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver !== 'MySQLi') {
+            throw new RuntimeException('This migration requires MySQL/MariaDB through the MySQLi driver.');
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('whatsapp_group_links')
+            || ! $this->db->fieldExists('school_year', 'whatsapp_group_links')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $indexed = $this->db->query(
+            'SELECT COUNT(*) AS aggregate
+             FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
+             WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+               AND TABLE_NAME = ?
+               AND COLUMN_NAME = ?',
+            ['whatsapp_group_links', 'school_year']
+        )->getRow();
+
+        if ((int) ($indexed->aggregate ?? 0) > 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->query(
+            'ALTER TABLE `whatsapp_group_links` ADD INDEX `idx_sy_whatsapp_group_links_school_year` (`school_year`)'
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('whatsapp_group_links')) {
+            $this->db->query('ALTER TABLE `whatsapp_group_links` DROP INDEX `idx_sy_whatsapp_group_links_school_year`');
+        }
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-050000_CreateSchoolYears.php

@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class CreateSchoolYears extends Migration
+{
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('school_years')) {
+            $this->forge->addField([
+                'id' => [
+                    'type' => 'INT',
+                    'constraint' => 11,
+                    'unsigned' => true,
+                    'auto_increment' => true,
+                ],
+                'name' => [
+                    'type' => 'VARCHAR',
+                    'constraint' => 9,
+                    'null' => false,
+                ],
+                'status' => [
+                    'type' => 'VARCHAR',
+                    'constraint' => 20,
+                    'null' => false,
+                    'default' => 'draft',
+                ],
+                'starts_on' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATE',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'ends_on' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATE',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'description' => [
+                    'type' => 'TEXT',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'registration_starts_on' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATE',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'registration_ends_on' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATE',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'previous_school_year_id' => [
+                    'type' => 'INT',
+                    'constraint' => 11,
+                    'unsigned' => true,
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'next_school_year_id' => [
+                    'type' => 'INT',
+                    'constraint' => 11,
+                    'unsigned' => true,
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'activated_at' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'closing_started_at' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'closed_at' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'archived_at' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'created_by' => [
+                    'type' => 'INT',
+                    'constraint' => 11,
+                    'unsigned' => true,
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'updated_by' => [
+                    'type' => 'INT',
+                    'constraint' => 11,
+                    'unsigned' => true,
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'created_at' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+                'updated_at' => [
+                    'type' => 'DATETIME',
+                    'null' => true,
+                ],
+            ]);
+
+            $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
+            $this->forge->addKey('name', false, true);
+            $this->forge->addKey('status');
+            $this->forge->createTable('school_years');
+        } else {
+            $this->ensureSchoolYearColumns();
+        }
+
+        $this->createClosingTables();
+
+        $configuredYear = $this->configuredSchoolYear();
+
+        if ($configuredYear !== null && $this->isValidYearName($configuredYear)) {
+            $existing = $this->db->table('school_years')
+                ->where('name', $configuredYear)
+                ->get()
+                ->getRowArray();
+
+            if ($existing === null) {
+                $this->db->table('school_years')->insert([
+                    'name' => $configuredYear,
+                    'status' => 'active',
+                    'activated_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+                    'created_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+                    'updated_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+                ]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        $this->forge->dropTable('school_year_transition_logs', true);
+        $this->forge->dropTable('school_year_closing_items', true);
+        $this->forge->dropTable('school_year_closing_batches', true);
+        $this->forge->dropTable('school_years', true);
+    }
+
+    private function ensureSchoolYearColumns(): void
+    {
+        $fields = $this->db->getFieldNames('school_years');
+        $add = [];
+
+        $definitions = [
+            'description' => ['type' => 'TEXT', 'null' => true],
+            'registration_starts_on' => ['type' => 'DATE', 'null' => true],
+            'registration_ends_on' => ['type' => 'DATE', 'null' => true],
+            'previous_school_year_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+            'next_school_year_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+            'activated_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+            'closing_started_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+            'closed_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+            'archived_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+            'created_by' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+            'updated_by' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($definitions as $field => $definition) {
+            if (! in_array($field, $fields, true)) {
+                $add[$field] = $definition;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($add !== []) {
+            $this->forge->addColumn('school_years', $add);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function createClosingTables(): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('school_year_closing_batches')) {
+            $this->forge->addField([
+                'id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'auto_increment' => true],
+                'source_school_year_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true],
+                'target_school_year_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+                'status' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 30, 'null' => false, 'default' => 'preview'],
+                'preview_hash' => ['type' => 'CHAR', 'constraint' => 64, 'null' => true],
+                'total_families' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => false, 'default' => 0],
+                'total_positive_balance' => ['type' => 'DECIMAL', 'constraint' => '12,2', 'null' => false, 'default' => '0.00'],
+                'total_credit_balance' => ['type' => 'DECIMAL', 'constraint' => '12,2', 'null' => false, 'default' => '0.00'],
+                'started_by' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+                'completed_by' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+                'started_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+                'completed_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+                'failed_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+                'failure_message' => ['type' => 'TEXT', 'null' => true],
+                'created_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+                'updated_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+            ]);
+            $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
+            $this->forge->addKey(['source_school_year_id', 'status']);
+            $this->forge->createTable('school_year_closing_batches');
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('school_year_closing_items')) {
+            $this->forge->addField([
+                'id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'auto_increment' => true],
+                'closing_batch_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true],
+                'family_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true],
+                'source_balance' => ['type' => 'DECIMAL', 'constraint' => '12,2', 'null' => false, 'default' => '0.00'],
+                'credit_amount' => ['type' => 'DECIMAL', 'constraint' => '12,2', 'null' => false, 'default' => '0.00'],
+                'adjustment_amount' => ['type' => 'DECIMAL', 'constraint' => '12,2', 'null' => false, 'default' => '0.00'],
+                'carry_forward_amount' => ['type' => 'DECIMAL', 'constraint' => '12,2', 'null' => false, 'default' => '0.00'],
+                'target_invoice_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+                'target_adjustment_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+                'status' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 30, 'null' => false, 'default' => 'pending'],
+                'error_message' => ['type' => 'TEXT', 'null' => true],
+                'created_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+                'updated_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => true],
+            ]);
+            $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
+            $this->forge->addKey(['closing_batch_id', 'family_id'], false, true);
+            $this->forge->createTable('school_year_closing_items');
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('school_year_transition_logs')) {
+            $this->forge->addField([
+                'id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'auto_increment' => true],
+                'school_year_id' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true],
+                'from_status' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 20, 'null' => true],
+                'to_status' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 20, 'null' => true],
+                'action' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 80, 'null' => false],
+                'performed_by' => ['type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 11, 'unsigned' => true, 'null' => true],
+                'metadata_json' => ['type' => 'TEXT', 'null' => true],
+                'created_at' => ['type' => 'DATETIME', 'null' => false],
+            ]);
+            $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
+            $this->forge->addKey(['school_year_id', 'created_at']);
+            $this->forge->createTable('school_year_transition_logs');
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function configuredSchoolYear(): ?string
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('configuration')) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $row = $this->db->table('configuration')
+            ->select('config_value')
+            ->where('config_key', 'school_year')
+            ->orderBy('id', 'DESC')
+            ->get(1)
+            ->getRowArray();
+
+        $value = trim((string) ($row['config_value'] ?? ''));
+
+        return $value !== '' ? $value : null;
+    }
+
+    private function isValidYearName(string $value): bool
+    {
+        if (! preg_match('/^(\d{4})-(\d{4})$/', $value, $matches)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return (int) $matches[2] === (int) $matches[1] + 1;
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-051000_AddSchoolYearsNavItem.php

