Fix semester context, attendance rosters, and billing workflows

- load global semester helpers consistently and use date-based semester defaults
- fix grading and daily attendance duplicate student/section rows
- keep attendance violations scoped to the current semester by default
- update invoice, refund, discount, payment, and financial aid flows
- add configuration cleanup migrations for duplicate calendar/semester keys
- refresh parent registration/report-card and print request handling
- update related models, services, views, cron notes, and test coverage

app/Models/AttendanceTrackingModel.php

@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ class AttendanceTrackingModel extends Model
         ?string $semester = null,
         ?string $schoolYear = null
     ): bool {
-        $semester   = $semester   ?? (new \App\Models\ConfigurationModel())->getConfig('semester');
+        $semester   = $semester   ?? getSemester();
         $schoolYear = $schoolYear ?? (new \App\Models\ConfigurationModel())->getConfig('school_year');
 
         $day  = substr($ymd, 0, 10);

app/Models/ConfigurationModel.php

@@ -86,12 +86,9 @@ class ConfigurationModel extends Model
 
         if ($key === 'semester') {
             try {
-                $semester = (new \App\Services\SemesterRangeService($this))->getSemesterForDate();
-                if ($semester !== '') {
-                    return $semester;
-                }
+                return (new \App\Services\SemesterRangeService($this))->getSemesterForDate() ?: 'Fall';
             } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-                // ignore and fall back
+                return 'Fall';
             }
         }
 

app/Models/ManualPaymentModel.php

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ namespace App\Models;
 
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
 use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
 
 class ManualPaymentModel extends Model
 {
@@ -23,6 +25,38 @@ class ManualPaymentModel extends Model
         'school_year' => 'required|string|max_length[9]',
     ];
 
-
     protected $useTimestamps = false;
+
+    private array $manualPaymentColumns = [];
+
+    public function __construct(?ConnectionInterface $db = null, ?ValidationInterface $validation = null)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($db, $validation);
+
+        $this->manualPaymentColumns = $this->getTableColumns($this->table);
+        $this->allowedFields = array_values(array_filter(
+            $this->allowedFields,
+            fn (string $field): bool => in_array($field, $this->manualPaymentColumns, true)
+        ));
+
+        foreach (array_keys($this->validationRules) as $field) {
+            if (!in_array($field, $this->allowedFields, true)) {
+                unset($this->validationRules[$field]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function getTableColumns(string $table): array
+    {
+        try {
+            return $this->db->getFieldNames($table);
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('error', '[ManualPaymentModel] Could not read table columns for {table}: {error}', [
+                'table' => $table,
+                'error' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+
+            return [];
+        }
+    }
 }

app/Models/RefundModel.php

@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@
 
 namespace App\Models;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
 use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
 
 class RefundModel extends Model
 {
@@ -50,6 +52,39 @@ class RefundModel extends Model
     protected $createdField  = 'created_at';
     protected $updatedField  = 'updated_at';
 
+    private array $refundColumns = [];
+
+    public function __construct(?ConnectionInterface $db = null, ?ValidationInterface $validation = null)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($db, $validation);
+
+        $this->refundColumns = $this->getTableColumns($this->table);
+        $this->allowedFields = array_values(array_filter(
+            $this->allowedFields,
+            fn (string $field): bool => in_array($field, $this->refundColumns, true)
+        ));
+
+        foreach (array_keys($this->validationRules) as $field) {
+            if (!in_array($field, $this->allowedFields, true)) {
+                unset($this->validationRules[$field]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function getTableColumns(string $table): array
+    {
+        try {
+            return $this->db->getFieldNames($table);
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('error', '[RefundModel] Could not read table columns for {table}: {error}', [
+                'table' => $table,
+                'error' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+
+            return [];
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Get total approved refund for a parent in a specific school year.
      *

app/Models/RefundPayoutModel.php

@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@
 
 namespace App\Models;
 
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\Model;
 use App\Models\Concerns\SchoolYearAutoFillTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
 
 class RefundPayoutModel extends Model
 {
@@ -49,4 +51,37 @@ class RefundPayoutModel extends Model
         'operation_type' => 'permit_empty|max_length[50]',
         'request_fingerprint_hash' => 'permit_empty|exact_length[64]',
     ];
+
+    private array $refundPayoutColumns = [];
+
+    public function __construct(?ConnectionInterface $db = null, ?ValidationInterface $validation = null)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($db, $validation);
+
+        $this->refundPayoutColumns = $this->getTableColumns($this->table);
+        $this->allowedFields = array_values(array_filter(
+            $this->allowedFields,
+            fn (string $field): bool => in_array($field, $this->refundPayoutColumns, true)
+        ));
+
+        foreach (array_keys($this->validationRules) as $field) {
+            if (!in_array($field, $this->allowedFields, true)) {
+                unset($this->validationRules[$field]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function getTableColumns(string $table): array
+    {
+        try {
+            return $this->db->getFieldNames($table);
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('error', '[RefundPayoutModel] Could not read table columns for {table}: {error}', [
+                'table' => $table,
+                'error' => $e->getMessage(),
+            ]);
+
+            return [];
+        }
+    }
 }

app/Models/StudentClassModel.php

@@ -157,11 +157,22 @@ class StudentClassModel extends Model
             );
         }
 
-        return $builder
+        $rows = $builder
             ->orderBy('students.lastname', 'ASC')
             ->orderBy('students.firstname', 'ASC')
             ->get()
             ->getResultArray();
+
+        $unique = [];
+        foreach ($rows as $row) {
+            $studentId = (int) ($row['student_id'] ?? 0);
+            if ($studentId <= 0 || isset($unique[$studentId])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            $unique[$studentId] = $row;
+        }
+
+        return array_values($unique);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -530,4 +541,4 @@ class StudentClassModel extends Model
 
         return $counts;
     }
-}
+}

app/Models/StudentModel.php

@@ -150,17 +150,14 @@ class StudentModel extends Model
      */
     public function getStudentsWithAssignments()
     {
-        // Retrieve school year and semester from the configuration table
+        // Retrieve school year from configuration and derive the current semester from calendar dates.
         $configTable = $this->db->table('configuration');
         $schoolYear = $configTable->select('config_value')
             ->where('config_key', 'school_year')
             ->get()
             ->getRowArray()['config_value'];
 
-        $semester = $configTable->select('config_value')
-            ->where('config_key', 'semester')
-            ->get()
-            ->getRowArray()['config_value'];
+        $semester = getSemester();
 
         return $this->db->table('students')
             ->select('