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class AddSchoolYearsNavItem extends Migration
+{
+    private string $url = 'administrator/school-years';
+
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('nav_items')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $parentColumn = $this->parentColumn();
+        $existingQuery = $this->db->table('nav_items')
+            ->where('url', $this->url)
+            ->get();
+
+        $existing = $existingQuery !== false ? $existingQuery->getRowArray() : null;
+
+        if ($existing !== null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $parentBuilder = $this->db->table('nav_items')
+            ->where('label', 'Configuration');
+
+        if ($parentColumn !== null) {
+            $parentBuilder->where($parentColumn, null);
+        }
+
+        $parentQuery = $parentBuilder->get();
+        $parent = $parentQuery !== false ? $parentQuery->getRowArray() : null;
+
+        $insert = [
+            'label' => 'School Years',
+            'url' => $this->url,
+            'sort_order' => 2,
+            'is_enabled' => 1,
+            'created_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+        ];
+
+        if ($parentColumn !== null) {
+            $insert[$parentColumn] = $parent['id'] ?? null;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->table('nav_items')->insert($insert);
+
+        $navItemId = (int) $this->db->insertID();
+
+        if (
+            $navItemId <= 0
+            || ! $this->db->tableExists('role_nav_items')
+            || ! $this->db->fieldExists('role', 'role_nav_items')
+            || ! $this->db->fieldExists('nav_item_id', 'role_nav_items')
+        ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach (['administrator', 'principal', 'vice_principal'] as $role) {
+            $this->db->table('role_nav_items')->insert([
+                'role' => $role,
+                'nav_item_id' => $navItemId,
+                'created_at' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+            ]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists('nav_items')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $query = $this->db->table('nav_items')
+            ->where('url', $this->url)
+            ->get();
+
+        $row = $query !== false ? $query->getRowArray() : null;
+
+        if ($row === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->db->tableExists('role_nav_items')) {
+            $this->db->table('role_nav_items')
+                ->where('nav_item_id', (int) $row['id'])
+                ->delete();
+        }
+
+        $this->db->table('nav_items')
+            ->where('id', (int) $row['id'])
+            ->delete();
+    }
+
+    private function parentColumn(): ?string
+    {
+        if ($this->db->fieldExists('parent_id', 'nav_items')) {
+            return 'parent_id';
+        }
+
+        if ($this->db->fieldExists('menu_parent_id', 'nav_items')) {
+            return 'menu_parent_id';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}

app/Database/Migrations/2026-07-12-052000_GrantSubjectCurriculumPermission.php

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class GrantSubjectCurriculumPermission extends Migration
+{
+    private string $permissionName = 'update_curriculum';
+
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        if (
+            ! $this->db->tableExists('roles')
+            || ! $this->db->tableExists('permissions')
+            || ! $this->db->tableExists('role_permissions')
+        ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $now = date('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        $permission = $this->db->table('permissions')
+            ->where('name', $this->permissionName)
+            ->get()
+            ->getRowArray();
+
+        if ($permission === null) {
+            $insert = [
+                'name' => $this->permissionName,
+                'created_at' => $now,
+                'updated_at' => $now,
+            ];
+
+            if ($this->db->fieldExists('description', 'permissions')) {
+                $insert['description'] = 'Manage subject curriculum entries';
+            }
+
+            $this->db->table('permissions')->insert($insert);
+            $permissionId = (int) $this->db->insertID();
+        } else {
+            $permissionId = (int) $permission['id'];
+        }
+
+        if ($permissionId <= 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $roleRows = $this->db->table('roles')
+            ->select('id, name')
+            ->whereIn('name', [
+                'administrator',
+                'admin',
+                'principal',
+                'vice principal',
+                'vice_principal',
+                'administrative staff',
+            ])
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        foreach ($roleRows as $role) {
+            $roleId = (int) ($role['id'] ?? 0);
+            if ($roleId <= 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $existing = $this->db->table('role_permissions')
+                ->where('role_id', $roleId)
+                ->where('permission_id', $permissionId)
+                ->get()
+                ->getRowArray();
+
+            $permissionData = [
+                'can_create' => 1,
+                'can_read' => 1,
+                'can_update' => 1,
+                'can_delete' => 1,
+                'updated_at' => $now,
+            ];
+
+            if ($this->db->fieldExists('can_manage', 'role_permissions')) {
+                $permissionData['can_manage'] = 1;
+            }
+
+            if ($existing === null) {
+                $permissionData['role_id'] = $roleId;
+                $permissionData['permission_id'] = $permissionId;
+                $permissionData['created_at'] = $now;
+
+                $this->db->table('role_permissions')->insert($permissionData);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->db->table('role_permissions')
+                ->where('id', (int) $existing['id'])
+                ->update($permissionData);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        if (
+            ! $this->db->tableExists('roles')
+            || ! $this->db->tableExists('permissions')
+            || ! $this->db->tableExists('role_permissions')
+        ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $permission = $this->db->table('permissions')
+            ->select('id')
+            ->where('name', $this->permissionName)
+            ->get()
+            ->getRowArray();
+
+        if ($permission === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $roleRows = $this->db->table('roles')
+            ->select('id')
+            ->whereIn('name', [
+                'administrator',
+                'admin',
+                'principal',
+                'vice principal',
+                'vice_principal',
+                'administrative staff',
+            ])
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        $roleIds = array_map(static fn(array $role): int => (int) ($role['id'] ?? 0), $roleRows);
+        $roleIds = array_values(array_filter($roleIds, static fn(int $roleId): bool => $roleId > 0));
+
+        if ($roleIds === []) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->table('role_permissions')
+            ->where('permission_id', (int) $permission['id'])
+            ->whereIn('role_id', $roleIds)
+            ->delete();
+    }
+}

app/Database/Seeds/NavSeeder.php

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ class NavSeeder extends Seeder
 
             // Configuration
             ['parent'=>'Configuration','label'=>'Add/Edit Configuration','url'=>'configuration/configuration_view','sort_order'=>1],
+            ['parent'=>'Configuration','label'=>'School Years','url'=>'administrator/school-years','sort_order'=>2],
 
             // Staffing
             ['parent'=>'Staffing','label'=>'Staff Profile','url'=>'staff/index','sort_order'=>1],

app/Exceptions/SchoolYear/InvalidSchoolYearSelectionException.php

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Exceptions\SchoolYear;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class InvalidSchoolYearSelectionException extends RuntimeException
+{
+}

app/Exceptions/SchoolYear/SchoolYearConfigurationException.php

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Exceptions\SchoolYear;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class SchoolYearConfigurationException extends RuntimeException
+{
+}

app/Exceptions/SchoolYear/SchoolYearNotFoundException.php

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Exceptions\SchoolYear;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class SchoolYearNotFoundException extends RuntimeException
+{
+}

app/Exceptions/SchoolYear/SchoolYearWriteConflictException.php

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Exceptions\SchoolYear;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class SchoolYearWriteConflictException extends RuntimeException
+{
+}

app/Filters/RequireSchoolYearFilter.php

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use App\Exceptions\SchoolYear\InvalidSchoolYearSelectionException;
+use App\Exceptions\SchoolYear\SchoolYearConfigurationException;
+use App\Exceptions\SchoolYear\SchoolYearNotFoundException;
+use Throwable;
+
+final class RequireSchoolYearFilter implements FilterInterface
+{
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearContext')->resolve($request);
+            return null;
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('warning', 'School-year request rejected: {message}', [
+                'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+
+            $status = $this->statusCodeFor($e);
+
+            if ($request->isAJAX() || str_contains(strtolower($request->getHeaderLine('Accept')), 'application/json')) {
+                return service('response')
+                    ->setStatusCode($status)
+                    ->setJSON([
+                        'status' => $status,
+                        'error' => 'Invalid school year',
+                        'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+                    ]);
+            }
+
+            return service('response')
+                ->setStatusCode($status)
+                ->setBody(view('errors/school_year', [
+                    'message' => $status >= 500
+                        ? 'School-year configuration is invalid. Please contact an administrator.'
+                        : $e->getMessage(),
+                ]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private function statusCodeFor(Throwable $e): int
+    {
+        if ($e instanceof InvalidSchoolYearSelectionException) {
+            return 400;
+        }
+
+        if ($e instanceof SchoolYearNotFoundException) {
+            return 404;
+        }
+
+        if ($e instanceof SchoolYearConfigurationException) {
+            return 500;
+        }
+
+        return 400;
+    }
+}

app/Filters/SchoolYearWritableFilter.php

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Filters;
+
+use App\Exceptions\SchoolYear\SchoolYearWriteConflictException;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+
+final class SchoolYearWritableFilter implements FilterInterface
+{
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            service('schoolYearWriteGuard')->assertWritable(
+                service('schoolYearContext')->resolve($request)
+            );
+
+            return null;
+        } catch (SchoolYearWriteConflictException $e) {
+            log_message('warning', 'Historical school-year write blocked: {message}', [
+                'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+
+            if ($request->isAJAX() || str_contains(strtolower($request->getHeaderLine('Accept')), 'application/json')) {
+                return service('response')
+                    ->setStatusCode(409)
+                    ->setJSON([
+                        'status' => 409,
+                        'error' => 'Read-only school year',
+                        'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+                    ]);
+            }
+
+            return redirect()->back()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+}

app/Helpers/GlobalConfigHelper.php

@@ -12,6 +12,16 @@ if (!function_exists('getSemester')) {
 
 if (!function_exists('getSchoolYear')) {
     function getSchoolYear() {
+        if (! is_cli() && session()->get('user_id')) {
+            try {
+                return service('schoolYearContext')->resolve(service('request'))->yearName();
+            } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+                log_message('warning', 'Falling back to configured school year: {message}', [
+                    'message' => $e->getMessage(),
+                ]);
+            }
+        }
+
         $configModel = new \App\Models\ConfigurationModel();
         return $configModel->getConfig('school_year');
     }

app/Libraries/FinancialStatus.php

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ final class FinancialStatus
     public const INVOICE_UNPAID = 'unpaid';
     public const INVOICE_PARTIALLY_PAID = 'partially_paid';
     public const INVOICE_PAID = 'paid';
+    public const INVOICE_OVERPAID = 'overpaid';
+    public const INVOICE_CANCELLED = 'cancelled';
 
     public const PAYMENT_RECORDED = 'recorded';
     public const PAYMENT_VOIDED = 'voided';
@@ -18,6 +20,23 @@ final class FinancialStatus
     public const PAYMENT_CANCELED = 'canceled';
     public const PAYMENT_CANCELLED = 'cancelled';
 
+    public const PAYMENT_TRANSACTION_STATUSES = [
+        self::PAYMENT_RECORDED,
+        self::PAYMENT_VOIDED,
+        self::PAYMENT_REFUNDED,
+        self::PAYMENT_FAILED,
+        self::PAYMENT_REVERSED,
+        self::PAYMENT_CHARGEBACK,
+    ];
+
+    public const INVOICE_STATUSES = [
+        self::INVOICE_UNPAID,
+        self::INVOICE_PARTIALLY_PAID,
+        self::INVOICE_PAID,
+        self::INVOICE_OVERPAID,
+        self::INVOICE_CANCELLED,
+    ];
+
     public const REFUND_PENDING = 'pending';
     public const REFUND_APPROVED = 'approved';
     public const REFUND_REJECTED = 'rejected';
@@ -55,6 +74,8 @@ final class FinancialStatus
         return match (self::normalize($status)) {
             'paid', 'full' => self::INVOICE_PAID,
             'partially paid', 'partially_paid', 'partial' => self::INVOICE_PARTIALLY_PAID,
+            'overpaid' => self::INVOICE_OVERPAID,
+            'cancelled', 'canceled', 'cancelled invoice', 'canceled invoice' => self::INVOICE_CANCELLED,
             default => self::INVOICE_UNPAID,
         };
     }

app/Models/AttendanceDataModel.php

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ class AttendanceDataModel extends Model
         'date',
         'status',
         'reason',
-        'reported',
         'is_reported',          
         'is_notified',      
         'semester',

app/Models/ClassPrepAdjustmentModel.php

@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ class ClassPrepAdjustmentModel extends Model
 {
     protected $table = 'class_prep_adjustments';
     protected $allowedFields = [
-        'class_section_id', 'item_name', 'adjustment', 'school_year', 'created_at'
+        'class_section_id', 'item_name', 'adjustment', 'adjustable', 'created_at'
     ];
 }

app/Models/ClassPreparationLogModel.php

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ class ClassPreparationLogModel extends Model
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'class_section_id',
         'class_section',
-        'school_year',
         'prep_data',
         'created_at',
     ];

app/Models/Concerns/SchoolYearScopedModelTrait.php

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models\Concerns;
+
+use App\Support\SchoolYear\SchoolYearContext;
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+
+trait SchoolYearScopedModelTrait
+{
+    public function forSchoolYear(SchoolYearContext|string|int $schoolYear): Model
+    {
+        if ($schoolYear instanceof SchoolYearContext) {
+            if ($this->fieldExists('school_year_id')) {
+                return $this->where($this->table . '.school_year_id', $schoolYear->id());
+            }
+
+            return $this->where($this->table . '.school_year', $schoolYear->yearName());
+        }
+
+        if (is_int($schoolYear)) {
+            return $this->where($this->table . '.school_year_id', $schoolYear);
+        }
+
+        return $this->where($this->table . '.school_year', $schoolYear);
+    }
+
+    private function fieldExists(string $field): bool
+    {
+        return in_array($field, $this->db->getFieldNames($this->table), true);
+    }
+}

app/Models/ConfigurationModel.php

@@ -77,6 +77,13 @@ class ConfigurationModel extends Model
     public function getConfig($key)
     {
         $key = (string) $key;
+        if ($key === 'school_year') {
+            $activeSchoolYear = $this->activeSchoolYearName();
+            if ($activeSchoolYear !== null) {
+                return $activeSchoolYear;
+            }
+        }
+
         if ($key === 'semester') {
             try {
                 $semester = (new \App\Services\SemesterRangeService($this))->getSemesterForDate();
@@ -90,4 +97,26 @@ class ConfigurationModel extends Model
 
         return $this->getConfigValueByKey($key);
     }
+
+    private function activeSchoolYearName(): ?string
+    {
+        try {
+            if (! $this->db->tableExists('school_years')) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            $row = $this->db->table('school_years')
+                ->select('name')
+                ->where('status', 'active')
+                ->orderBy('id', 'DESC')
+                ->get(1)
+                ->getRowArray();
+
+            $name = trim((string) ($row['name'] ?? ''));
+
+            return $name !== '' ? $name : null;
+        } catch (\Throwable) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
 }

app/Models/ContactUsModel.php

@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@ class ContactUsModel extends Model
         'reciever_id',
         'subject',
         'message',
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];
@@ -35,8 +33,6 @@ class ContactUsModel extends Model
         'reciever_id'  => 'required|integer',
         'subject'      => 'required|string|max_length[255]',
         'message'      => 'required|string',
-        'semester'     => 'required|string|max_length[255]',
-        'school_year'  => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[9]'
     ];
 
     protected $validationMessages = [];
@@ -51,10 +47,7 @@ class ContactUsModel extends Model
      */
     public function getMessagesBySemesterAndYear($semester, $school_year)
     {
-        return $this->where([
-            'semester' => $semester,
-            'school_year' => $school_year
-        ])->findAll();
+        return $this->findAll();
     }
 
     /**

app/Models/EmailTemplateModel.php

@@ -6,12 +6,19 @@ use CodeIgniter\Model;
 class EmailTemplateModel extends Model {
     protected $table = 'email_templates';
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
-    protected $allowedFields = ['template_key','name','subject','body','is_active'];
+    protected $allowedFields = ['code', 'variant', 'subject', 'body_html', 'is_active', 'updated_by', 'updated_at'];
 
     public function getActiveTemplates(): array {
-        return $this->where('is_active', 1)->orderBy('template_key','asc')->findAll();
+        return $this->select('email_templates.*, code AS template_key, code AS name, body_html AS body')
+            ->where('is_active', 1)
+            ->orderBy('code', 'asc')
+            ->findAll();
     }
+
     public function findByKey(string $key): ?array {
-        return $this->where('template_key', $key)->where('is_active', 1)->first();
+        return $this->select('email_templates.*, code AS template_key, code AS name, body_html AS body')
+            ->where('code', $key)
+            ->where('is_active', 1)
+            ->first();
     }
 }

app/Models/EmergencyContactModel.php

@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ class EmergencyContactModel extends Model
         'cellphone',
         'email',
         'relation',
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];

app/Models/EnrollmentModel.php

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class EnrollmentModel extends Model
     /**
      * Get all enrolled students (full student info) for a given parent.
      */
-    public function getEnrolledStudents(int $parentId, string $schoolYear = null, string $semester = null): array
+    public function getEnrolledStudents(int $parentId, ?string $schoolYear = null, ?string $semester = null): array
     {
         $builder = $this->select('students.*')
                         ->join('students', 'students.id = enrollments.student_id')
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class EnrollmentModel extends Model
     /**
      * Get student basic info (ID, name, grade) for a given parent where status is enrolled or Payment pending.
      */
-    public function getenrolledStudentDetails(int $parentId, string $schoolYear = null): array
+    public function getenrolledStudentDetails(int $parentId, ?string $schoolYear = null): array
     {
         $builder = $this->db->table('enrollments')
             ->select('students.id, students.firstname, students.lastname, students.grade_level')

app/Models/EventChargesModel.php

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ class EventChargesModel extends Model
         'external_parent_email',
         'semester',
         'school_year',
-        'created_by',
         'updated_by',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'

app/Models/ExamDraftModel.php

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ class ExamDraftModel extends Model
     ];
 
     protected $allowedFields = [
-        'teacher_id',
         'author_id',
         'class_section_id',
         'semester',
@@ -40,20 +39,14 @@ class ExamDraftModel extends Model
         'exam_type',
         'draft_title',
         'author_comment',
-        'description',
-        'teacher_file',
-        'teacher_filename',
         'author_file',
         'author_filename',
         'status',
         'acceptance_type',
         'review_revision',
         'reviewer_id',
-        'admin_id',
         'is_legacy',
-        'reviewer_comment',
         'reviewer_comments',
-        'admin_comments',
         'reviewed_at',
         'final_file',
         'final_filename',
@@ -87,11 +80,9 @@ class ExamDraftModel extends Model
      * @var array<string, string>
      */
     protected array $casts = [
-        'teacher_id' => 'int',
         'author_id' => 'int',
         'class_section_id' => 'int',
         'reviewer_id' => '?int',
-        'admin_id' => '?int',
         'review_revision' => 'int',
         'version' => 'int',
         'previous_draft_id' => '?int',

app/Models/ExamModel.php

@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@ class ExamModel extends Model
 
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'student_id',
-        'school_id',
+        'student_school_id',
         'class_section_id',
         'exam_name',
+        'school_year',
         'created_at'
     ];
 

app/Models/ExpenseModel.php

@@ -39,23 +39,59 @@ class ExpenseModel extends Model
     {
         $db = \Config\Database::connect();
         $builder = $db->table('expenses');
-        $builder->select('expenses.*, 
-            r.id AS reimb_id,
-            r.amount AS reimb_amount, r.reimbursement_method, r.check_number,
-            r.receipt_path AS reimb_receipt, r.status AS reimb_status, 
-            r.school_year, r.semester, r.created_at AS reimb_created_at,
-            r.reimbursed_to AS reimb_recipient_id,
-            reimb.firstname AS reimb_firstname, reimb.lastname AS reimb_lastname,
-            approver.firstname AS approver_firstname, approver.lastname AS approver_lastname');
+        $hasReimbursementSchoolYear = $db->fieldExists('school_year', 'reimbursements');
+        $hasReimbursementSemester = $db->fieldExists('semester', 'reimbursements');
+        $hasExpenseSchoolYear = $db->fieldExists('school_year', 'expenses');
+        $hasExpenseSemester = $db->fieldExists('semester', 'expenses');
+
+        $select = [
+            'expenses.*',
+            'r.id AS reimb_id',
+            'r.amount AS reimb_amount',
+            'r.reimbursement_method',
+            'r.check_number',
+            'r.receipt_path AS reimb_receipt',
+            'r.status AS reimb_status',
+            'r.created_at AS reimb_created_at',
+            'r.reimbursed_to AS reimb_recipient_id',
+            'reimb.firstname AS reimb_firstname',
+            'reimb.lastname AS reimb_lastname',
+            'approver.firstname AS approver_firstname',
+            'approver.lastname AS approver_lastname',
+        ];
+
+        if ($hasReimbursementSchoolYear) {
+            $select[] = 'r.school_year';
+        } elseif ($hasExpenseSchoolYear) {
+            $select[] = 'expenses.school_year AS school_year';
+        }
+
+        if ($hasReimbursementSemester) {
+            $select[] = 'r.semester';
+        } elseif ($hasExpenseSemester) {
+            $select[] = 'expenses.semester AS semester';
+        } else {
+            $select[] = 'NULL AS semester';
+        }
+
+        $builder->select(implode(",\n", $select), false);
         $builder->join('reimbursements r', 'r.expense_id = expenses.id', 'inner');
         $builder->join('users reimb', 'reimb.id = r.reimbursed_to', 'left');
         $builder->join('users approver', 'approver.id = r.approved_by', 'left');
 
         if (!empty($filters['school_year'])) {
+            if ($hasReimbursementSchoolYear) {
                 $builder->where('r.school_year', $filters['school_year']);
+            } elseif ($hasExpenseSchoolYear) {
+                $builder->where('expenses.school_year', $filters['school_year']);
+            }
         }
         if (!empty($filters['semester'])) {
+            if ($hasReimbursementSemester) {
                 $builder->where('r.semester', $filters['semester']);
+            } elseif ($hasExpenseSemester) {
+                $builder->where('expenses.semester', $filters['semester']);
+            }
         }
         if (!empty($filters['status'])) {
             $builder->where('r.status', $filters['status']);

app/Models/FinalExamModel.php

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ class FinalExamModel extends Model
         'class_section_id', 
         'updated_by', 
         'score', 
-        'comment', 
         'semester', 
         'school_year', 
         'created_at', 

app/Models/FinalScoreModel.php

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class FinalScoreModel extends Model
         'student_id',
         'school_id',
         'class_section_id',
-        'teacher_id',
+        'updated_by',
         'score',
         'score_letter',
         'comment',

app/Models/InventoryItemModel.php

@@ -30,10 +30,6 @@ protected $table      = 'inventory_items';
         'sku',
         'notes',
 
-        // academic tags
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
-
         // audit
         'updated_by',
 
@@ -50,7 +46,5 @@ protected $table      = 'inventory_items';
         'name'        => 'required|min_length[2]',
         'quantity'    => 'permit_empty|integer',
         'unit_price'  => 'permit_empty|decimal',
-        'semester'    => 'permit_empty|in_list[Spring,Fall]',
-        'school_year' => 'permit_empty|max_length[16]', // e.g. 2025-2026
     ];
 }

app/Models/InvoiceStudentListModel.php

@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ class InvoiceStudentListModel extends Model
         'student_lastname',
         'school_id',
         'enrolled',
-        'school_year',
-        'semester',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'
     ];

app/Models/IpAttemptModel.php

@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ class IpAttemptModel extends Model
         'ip_address',
         'attempts',
         'last_attempt_at',
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
         'blocked_until'
     ];
 

app/Models/LoginActivityModel.php

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ class LoginActivityModel extends Model
         'logout_time', 
         'ip_address', 
         'user_agent',
-        'school_year',
         'semester',
         'created_at',
         'updated_at'

app/Models/MessageModel.php

@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ class MessageModel extends Model
         'priority',
         'attachment',
         'status',
-        'semester',      // Added field
-        'school_year'    // Added field
+        'semester'
     ];
 
     protected $useTimestamps = false; // Since you're manually handling date fields
@@ -150,10 +149,8 @@ class MessageModel extends Model
      */
     public function getMessagesBySemesterAndYear($semester, $school_year = null)
     {
-        $builder = $this->where('semester', $semester);
-        if ($school_year) {
-            $builder->where('school_year', $school_year);
-        }
-        return $builder->orderBy('sent_datetime', 'DESC')->findAll();
+        return $this->where('semester', $semester)
+            ->orderBy('sent_datetime', 'DESC')
+            ->findAll();
     }
 }

app/Models/NotificationModel.php

@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@ class NotificationModel extends Model
         'status', 
         'action_url', 
         'attachment_path', 
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
-        'scheduled_at'
+        'expires_at',
+        'sent_at',
+        'scheduled_at',
+        'deleted_at'
     ];
     protected $useTimestamps = true;
     protected $createdField = 'created_at';

app/Models/ParentModel.php

@@ -15,7 +15,5 @@ class ParentModel extends Model
         'secondparent_email',
         'secondparent_phone',
         'firstparent_id',
-        'semester',
-        'school_year',
     ];
 }

app/Models/PaymentModel.php

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 namespace App\Models;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
 
 class PaymentModel extends Model
 {
@@ -10,12 +12,22 @@ class PaymentModel extends Model
     protected $primaryKey = 'id';
     protected $returnType = 'array';
 
+    /**
+     * Keep this list broad, then filter it in __construct() against the real DB schema.
+     * This prevents CI from trying to insert/update columns that do not exist, such as `balance`.
+     */
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'parent_id',
         'invoice_id',
+
+        // Legacy invoice snapshot fields. Do not use these as source of truth.
         'total_amount',
+
+        // Actual payment fields.
         'paid_amount',
         'balance',
+        'balance_amount',
+        'balance_after_payment',
         'number_of_installments',
         'installment_seq',
         'transaction_id',
@@ -24,26 +36,44 @@ class PaymentModel extends Model
         'payment_method',
         'payment_date',
         'school_year',
-        'semester',
         'status',
-        'updated_by'
+        'updated_by',
     ];
 
     protected $useTimestamps = false;
-    // ❗ Your DB handles created_at / updated_at with default CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-    // Remove CI4 auto timestamp management unless you modify your DB schema
+
+    /**
+     * Let DB defaults handle created_at / updated_at.
+     * Keep validation strict for actual payment data, but do not require legacy snapshot columns.
+     */
+    protected $cleanValidationRules = true;
 
     protected $validationRules = [
         'parent_id' => 'required|integer',
         'invoice_id' => 'required|integer',
-        'total_amount' => 'required|decimal',
-        'paid_amount' => 'required|decimal',
-        'balance' => 'required|decimal',
-        'number_of_installments' => 'required|integer',
-        'payment_method' => 'required|max_length[50]', // ✅ Removed 'string'
-        'payment_date' => 'required|valid_date[Y-m-d H:i:s]',
-        'status' => 'required|max_length[50]', // ✅ Removed 'string'
+
+        // Legacy snapshot. Optional because invoice total belongs to invoices table.
+        'total_amount' => 'permit_empty|decimal',
+
+        'paid_amount' => 'required|decimal|greater_than[0]',
+
+        // These are optional because not every live schema has a balance snapshot column.
+        'balance' => 'permit_empty|decimal|greater_than_equal_to[0]',
+        'balance_amount' => 'permit_empty|decimal|greater_than_equal_to[0]',
+        'balance_after_payment' => 'permit_empty|decimal|greater_than_equal_to[0]',
+
+        // Legacy/current sequence columns.
+        'number_of_installments' => 'permit_empty|integer|greater_than[0]',
+        'installment_seq' => 'permit_empty|integer|greater_than[0]',
+
+        'transaction_id' => 'permit_empty|max_length[100]',
+        'payment_method' => 'required|in_list[cash,check,card]',
+        'payment_date' => 'required|valid_date',
+        'school_year' => 'permit_empty|max_length[20]',
+        'status' => 'required|max_length[50]',
+        'check_file' => 'permit_empty|max_length[255]',
         'check_number' => 'permit_empty|max_length[100]',
+        'updated_by' => 'permit_empty|integer',
     ];
 
     protected $validationMessages = [
@@ -56,112 +86,225 @@ class PaymentModel extends Model
             'integer' => 'Invoice ID must be an integer.',
         ],
         'total_amount' => [
-            'required' => 'Total amount is required.',
             'decimal' => 'Total amount must be a valid decimal.',
         ],
         'paid_amount' => [
             'required' => 'Paid amount is required.',
             'decimal' => 'Paid amount must be a valid decimal.',
+            'greater_than' => 'Paid amount must be greater than zero.',
         ],
         'balance' => [
-            'required' => 'Balance is required.',
             'decimal' => 'Balance must be a valid decimal.',
+            'greater_than_equal_to' => 'Balance must not be negative.',
+        ],
+        'balance_amount' => [
+            'decimal' => 'Balance amount must be a valid decimal.',
+            'greater_than_equal_to' => 'Balance amount must not be negative.',
+        ],
+        'balance_after_payment' => [
+            'decimal' => 'Balance after payment must be a valid decimal.',
+            'greater_than_equal_to' => 'Balance after payment must not be negative.',
         ],
         'payment_date' => [
             'required' => 'Payment date is required.',
-            'valid_date' => 'Payment date must be a valid date (Y-m-d H:i:s).',
+            'valid_date' => 'Payment date must be a valid date.',
         ],
         'payment_method' => [
             'required' => 'Payment method is required.',
-            'max_length' => 'Payment method must not exceed 50 characters.',
+            'in_list' => 'Payment method must be cash, check, or card.',
         ],
         'status' => [
             'required' => 'Status is required.',
             'max_length' => 'Status must not exceed 50 characters.',
         ],
         'number_of_installments' => [
-            'required' => 'Number of installments is required.',
             'integer' => 'Number of installments must be an integer.',
+            'greater_than' => 'Number of installments must be greater than zero.',
+        ],
+        'installment_seq' => [
+            'integer' => 'Installment sequence must be an integer.',
+            'greater_than' => 'Installment sequence must be greater than zero.',
         ],
         'check_number' => [
             'max_length' => 'Check number must not exceed 100 characters.',
-        ]
+        ],
     ];
 
-    /**
-     * Get payments by parent ID.
-     *
-     * @param int $parentId
-     * @return array
-     */
-    public function getPaymentsByParentId(int $parentId): array
+    private array $paymentColumns = [];
+
+    private array $excludedPaymentStatuses = [
+        'void',
+        'voided',
+        'refunded',
+        'failed',
+        'chargeback',
+        'declined',
+        'reversed',
+        'canceled',
+        'cancelled',
+    ];
+
+    public function __construct(?ConnectionInterface $db = null, ?ValidationInterface $validation = null)
     {
-        return $this->where('parent_id', $parentId)
-            ->orderBy('payment_date', 'DESC')
-            ->findAll();
+        parent::__construct($db, $validation);
+
+        $this->paymentColumns = $this->getTableColumns($this->table);
+
+        // Remove fields that do not exist in the live DB.
+        // This prevents errors like "Unknown column balance".
+        $this->allowedFields = array_values(array_filter(
+            $this->allowedFields,
+            fn (string $field): bool => in_array($field, $this->paymentColumns, true)
+        ));
+
+        // Remove validation rules for columns that do not exist.
+        foreach (array_keys($this->validationRules) as $field) {
+            if (!in_array($field, $this->allowedFields, true)) {
+                unset($this->validationRules[$field]);
+                unset($this->validationMessages[$field]);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /**
-     * Calculate the total paid amount for a specific parent.
+     * Get payments by parent ID with invoice context.
      *
-     * @param int $parentId
-     * @return float
+     * The source of truth for invoice total/status/balance is invoices, not payments.
+     */
+    public function getPaymentsByParentId(int $parentId, ?string $schoolYear = null): array
+    {
+        return $this->parentPaymentHistoryQuery($parentId, $schoolYear)->findAll();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build parent payment history query with invoice context.
+     *
+     * Kept public so controllers can paginate without duplicating select/join logic.
+     */
+    public function parentPaymentHistoryQuery(int $parentId, ?string $schoolYear = null): self
+    {
+        $paymentBalanceSelect = $this->getPaymentBalanceSelectExpression('payments');
+
+        $invoiceBalanceSelect = $this->columnExists('invoices', 'balance')
+            ? 'invoices.balance AS invoice_current_balance'
+            : '0.00 AS invoice_current_balance';
+
+        $select = [
+            'payments.id',
+            'payments.invoice_id',
+            'invoices.invoice_number',
+            'payments.transaction_id',
+            'payments.paid_amount',
+            'payments.payment_method',
+            'payments.check_number',
+            'payments.check_file',
+            'payments.payment_date',
+            'payments.installment_seq',
+            'payments.number_of_installments',
+            $paymentBalanceSelect,
+            'payments.status AS payment_status',
+            'invoices.total_amount AS invoice_total',
+            $invoiceBalanceSelect,
+            'invoices.status AS invoice_status',
+            'invoices.school_year',
+        ];
+
+        $model = new self($this->db);
+        $builder = $model->select(implode(', ', $select), false)
+            ->join('invoices', 'invoices.id = payments.invoice_id', 'inner')
+            ->where('payments.parent_id', $parentId);
+
+        if ($schoolYear !== null && $schoolYear !== '') {
+            $builder->where('invoices.school_year', $schoolYear);
+        }
+
+        return $builder
+            ->orderBy('payments.payment_date', 'DESC')
+            ->orderBy('payments.id', 'DESC');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate the total paid amount for a parent in a school year.
+     *
+     * Uses invoices.school_year so old poisoned payment term data does not corrupt totals.
      */
     public function getTotalPaidByParentId(int $parentId, string $schoolYear): float
     {
-        $db = \Config\Database::connect();
-
-        $result = $db->table('payments')
-            ->selectSum('paid_amount', 'total_paid')
-            ->where('parent_id', $parentId)
-            ->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-            ->whereNotIn('status', ['void', 'voided', 'refunded', 'failed', 'chargeback', 'declined', 'reversed', 'canceled', 'cancelled'])
+        $result = $this->db->table('payments p')
+            ->selectSum('p.paid_amount', 'total_paid')
+            ->join('invoices i', 'i.id = p.invoice_id', 'inner')
+            ->where('p.parent_id', $parentId)
+            ->where('i.school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->where($this->successfulPaymentWhereSql('p.status'), null, false)
             ->get()
             ->getRowArray();
 
-        return $result && isset($result['total_paid']) ? (float) $result['total_paid'] : 0.00;
+        return $result && isset($result['total_paid'])
+            ? (float) $result['total_paid']
+            : 0.00;
     }
 
-
     /**
-     * Update balance for a specific payment.
+     * Legacy method.
      *
-     * @param int $paymentId
-     * @param float $amountPaid
-     * @return bool
+     * This should not be used for new payment recording.
+     * New payments should be inserted as immutable payment rows and invoices recalculated by InvoiceLedgerService.
      */
     public function updateBalance(int $paymentId, float $amountPaid): bool
     {
+        if ($amountPaid <= 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
         $payment = $this->find($paymentId);
         if (!$payment) {
             return false;
         }
 
-        $newBalance = $payment['balance'] - $amountPaid;
+        $updateData = [
+            'paid_amount' => round((float) ($payment['paid_amount'] ?? 0) + $amountPaid, 2),
+        ];
 
-        return $this->update($paymentId, [
-            'paid_amount' => $payment['paid_amount'] + $amountPaid,
-            'balance' => $newBalance
-        ]);
+        $balanceField = $this->getPaymentBalanceField();
+        if ($balanceField !== null && array_key_exists($balanceField, $payment)) {
+            $updateData[$balanceField] = max(
+                0.00,
+                round((float) ($payment[$balanceField] ?? 0) - $amountPaid, 2)
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $this->update($paymentId, $updateData);
     }
 
     /**
      * Get payments by school year.
      *
-     * @param string $schoolYear
-     * @return array
+     * Uses invoice school year when possible because payment.school_year may have old bad data.
      */
     public function getPaymentsByYear(string $schoolYear): array
     {
-        return $this->where('school_year', $schoolYear)
-            ->orderBy('payment_date', 'DESC')
+        $paymentBalanceSelect = $this->getPaymentBalanceSelectExpression('payments');
+
+        $select = [
+            'payments.*',
+            'invoices.invoice_number',
+            'invoices.total_amount AS invoice_total',
+            'invoices.status AS invoice_status',
+            $paymentBalanceSelect,
+        ];
+
+        return $this->select(implode(', ', $select), false)
+            ->join('invoices', 'invoices.id = payments.invoice_id', 'inner')
+            ->where('invoices.school_year', $schoolYear)
+            ->orderBy('payments.payment_date', 'DESC')
+            ->orderBy('payments.id', 'DESC')
             ->findAll();
     }
 
     /**
-     * Generate a new transaction ID.
+     * Generate a transaction ID.
      *
-     * @return string
+     * This is okay for legacy/manual use, but a DB UNIQUE KEY on transaction_id is still required.
      */
     public function generateNewTransactionId(): string
     {
@@ -173,41 +316,115 @@ class PaymentModel extends Model
             ->first();
 
         if ($latest && isset($latest['transaction_id'])) {
-            $lastNumber = (int) str_replace($prefix, '', $latest['transaction_id']);
+            $lastNumber = (int) str_replace($prefix, '', (string) $latest['transaction_id']);
             $newNumber = $lastNumber + 1;
         } else {
             $newNumber = 1;
         }
 
-        return $prefix . str_pad($newNumber, 6, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT);
+        return $prefix . str_pad((string) $newNumber, 6, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Get latest successful payment per invoice.
+     *
+     * Uses latest payment ID instead of latest date only.
+     * Date-only matching can return duplicates when several payments happen on the same day.
+     */
     public function getPaymentsByInvoice($invoiceIds): array
     {
-        // Normalize input
         if (!is_array($invoiceIds)) {
             $invoiceIds = [$invoiceIds];
         }
+
+        $invoiceIds = array_values(array_filter(array_map('intval', $invoiceIds)));
+
         if (empty($invoiceIds)) {
             return [];
         }
 
-        // Subquery: latest payment_date per invoice (Full/Partial only)
         $latestSub = $this->db->table('payments')
-            ->select('invoice_id, MAX(payment_date) AS max_date')
-            ->whereIn('status', ['Full', 'Paid', 'Partially Paid'])
+            ->select('invoice_id, MAX(id) AS max_id')
+            ->whereIn('invoice_id', $invoiceIds)
+            ->where('paid_amount >', 0)
+            ->where($this->successfulPaymentWhereSql('status'), null, false)
             ->groupBy('invoice_id')
             ->getCompiledSelect();
 
-        // Main query: join payments to the latest per invoice
-        $rows = $this->db->table('payments p')
-            ->select('p.invoice_id, p.paid_amount AS last_paid_amount, p.payment_date AS last_payment_date, p.status AS last_payment_status')
-            ->join("($latestSub) latest", 'latest.invoice_id = p.invoice_id AND latest.max_date = p.payment_date', 'inner', false) // <-- escape=false
+        return $this->db->table('payments p')
+            ->select([
+                'p.invoice_id',
+                'p.id AS payment_id',
+                'p.paid_amount AS last_paid_amount',
+                'p.payment_date AS last_payment_date',
+                'p.status AS last_payment_status',
+                'p.transaction_id',
+                'p.payment_method',
+                'p.check_number',
+            ])
+            ->join(
+                "($latestSub) latest",
+                'latest.invoice_id = p.invoice_id AND latest.max_id = p.id',
+                'inner',
+                false
+            )
             ->whereIn('p.invoice_id', $invoiceIds)
-            ->whereIn('p.status', ['Full', 'Paid', 'Partially Paid'])
             ->get()
             ->getResultArray();
+    }
 
-        return $rows;
+    private function getPaymentBalanceField(): ?string
+    {
+        foreach (['balance_after_payment', 'balance', 'balance_amount'] as $field) {
+            if (in_array($field, $this->paymentColumns, true)) {
+                return $field;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private function getPaymentBalanceSelectExpression(string $alias = 'payments'): string
+    {
+        $field = $this->getPaymentBalanceField();
+
+        if ($field === null) {
+            return '0.00 AS balance_after_payment';
+        }
+
+        return "{$alias}.{$field} AS balance_after_payment";
+    }
+
+    private function successfulPaymentWhereSql(string $column): string
+    {
+        $escapedStatuses = array_map(
+            fn (string $status): string => $this->db->escape($status),
+            $this->excludedPaymentStatuses
+        );
+
+        return 'LOWER(COALESCE(' . $column . ', \'\')) NOT IN (' . implode(', ', $escapedStatuses) . ')';
+    }
+
+    private function getTableColumns(string $table): array
+    {
+        try {
+            return $this->db->getFieldNames($table);
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('error', '[PaymentModel] Could not read table columns for {table}: {error}', [
+                'table' => $table,
+                'error' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+
+            return [];
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function columnExists(string $table, string $column): bool
+    {
+        try {
+            return $this->db->fieldExists($column, $table);
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 }

app/Models/PaymentTransactionModel.php

@@ -18,18 +18,11 @@ class PaymentTransactionModel extends Model
         'payment_method',
         'payment_status',
         'transaction_fee',
-        'payment_reference',
         'semester',
-        'school_year',
-        'is_full_payment',          // Flag to track full payment status
-        'created_at',
-        'updated_at'
+        'school_year'
     ];
 
-    // Set automatic timestamps
-    protected $useTimestamps = true;
-    protected $createdField  = 'created_at';
-    protected $updatedField  = 'updated_at';
+    protected $useTimestamps = false;
 
     // Validation rules
     protected $validationRules = [
@@ -38,8 +31,8 @@ class PaymentTransactionModel extends Model
         'amount' => 'required|decimal',
         'payment_method' => 'required|string|max_length[50]',
         'payment_status' => 'required|string|max_length[50]',
-        'payment_reference' => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[255]',
-        'is_full_payment' => 'required|in_list[0,1]', // 0 for installment, 1 for full payment
+        'semester' => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[30]',
+        'school_year' => 'permit_empty|string|max_length[9]',
     ];
 
     // Custom error messages
@@ -64,13 +57,6 @@ class PaymentTransactionModel extends Model
             'required' => 'The payment status is required.',
             'max_length' => 'The payment status must not exceed 50 characters.',
         ],
-        'payment_reference' => [
-            'max_length' => 'The payment reference must not exceed 255 characters.',
-        ],
-        'is_full_payment' => [
-            'required' => 'The full payment flag is required.',
-            'in_list' => 'The full payment flag must be either 0 (installment) or 1 (full payment).',
-        ],
     ];
 
     /**
@@ -106,7 +92,9 @@ class PaymentTransactionModel extends Model
      */
     public function updateTransactionStatus($transactionId, $status)
     {
-        return $this->update($transactionId, ['payment_status' => $status]);
+        return $this->where('transaction_id', $transactionId)
+            ->set(['payment_status' => $status])
+            ->update();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -130,7 +118,9 @@ class PaymentTransactionModel extends Model
      */
     public function updateTransactionFee($transactionId, $transactionFee)
     {
-        return $this->update($transactionId, ['transaction_fee' => $transactionFee]);
+        return $this->where('transaction_id', $transactionId)
+            ->set(['transaction_fee' => $transactionFee])
+            ->update();
     }
 
     /**

app/Models/PlacementLevelModel.php

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ class PlacementLevelModel extends Model
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'student_id',
         'level',
-        'school_year',
         'created_by',
         'updated_by',
         'created_at',

app/Models/PreferencesModel.php

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ class PreferencesModel extends Model
     // Allowed fields to enable mass assignment
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'user_id',                      // Foreign key linking preferences to a user
-        'receive_email_notifications',  // Email notifications preference
-        'receive_sms_notifications',    // SMS notifications preference
+        'notification_email',           // Email notifications preference
+        'notification_sms',             // SMS notifications preference
         'theme',                        // Theme preference (e.g., light or dark)
         'language',                     // Language preference
         'timezone',                     // Timezone preference
@@ -22,11 +22,6 @@ class PreferencesModel extends Model
         'menu_custom_bg',               // Custom menu background color
         'menu_custom_text',             // Custom menu text color
         'menu_custom_mode',             // Custom menu mode: light|dark
-        'receive_push_notifications',   // Push notifications preference
-        'daily_summary_email',          // Daily summary email preference
-        'privacy_mode',                 // Privacy mode setting
-        'marketing_emails',             // Marketing emails preference
-        'account_activity_alerts',      // Account activity alerts preference
         'created_at',                   // Timestamp of when the record was created
         'updated_at'                    // Timestamp of when the record was last updated
     ];

app/Models/SchoolYearClosingBatchModel.php

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+
+class SchoolYearClosingBatchModel extends Model
+{
+    protected $table = 'school_year_closing_batches';
+    protected $primaryKey = 'id';
+    protected $returnType = 'array';
+    protected $useTimestamps = true;
+
+    protected $allowedFields = [
+        'source_school_year_id',
+        'target_school_year_id',
+        'status',
+        'preview_hash',
+        'total_families',
+        'total_positive_balance',
+        'total_credit_balance',
+        'started_by',
+        'completed_by',
+        'started_at',
+        'completed_at',
+        'failed_at',
+        'failure_message',
+    ];
+}

app/Models/SchoolYearClosingItemModel.php

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+
+class SchoolYearClosingItemModel extends Model
+{
+    protected $table = 'school_year_closing_items';
+    protected $primaryKey = 'id';
+    protected $returnType = 'array';
+    protected $useTimestamps = true;
+
+    protected $allowedFields = [
+        'closing_batch_id',
+        'family_id',
+        'source_balance',
+        'credit_amount',
+        'adjustment_amount',
+        'carry_forward_amount',
+        'target_invoice_id',
+        'target_adjustment_id',
+        'status',
+        'error_message',
+    ];
+}

app/Models/SchoolYearModel.php

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+
+class SchoolYearModel extends Model
+{
+    protected $table = 'school_years';
+    protected $primaryKey = 'id';
+    protected $returnType = 'array';
+    protected $useTimestamps = true;
+
+    protected $allowedFields = [
+        'name',
+        'status',
+        'starts_on',
+        'ends_on',
+        'description',
+        'registration_starts_on',
+        'registration_ends_on',
+        'previous_school_year_id',
+        'next_school_year_id',
+        'activated_at',
+        'closing_started_at',
+        'closed_at',
+        'archived_at',
+        'created_by',
+        'updated_by',
+    ];
+
+    protected $validationRules = [
+        'name' => 'required|regex_match[/^\d{4}-\d{4}$/]|max_length[9]',
+        'status' => 'required|in_list[draft,active,closing,closed,archived]',
+        'starts_on' => 'permit_empty|valid_date[Y-m-d]',
+        'ends_on' => 'permit_empty|valid_date[Y-m-d]',
+        'registration_starts_on' => 'permit_empty|valid_date[Y-m-d]',
+        'registration_ends_on' => 'permit_empty|valid_date[Y-m-d]',
+    ];
+
+    public function active(): ?array
+    {
+        $rows = $this->where('status', 'active')
+            ->orderBy('id', 'DESC')
+            ->findAll(2);
+
+        if (count($rows) !== 1) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return $rows[0];
+    }
+}

app/Models/SchoolYearTransitionLogModel.php

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+
+class SchoolYearTransitionLogModel extends Model
+{
+    protected $table = 'school_year_transition_logs';
+    protected $primaryKey = 'id';
+    protected $returnType = 'array';
+    protected $useTimestamps = false;
+
+    protected $allowedFields = [
+        'school_year_id',
+        'from_status',
+        'to_status',
+        'action',
+        'performed_by',
+        'metadata_json',
+        'created_at',
+    ];
+}

app/Models/SectionModel.php

@@ -12,12 +12,11 @@ class SectionModel extends Model
     protected $allowedFields = [
         'section_name',
         'description',
-        'created_at',
         'updated_at',
         'updated_by'
     ];
 
-    protected $useTimestamps = true;
+    protected $useTimestamps = false;
     protected $createdField  = 'created_at';
     protected $updatedField  = 'updated_at';